Australia has a considerable effect on the experiences of the immigrants as the migration to Australia takes place in the form of settler migration as compared to temporary migration. The settler migration paves the path for greater amount of governmental responsibility pertaining to social reproduction (Ralston, 2016). The settlement of immigrants in Australia needs a great deal of public provision along with supervision. The immigrants in another state have to confront another dominant culture that acts like a challenge for them pertaining to assimilation. The Asians have cultural and linguistic differences from the Australians that makes it hard for them to the cultural milieu prevailing in Australia (Ang, 2016). This essay argues that the refugees of Asia have to face integration challenges in Australia. This essay discusses that the struggle that the Asians have to face in new land creates barrier pertaining to their assimilation in Australia which is however dependent on social context along with background of the individuals.
The Asian refugees settling in Australia face challenges in relation to assimilation because the culture of the two places is different that creates hurdles in the path of refugees. The culture of different Asian countries can be termed as unique as the people possess different value that gives rise to different way of thinking. The unique combination pertaining to gender and racial background among the Asian countries gives rise to different mode of behavior even among the Asian countries. The people in Asia are expected to understand the feelings and opinions of other people and hence the Asian people do not express much in terms of feelings. It has been stated by Gomes (2015) that the culture prevailing in Australia on the other hand makes it necessary that they take recourse to open communication to reveal about their feelings so that other people can understand them properly. The post-settlement challenges of the Asians arise owing to the fact that the males occupy high position in the social set-up whereas there prevails egalitarian relationship in between males and the females in Australia. The fathers are the authoritative figures in the Asian culture and they are instrumental in providing economic needs within the family. The Australians on the other hand, have similar responsibilities pertaining to house work and in taking care of the children (Puhl et al., 2015). The cultural differences prevailing in Asian and in the Australian countries throws open challenges for the immigrants settling in Australia.
The Asian parents have stronger influence on their children and the parents are responsible for structuring lives of the children so that they can attain occupational success. The Australian children however are emotionally independent from the influence of their parents. According to Ho (2017) the children in Australia are responsible for deciding about their career pathway and they are financially independent from the parents. The Asian people are more loyal towards the authority figures and they have respect for the ancestors. The young people are expected to obey the older people. There exists one-way communication from that of the elderly to the young ones in the family whereas the Australians do not exhibit this kind of respect towards the older people.
Australian economy that exists in the present age is different from post-war boom period when the refuges were able to find employment very easily. The Asians at that time could find job in easy manner in manufacturing along with construction industries (Hawthorne, 2016). The immigrants of Asia who were not from the English speaking background had to enter the working or the middle class population after they arrived in Australia. The Asians were represented in a disproportionate manner in heavy manufacturing and in the construction industries (Habtegiorgis, Paradies & Dunn, 2014). The Asians were thrust with “dirty jobs” that involved manual work and were dangerous. These kinds of jobs were responsible for affecting health along with safety of the immigrant workers. According to Nelson et al. (2015), the settlement experience of women is different from men as the Asian women were affected by demand of the paid employment. The immigrant Asians had to work in the sector of clothing outwork that was challenging for the Asian women.
According to Boyle & McKenna (2016), the learning of the language English is central for settling in Australia and the policies of the government have associated language with the issues pertaining to settlement. The language services can be said to be compatible with the objective pertaining to multi-cultural policy. From the days of the post-war immigration, language is considered to be significant for bringing about social cohesion. There were post-structuralist theories who have talked about the role that language plays in constructing social identity. Kristeva hold that social identity cannot exist independently of the factor of language (Kristeva, 2018). Language not only helps in communication but it also helps an individual in building social identity. The theorist Fairclough has pointed out that identity can be said to be dialectical and subjectivity is influenced by the discursive practices (Puhl et al., 2015). In the process of settlement, people take up the role of agents and they negotiate changes in the manner of positioning of particular discourse. Language along with discourse can be stated to be key in the process of reconstruction that takes place with the help of process of cultural change. According to Fairclough, cultural change can change the discursive practices that can pave the way for changing of linguistic practices. Chambers has brought out the fact that one cannot choose a foreign language and abandon the previous history. It has been stated by Hil (2017) that the previous identity and knowledge that an individual has cannot be swept away easily that creates challenges for the Asian refuges settling in Australia. In the event of migration to another culture, the language and the culture cannot be destroyed but they are taken apart and it becomes subject to questioning. This leads a refugee to face problems in respect to assimilation. The elements in the identities of an individual cannot be put together to form something new and it cannot also be denied at the same time. The learning of English by the Asians in Australia challenges social identity along with culture of an individual.
According to McPherson et al. (2017) the current research on the Asians living within Australia focuses on the immigration issues along with settlement pattern but neglect issue pertaining to racism. Discuss about the Asians living in Australia occurs in media but there is lack of scholarly debate. The extant literature that prevails focuses on attitude towards the aspect of migration in a generalized manner. The collective called “Asian Australians” can be said to be diverse as it is not a homogenous group. There exist large number of sub-groups that can be put under the term of “Asian”. Research has focused on the aspect of discrimination meted out to Chinese along with Vietnamese within Australia. This occurs owing to their long history pertaining to their settlement in Australia. Presence of the Chinese within Australia has been well-brought out with the help of literature. Racism has shaped to a great extent the identity of that of multi-generational Chinese Australians. The theory that exist about the Asian Australians puts them under general category of that of the non-whites and the distinctiveness of the Asian Australians are not paid any heed to (Beer et al., 2016). The Asian Australians have to face racism like that of the indigenous Australians. The indigenous Australians are still regarded as owners of the land but the Asian Australians are held as inassimilable foreigners owing to their distinct culture and the physical attributes. Unlike that of their European counterpart, they are seen more as Asian as compared to being Australian. The Asians who have been living within Australia are thought of to be non-citizens. According to Cai (2015), the Asians in Australia are considered to be out-groups and they are relegated the position of “other” that indicates the racism that prevails in the Australian society. A telephone survey carried out in the region of New South Wales along with Queensland revealed that 33 percent of the total of 5056 respondents thought that the Asians did not fit into the structure of the Australian society. The survey suggested that 27.5 percent of the people would become concerned in the event of a relative marrying a person from that of the Asian background (Puhl et al., 2015). This shows the intolerance that prevais in the society towards the Asian Australians. The Asian Australians are considered as “outsiders” and there exist a general perception that they are competing with the other Australians for the jobs. The Asians in Australia are stereotyped and conceived of to be model minority group. The Asian Australians are thought of to be threat to that of the Anglo-Australians as it is held that they are competing for the jobs. The Asians are put under the category of non-English speaker” and the term helps in masking different level in terms of English competence. The anti Asian-sentiment that prevails in Australia has been brought out with the help of opinion polls and the empirical studies.
Racist abuse pervades in the Australian society against the refugees and the migrants. There are public incidences of abuse against the Asian Australians either on public transport or on the sporting ground. These constitutes a genre pertaining to contemporary racism. The Asian women settling in Australia are anxious about their safety which accompanies Asianisation of the Australians. It has been revealed that around 10 % of the population in Australia has ancestory in relation to Asian culture (Ang, 2016). China along with India account to be the largest source countries pertaining to immigrants in Australia. It has however been seen that there has been a shift in relation to the mindset of the Australians. The Australians once thought of Asia as being poor and backward but the new Asia that has come up helps in showing the path to the future. Asianisation of the Australians has taken place with the help of public acceptance. There have been period of dissent. The greatest cultural effect of the Asians in the Australian history has been in relation to the exclusion. Anxieties regarding the “yellow hordes” played an important role in the developing of white Australian policy. According to Correa?Velez, Barnett & Gifford (2015), the equality of the opportunity are not provided to the Asian Australians and this hinders in the path of their assimilation within the culture of Australia. There exist only four members of the Parliament who have cultural origin pertaining to Asia. This point forward to the discriminatory practices against the Asians that still prevails in the Australian society. New study has pointed out to the fact that the Asian Australians are not satisfied with career prospects and the organizations do not value the aspect of diversity. According to Hogan & Young (2014), it is held by the Australians that the people of Asian origin are not assertive and the quiet reserve of the Asians is thought of to be dearth of the element of ambition.
Mode of the migration is another important factor that influences the settlements of the Asian Australians. The preparation for the emigration is often made without preparation beforehand and this creates integration challenges in the way of the Asian Australians. The decisions for migration being a necessity acts like a barrier in assimilation of the Asians within the framework of Australian society. The Asian refugees do not have any choice pertaining to the country of their settlement and they arrive in Australia after suffering trauma that gives rise to integration challenges for Asian Australians. There is an inter-relation between the socioeconomic factors and the government policies within Australia and the refugees face difficulties in adjusting to the new cultural milieu. The Asian Australians face socio-economic difficulties that make them vulnerable in the host country (Ralston, 2016). Research has highlighted the fact that the family along with the informal network is the frequently utilized service of the immigrants. The extended family is important for getting social support for the Asian Australians. The Asian Australians cannot get suck kind of a support that has adverse effect on the women settling in Australia. The Asian women do not child care support that is instrumental in creating post-settlement challenge for the Asian Australians. The experience of settlement creates a grave impact on the refuges who lack community support. The support that the refuges get however depends on the size along with the level of its organization. The communities that are more established can get access to the services more than that of the recently arrived group. The reception that is provided to the refugee by host country is an important factor pertaining to settlement process. The discriminatory employment practice along with open prejudice that Asian Australians receive on settling in the foreign land creates assimilation challenges for the Asians after they arrive in Australia (Beer et al., 2016). The Asian Australians are victims of negative stereotyping and overt violence that creates disturbing experiences for the Asians settling in Australia. The stereotyping makes participation more restricted for the refugees that creates barrier in relation to assimilation in the new social set up. It can however be added that settlement experiences depend on the factor of social context along with background of the individuals. The policies in relation to immigration intake have string impact in relation to settlement of the immigrants. The psychological stress that the Asians has to endure in Australia makes it difficult for them to integrate into Australian society.
The Asian refugees have to face problem in the arena of recruitment. There is dearth of qualified professionals in Australia like medical doctors. The overseas qualification degree of the Asian refugees will not help the non-English speaking background and they would have to prove themselves in the new place again. According to Wade (2015) the people in Australia are also biased against the overseas-qualified migrants that creates barrier in the path of settlement of the Asians in the foreign land. The employers in Australia seek people who have got work experience in their particular society. It has been stated by Jeanes, O’Connor & Alfrey (2015) that the new refugees can have relevant professional experience but they will be in a disadvantaged position when they have to find new job in Australia. The lack of work experience in Australia will cause the Asian refugees to face challenges and they have to struggle for their survival in the new social set-up. The Asian refugees have to face problems in the professional arena in Australia after the aspect of post-settlement. It has been brought out by a report that the workplaces in Australia do not reflect ethnic diversity within the broader community. Diversity Council of Australia revealed that quarter of the directors belongs to the culturally diverse background of which 5 % come from the Asian background. The discrimination results in 3 % loss of that of gross domestic product within Australia which amounts to A$ 37.9 billion in each year (Hawthorne, 2016). The “organic ideology” of Gramsci defined ideology in relation to class rule where there prevailed organic arrangement of the ideological elements into that of a unified system. A class can develop organic intellectuals and it can help in articulating the principle that can absorb ideologically and economically the other classes within hegemonic system (Mouffe, 2014). The organic intellectuals should spread the organic ideologies that can act as social agent in dealing with discrimination in the Australian society. The organization should foster an atmosphere that is conducive that can help the Asian in Australia in assimilation with the workforce. The Australian organizations should work with the community members that can act as a solution in dealing with discrimination against the Asians in the organizations. The Australian government should break down the entire workforce on the basis of race along with pay band and make the companies have five-year aspirational target. The companies should report about these on annual basis and they should make diversity as a performance indicator that can help in minimizing discrimination against the Asians in the Australian organizations.
The Asian immigrants have to face a dominant culture that becomes a challenge for Asians settling in Australia. The cultural difference that the Asians have with the Australians makes the process pertaining to assimilation difficult for Asian Australians. Learning English is crucial for the migrants settling in Australia and the Asians face trouble in the event of not being able to speak English fluently in the new land. Identity that the Asians have cannot be put away easily by them that pave the path for challenges for that of the Asian Australians. The culture of the Asian refugee is questioned in the new land that creates post-settlement difficulties for them in Australia. Recruitment is another arena in which the Asian Australians are subjected to discrimination. Overseas qualification creates challenges for the Asians in getting a job suited to their qualification and knowledge that makes the Asians face integration challenges within Australia. Racist abuse is perpetrated on Asians settling in Australia and there are public incidences of abuse that creates challenges for the refuges of Asia. The emigration is often carried out without any kind of preparation and this gives rise to challenges for Asian Australians.
References:
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Beer, A., Bentley, R., Baker, E., Mason, K., Mallett, S., Kavanagh, A., & LaMontagne, T. (2016). Neoliberalism, economic restructuring and policy change: Precarious housing and precarious employment in Australia. Urban studies, 53(8), 1542-1558.
Boyle, M., & McKenna, L. (2016). Paramedic and midwifery student exposure to workplace violence during clinical placements in Australia–A pilot study. International journal of medical education, 7, 393.
Cai, L. (2015). The dynamics of low pay employment in Australia. International Journal of Manpower, 36(7), 1095-1123.
Correa?Velez, I., Barnett, A. G., & Gifford, S. (2015). Working for a better life: Longitudinal evidence on the predictors of employment among recently arrived refugee migrant men living in Australia. International Migration, 53(2), 321-337.
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