Business Ethics For Migration And Development

Compare and Contrast different ethics

Discuss about the Business Ethics for Migration and Development.

There has been increasing global concern with patterns of labour exploitation in the seafood industry. The customers are not only worried about fish and oceans; they also want to ensure that the seafood products they devour are not contaminated by slavery-like practices on vessels and in dispensation plants. The increasing attention to ethics and human rights in the seafood industry illustrates a purpose to uphold the rights of the fishers. A Seafood Ethics Common Language is mostly created by Seafish, shortly after media articles of the UK had documented serious violations of labour in Seafood production (Skeldon et al. 2014). Another major ethical issue is that it has been found that young fish prefer small particles of plastic as their natural sources of food. This is mostly because; they are effectually starved before they can reproduce. Small particles of plastics have been found in fish, seabirds as well as whales as they swallow the particles however; are not able to digest them. This in turn leads to build-up in their digestive tracts.

The key ethical issue is related to health and safety as micro plastics in seafood is leading to increasing threat to health of human beings. Global production of plastic rose severely in present years. Between the year 2004 and 2014, the quantity of plastic manufactured increased by 38 percent. Most of the scientists fear that the chemicals in plastics are likely to cause poisoning as well as infertility. The presence of micro plastic in food items is likely to potentially raise direct exposure of plastic-associated chemicals to human beings that may present an attributable danger to human health (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma 2013). People could even be animate in plastic micro particles pendant in the air, with the danger of a harmful effect on the lungs identical to car fumes. One of the laboratory tests has reported that the chemicals are associated with micro plastics concentrates in the tissues of marine animals. It appears that fish stuffs them on public that is coated in bacteria and algae that mimicks their natural sources of food. A working group was          organized by ISU, that involved exposure of plastic waste in the ocean. The plastic waste were found by different companies such as Pepsi, Coca Cola as well as Dell and Marks and Spencer who found the plastic bottles of their own products. 

Ethical Perspective

The utilitarian approach is considered as the most familiar and easiest approach as it can be understood easily. A utilitarian approach to morality indicates that no moral act is essentially correct or incorrect. In order to investigate the ethical issue related to health and safety by making the use of use of utilitarian approach, it is required to identify several courses of action that are available. With the help of this approach, it becomes easier to identify who affected by every action and what benefits and costs they derive. It helps to select that action that provides the greatest advantage and least harm (Conway and Gawronski 2013). The ethical action is the one that provides the largest good for the largest number. It concentrates on the results that policies and approaches have on the welfare of all individuals that are rationally predicted to be directly or indirectly influenced by the action or policy. The principle illustrates that out of any two actions, the most ethical one will lead to largest balance of benefits over harms. With the help of this approach, the government will also consider a refundable deposit on plastic bottles. The supermarkets will also stop the sale of plastic-eating fish so that the life of the individuals can save. Although, they will not be able to make much profit but this approach deals with the happiness of others beside their own happiness (Boutilier et al. 2015).      

On the other hand, deontological ethics deals with the normative ethical position that judges the morality of a movement on basis of rules. This ethical approach helps to bind individuals to their duty. As a result, Gesamp that comprises of a combined group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine requires to bind to their duties by finding out several ways that will help to get rid of the plastics found in seafood. Similarly, the European Food Safety Authority should also augment their concern for human health and safety. The theories that are invented by Kant are also considered deontological. Kant argues that individuals must act from duty in order to act in a morally correct way. It has also been argued by Kant that the motives of the human beings help to perform the actions rather than the results of acts that make them correct or incorrect (Chakrabarty and Bass 2015).

The libertarian approach holds that the general moral concepts are human rights of individuals. These mostly fall under the heading of rights to life as well as to property. The only restriction under this approach is that it is the duty of every individual to respect similar rights that they are enjoying at present. However, under the libertarian approach all the positive rights are rejected. This is mostly because; they do not believe that in individuals who are in need have any right to aid until they have made contractual arrangements in advance for the aid (Block, Futerman and Farber 2016). As a result, the human beings who are exposed to micro plastics will not have the right to aid bas well as powerful defence. It also states that the lawful rights of the inhabitants should be derived from the basic non-interference rights of residents. As stated by a Belgian study, an individual requires to consume well over 10,000 mussels each year in order to reach the amount of plastics. According to the study, there is no proof of harm to individuals from those quantities. It is argued that contamination is extensive as well as a cause of concern. At present, the level of exposure to human beings is high at workplace or home through food or drink (Rochman et al. 2015).

Virtue ethics is one of the three key strategies in normative ethics. It may, primarily be recognized as the one that highlights the qualities or ethical character; in disparity to the approach that highlights responsibilities or rules. The major form of virtue ethics is eudaemonist virtue ethics that describes virtue in terms of happiness. It is a moralized concept of happiness that can help to solve the decisive problem (Pozgar 2014). It has also been stated that plastic is not the enemy however; it is extremely helpful, not least in diminishing food waste.

Seafish has adopted an incorporated strategy that helps to recognize as well as address risk with a clear procedure to recognize the risk itself. There are several tools for sourcing ethical seafood. It acts as a one-stop-shop those suggest individuals to several online resources as well as initiatives that supports socially responsible business practices. There are various sources of information that are obtainable on ethical apprehension in the seafood supply chain. These involve identification issues through global standards as well as on the initiatives of the ground that works to address those issues. The Ethical Seafood Sourcing Tool aims to understand social responsibility and how to address the issues related to plastics found in the seafood (Modica et al. 2016). An overview of the issues is illustrated that are faced by the seafood sector and also why it is imperative for the seafood business to address those issues. Another major ethical perspective that is undertaken involves

The Responsible Fishing Scheme that helps to increase standards in the seafood catching sector mostly falls under the utilitarian approach that assesses a movement in terms of its results or outcomes. This in turn enables the seafood sector to demonstrate their commitment to the responsible sourcing of seafood. The RFS is the only global standard that audits compliance on board fishing vessels, including ethical and welfare criteria. The RFS is open to all kinds of fishing vessels as well as fisheries that helps fisherman to illustrate best practices through third-party auditing. However, at present the RFS does not have the aptitude to audit or police any legal authority (Johns 2013). Risk Assessment for Sourcing Seafood also acts as the solution to the problem. RASS presents advanced information on the probable reputational risks of sourcing a sort of seafood in a clear and structured format. The major aim of RASS is to support commercial purchasers of seafood by presenting advanced information on a widespread range of fisheries. It provides guide to the tool and proposed expansion of Aquaculture profiles and expansion of Wild Fishery profiles in order to integrate aspects related to social responsibility (Caveen et al. 2017).

The materials that are provided by lecturers helps to gain a brief understanding about the subject that we are dealing with. When we are studying at University, a total amount of information that is delivered to us can be intimidating as well as confusing. We may even think that we require to copy about everything that we hear or interpret. There should be a purpose while taking effective notes and it should be well organized. The material that was provided by the lecturer in the weekly one hour lecture, outlined about the basic lecture and written source note taking ability. These notes helped me to extend my span of attention and it highlighted about the recognizing several sorts of ethical values, while going through the case study. It helped me to avoid writing out a comprehensive lecture script. In other words, a lecture script takes too much time to prepare that prevents from maintaining eye-contact with the lecturers (Morris 2016). As a result, the ability to remain impulsive gets hindered. The lecture notes were presented in ten to fifteen minute blocks. This helped to recapture my interest about the topic. I was also engaged with brainstorming session that helped to get a good understanding about the case study.

With the help of two-hour workshop presentation, I was able to design a set of activities that helped to promote learning as well as discussion about ethical approaches. With the help of the lecture notes, I felt flexible while following the notes. The lecturer first observed about the level of interest of the students that eradicated the confusion to determine about the topic. The case study was also discussed by providing an in-depth feedback based on other students. The lecturer also made the notes by interacting with us rather than by interacting with the lecture notes. Delivery reminders were also included that included wide margins that helped to add notes about audio-video aids by asking questions to the students. The overview about the topics was provided before starting every class. This helped to facilitate us to take more notes and link present material to previously-learned content and future lectures. I was very explicit about connecting one topic to the next that helped me increase knowledge about why and how to study several ethical approaches. The day before developing arguments for this assignment, we also had to make the use of email.

References

Block, Walter E., Alan G. Futerman, and Rafi Farber. “The Legal Status of the State of Israel: A Libertarian Approach.” Indon. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 3 (2016): 435.

Boutilier, Craig, Ioannis Caragiannis, Simi Haber, Tyler Lu, Ariel D. Procaccia, and Or Sheffet. “Optimal social choice functions: A utilitarian view.” Artificial Intelligence 227 (2015): 190-213.

Caveen, A. J., W. Lart, H. Duggan, and T. Pickerell. “The Risk Assessment for Sourcing Seafood (RASS): Empowering businesses to buy responsibly.” Marine Policy 75 (2017): 1-10.

Chakrabarty, Subrata, and A. Erin Bass. “Comparing virtue, consequentialist, and deontological ethics-based corporate social responsibility: Mitigating microfinance risk in institutional voids.” Journal of Business Ethics 126, no. 3 (2015): 487-512.

Conway, Paul, and Bertram Gawronski. “Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach.” Journal of personality and social psychology 104, no. 2 (2013): 216.

Edelman, Carole Lium, Carol Lynn Mandle, and Elizabeth C. Kudzma. Health promotion throughout the life span. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013.

Johns, Murray. “Enhancing responsible fishing practices in South East Asia to combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing.” Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 5, no. 3 (2013): 112-119.

Modica, Larissa, Pilar Córdoba, Cristina Rodríguez-Cabello, Francisco Sánchez, and Francisco Velasco. “A new approach to species distributional indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).” Ecological Indicators 67 (2016): 21-30.

Morris, R. J. “Lecture notes for LLAW6022 Advanced (Legal) Research Methology.” (2016).

Pozgar, George D. Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2014.

Rochman, Chelsea M., Akbar Tahir, Susan L. Williams, Dolores V. Baxa, Rosalyn Lam, Jeffrey T. Miller, Foo-Ching Teh, Shinta Werorilangi, and Swee J. Teh. “Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption.” Scientific reports 5 (2015).

Skeldon, Ronald. Migration and development: A global perspective. Routledge, 2014.