Discuss About The Causes Prevention Of Occupational Stress.
Stress is an outcome of social relations in a way that an individual may experience stress due to the people around him/her in their social circle. An individual may experience stress particularly when he undertakes a danger to his social esteem (Yusoff, 2010). Stress holds both positive and negative consequences. Stress is generally a reaction to the danger. When an individual notices danger, spontaneously indications are conveyed to the mind and response to that danger is generated. In the positive sense, stress appeals to us in the direction of essential response and solution in contradiction of the threat in front of us. In the negative terms, stress is an obstacle that decreases productivity and plays a major role in generating obstacles to attain the targets. In a company, stress carries behavioral changes, which eventually reduces the teamwork among employees.
The state of poor health is known as Illness and on the side; the word stress is utilized to define the psychological and physical reaction to the demand from the atmosphere. Psychologist and other various professionals of health have debated about the relationship between workplace illness and stress and there is definite proof to support these arguments. Hans Selye (2013), examines the response of the body to the stress by utilizing his experiment on the rats; he discovers repetitive exposure to stressor decreases the ability of the body to fight against illness. Selye claimed that human and other various animals’ react to diverse physical and psychological situation with the similar physiological instigation.
The body reacts to the stress in two conducts: a eustress situation will result in the hormone release ‘the fight or flight’. However, when a situation becomes tense, which results in the state of pain, the body will become exhausted that will also result in hormones reserve been fragile. This will damage the immune system of the body resulting in stress-linked situations like ulcers, depression, and blood pressure (McKittrick & Blanchard, 2009). Stress can disturb the immune system of human body i.e. it can result in the issue of ACTH from the gland pituitary, which results in the function of inflammatory hormones that will constrain the release of white blood cells (Jackson, 2014).
Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser (1989), discussed that momentary stress period like meetings and presentations at the workplace can result in a substantial destruction of the immune system. Another model psychologist utilized to relate illness and stress is by behavior, like social behavior and morals of a group or a team of people. For example, Culture is not about people but it is about the way of interactions. It has been recommended that these learned manners of interactions might be able to affect the response of the individual to stress. People who work as per the pattern of the shift, for instance, need to adjust their body according to the clock, which results in the significant accidents related to stress at work (Ganster & Rosen, 2013). It has been identified that a physical shift in the industrial locales in Utah, USA connected with an increasing rate of accidents, chronic feelings, and absenteeism. It has been argued that sleep deprivation decreases the capacity of work and is liable for major of heavy accidents of the vehicle that mostly happens at 4 am and 7 am (Glaser, 2002).
A psychologist has also discussed the relationship between stomach ulcer and stress; Brady 1958 first presented a supportive proof, he studied the link between the high level of stress and hormone production that ultimately results in stomach ulcer (Integrated Socio psychology, 2013). In his test, he engaged monkeys in the order of restraining chairs and trained them to press a lever, which was giving them regular shocks in every 20 seconds if the lever was pressed. Due to this experiment the monkeys died, though after the post-mortem it was clear that they died due to the stomach ulcer, which was caused by an increase in the gastric hormones apparently caused by the extreme stress level. However, Sceptics have claimed the reasonability of generalizing a trial on the monkeys and connecting it to humans (Payne, 2013).
Additionally, Psychologist also contended that the immune system is also affected due to the indirect effect of the stress; people dealing with stress incline to uncover themselves to diseases triggering organisms that might result in physical illness. It has been broadly described that individuals suffering from stress are attracted towards smoking, alcohol, and are involved in less physical activities such as exercise (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). Goldback (2016), discussed that teenagers who go through the phase of extreme stress are more likely to begin smoking than their colleague whose are free from stress or have a low level of stress. Carey 1993 also discussed those grown-ups who are expected to resume their habit of smoking after giving up this habit due to re-experiencing the stress. Nevertheless, this statement raises the question that Does this shows that all the smokers are dealing with stress. There is a big discussion that few of the smokers do smoking because they take it as a trend of the society.
A research was also conducted on the relationship between personality and diseases related to stress. The research was done after the study of 9 years which involved 300 men identified that individual of Type A personality are impatience, hostile and restless behaviors which upsurge the chances of high blood pressure, a main reason of stroke, heart attack, and other diseases related to cardiac. On the other side, Type B personalities are normally very relaxed (Schmied & Lawler, 1986).
Schmied (1986), discussed that individuals with tough personalities are less inclined towards the stress effect, due to their positive attitude and level of control over hectic events. As per Kabasa, strong and tough personality people look at the stressful conditions as the opportunity and challenging circumstances. They possess a strong feeling of internal locus of control whereas individuals with an external locus of control possess less control on their own lives, which results in less operative coping approaches and high level of illness related to stress. The study comprised highly stress men who operated as managers for a big corporation; they identified people with high robustness and do regular exercises have a minimum illness as compared to their colleagues. However, the model also criticized for being dependent on the white male of the middle class as the key participant.
Another kind of stress related to illness is borne out underwent by caregivers; it is extensively assumed that individual who take care of their loved one, partners for instance who are suffering from chronic illness are uncovered towards recurrent loneliness and experience irresistible demands on their resources both psychological and physical which can result in anxiety or depression. (Gharib & Jamil, 2016).
McLeod (2010), talked about the proof to relate stress and hypertension by utilizing the study of men who operated as the controller of air traffic and pilots. The investigators evaluated the medical annual records and observed not just the rate of hypertension was very high in the controllers of air traffic, but also the controllers that operate at airports with a high density of traffic had higher hypertension levels.
Psychoneuroimmunology is a study area that specializes in studies that relate stress and psychological state that has offered proof to support stress as the immunosuppressive. An experiment conducted by Riley by making use of mice; “one of the case study observed mice located on a revolving turntable and then evaluated the lymphocytes of mice for around five hours and identified downwards gradient”. In the second study, he studied the relationship between stress and the growth of a tumour by inserting cells of cancer into the mice and echoing the stress of a revolving turntable. For three days, one group took 10 minutes on the wheel per hour and another group took no stress. In the conclusion, it was said that a tumour in the group of subjected stress had increased but it was not the same for the other group (Regelson & Colman, 1997).
The above-specified study was braced by Standish (2010), who observed the immune system of the husbands of those women who died due to breast cancer and it was identified that the immune system of husband does not operate well after the death of their wives as compared to before when their wives were alive. The agenda was to reflect the consequence of bereavement as a stressor has on their immune system.
Regardless of all the supporting proof relating stress and devastating of the immune system, resulting in severe psychological situations such as depression and severe cardiovascular illness, skeptics continue to claim few of the conclusiveness of some supporting evidence.
It is a fact that the stress is now becoming very complex at the workplace in various industrial nations. With the considerable increase in the stress problems, there is also a considerable loss in the relation of money across the world jointly and millions are seriously affected discretely. Absenteeism due to the anticipated events, disease, psychological problems of health and many more are the consequences of their workplace stress (Ahmed & Ramzan, 2013). The adverse consequences of stress at the workplace are forcing governments in the direction to frame laws for the benefits of workers or employees because of increasing number of research and publications in this area. The issues arisen due to workplace stress are not restricted to a specified profession or a specific nation; it has resulted in long-run effects all over the world (Mark, 2008).
Individuals are regularly making use of the word stress but the meaning of this word is not clear to them. Every present define of stress refers to that individual who experiences stress due to the pressure or demands, it is generally an experienced faced by an individual and capability of that individual to handle the situations affected due to the stress (Mohajan, 2012). The stress of the job comes when there is misbalance between the demand of the job and the capabilities and employee skills to manage the demands of the job (Krantz & Thorn, 2018). Stress is the mixture of psychological and physical responses to the events that threaten or challenge people. In usual conditions, the response of stress is an influential protective mechanism that permits us to handle dangers, immediate demands, and sudden changes. In irregular conditions, stress overpowers the protective mechanisms, resulting in serious adverse health outcomes (Canadian Union of Public Employees, 2006).
The adverse influence of job stress on the physical settings and workers prosperity of workers is a key problem in the developed countries, the experts of the developed nations such as America, Japan, and European Union and even from the countries that are developing concentrate on the stress of job and its influence on the employee’s health.
The word stressor refers to any type of tense situations evolving from the inside the individual or environment. Stressors create physiological or mental reactions, which are frequently injurious, and occasionally are the signals of physical or psychological flaws. The response of stress is the outcome of the stress that takes place form the stressor. Stress is the response to the stressor through which an individual has agonized both physically and mentally (Liu & Liu, 2013). The stress response might be gentle or severe which is based on the kind and stressor intensity and compassion of the individuals to stress (Chay, 1990). There are three general types of stressors:
These three types of stressors have familiarity in terms of stimuli, which is cruel in all three types. The common stress in all is the stress of the job, which is faced by the workers or employees at work area.
Research presented on the stress related to work reflects that different organizational factors are liable for nervousness and adverse health results. Literature settles on the stressors that is what are the reasons of strain and stress i.e. consequences of the stress. Stressors could be of two types that are psychosocial and physical. Both the stressors could influence the health mentally and physically and can operate together might interrelate with one another (McMillan, 2008).
Henceforth the augmented hustle and bustle kind of routine due to the pressure in the new age of large-scale businesses and an upsurge in the rivalry can result in a hectic environment. Various issues could result in stress such as few vacations, less bonus, less control at functions at work, less job security, increasing hours of work, and minimum promotion chances. Occasionally some other factors are also liable such as less time and more work responsibilities, no major work, less support, no match between job responsibility and skills, no feedback, conflicts at work and clashes with the co-workers (Torre & Sestili, 2018).
Commonly many people face stress. Stress can be felt at the time when a person has less time to complete essential deadlines. Frequently people face stress because of problems at a workplace like overburden of work, unrealistic targets, no control on the task, etc. Some individuals also face stress at the time when they have the fear of failure (Sohail & Rehman, 2015).
This analysis of the stress at workplace literature delivers thorough information of the work stress, its aims, and its psychological and physical influences on the health of the workers and employers. The above analysis has highlighted the relationship between stress and illness at the workplace and from this review, it can be concluded that there is a strong association between workplace stress and psychological and physical illness of the employee. The work stressors might have a mixed influence on the psychological and physical health of the worker. Research can be conducted on different types of stressors as discussed above and their effect can be reviewed on the health of the employees. The work stressors are related to the psychological and physical consequences. The above paper has also discussed the relationship between stress and illness by stomach ulcers, the effect on the immune system, behavior, and diseases.
References
Ahmed, A., & Ramzan, M. (2013). Effects of Job Stress on Employees Job Performance. Journal of Business and Management, 11(6), 61-68.
Canadian Union of Public Employees. (2006). What is Stress? Retrieved from https://cupe.ca/stress
Chay, Y.W. (1990). Stress, Individual Differences, And Social Support. Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:599bbdb1-8342-4d1a-a990-a10f3f329e04/download_file?file_format=application/pdf&safe_filename=603853203.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis
Ganster, D.C., & Rosen, C.C. (2013). Work Stress and Employee Health: A Multidisciplinary Review. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1085-1122.
Gharib, M.N., & Jamil, S.A. (2016). The impact of job stress on job performance: A case study on academic staff at Dhofar University. International Journal of Economic Research, 13(1), 21-33.
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Goldbach, J.T., & Cardoso, J.B. (2016). The Relation between Stress and Alcohol Use among Hispanic Adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701595/
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Krantz, D.S., & Thorn, B. (2018). How Stress Affects Your Health. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-facts.pdf
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