Digital forensics is considered as a technique used for identifying computer based crimes. However, there are several major challenges in digital forensics faced while it is used in conducting investigations. The challenges involved in digital forensics can be categorized in three major categories such as technical challenges, legal challenges as well as resource challenges. On the other hand, the ever increasing prevalence of science and technology results a corresponding increase in the digital devices, which becomes pertinent to do criminal investigation. In the present study, the impact of cybercrimes to digital forensic investigation is critically evaluated. In addition, systematic analysis has been done regarding effectiveness of current digital forensic principles, processes, techniques and standards involved with digital forensic investigation. Recommendation is also provided in order to enhance conducting more successful digital forensic investigation in the modern cyber environment.
Scanlon (2016) stated that the current development of information and communication technology has brought a massive change in life. The changes are reflected in the areas associated with cyber space. The positive influence of cyberspace on knowledge, trade as well as business and communication has any doubt. However, cyberspace deteriorates has a negative side on peaceful utilization in cybercrime. Any types of illegal activities practiced through cyberspace and electronic environment is mentioned as cybercrime (Cahyani et al. 2017). It also presents a real dilemma for the particular identity of criminals hidden in virtual domain. On the other hand, the concept of digital forensics becomes popular through making an attempt of formulating the possible method for investigating cybercrimes. Cyber attacks and crimes are considered as major consequences, which balances out the benefits obtained from advancements in technologies.
Computer forensics makes integration in computer science and law in order to make an investigation of crime. In addition, digital evidence requires to be legally admissible in the court where investigators requires following appropriate legal processes at the time of recovering data from the systems (Ab Rahman et al. 2017). On the other hand, computer forensics is indispensable in specific conviction of several well-known criminals. It consists of terrorists, sexual predators as well as murders. In addition, terrorists’ organizations may utilize internet in order to recruit members as well as sexual predators for social networking sites for stalking possible victims. On the other hand, most of the criminals fail in covering their tracks at the time of using technology for implementation of crimes (Khan et al. 2016). However, they realize that files as well as data of the computer remain on specific hard drive even after deletion. Moreover, it allows investigators for tracking of criminal activities. Criminals delete incriminating files. However, it remains as binary format for data remanence.
Pichan, Lazarescu, and Soh (2015) mentioned that the data may be overwritten for volatile nature of computer memory and used data. Martini and Choo (2014) stated that the contents can be safely utilized by lawyers as well as detectives for more analysis. Global Position System software are presently embedded in smart phones as well as satellite navigation systems that aid prosecutors through tracking whereabouts of suspect.
Digital forensic has some challenges when issue of conduction of investigation comes into action (Al Fahdi, Clarke and Furnell 2013). In the last few years with advancement of computer technologies the usage of technology can be defined as bad or good. One of the major issues encountered by various forensic officer is today’s market is that as soon as technology is created for identifying and investing a large number of criminals a technology is build which helps the various kinds of criminals to make themselves untraceable (Aminnezhad, Dehghantanha and Abdullah 2012). There are large number of anti-forensic methods like encryption, steganography, conversion channel, hiding of various kinds in storage place, residual wiping of data, attacking tools, attacks from the sides of investigation, tail obfuscation and attacking of various kinds of tools.
The age of” bring your own device” companies allow various personal to make use of personal mobile device for providing mobile device which is used for providing an access to various kinds of officials which can easily gather for contributing to various challenges during investigation (Aminnezhad, Dehghantanha and Abdullah 2012). Accessing mail from various webmail through various devices and can download attachments which can have an issue of theft confidential information. Some particular or specific information which was downloaded and it also contains details on certain number of files which are considered to be difficult for tracing in the present or current environment. Encryption is defined as a method which is used for scrambling various kinds of information which can be easily decoded by making use of various kinds of keys. Method of encryption is used for hiding evidence which is used in unreadable form for evidence on the compromised system.
Resource challenges is generally involving data which might be very large in many cases. As time is considered to be a limiting factor, it can easily become a challenging issue in the field or domain of digital forensic. In cases of volatile memory of forensic since data which stored are overwritten in volatile memory. So the investigation can analyze the various kinds of information which is stored in the volatile memory which ultimately reduces its value for various kinds of investigation (Aminnezhad, Dehghantanha and Abdullah 2012). When data is collected from a source which an investigator which checks or make sure of the fact none of the important data is changed or modified during the whole investigation of the case and also ensures about the fact that data has be secured for its usage. Sources of data which are easily damaged cannot be used for any kinds of investigation. A major issue encountered by investigator is to find the source which is not in usable form.
Privacy is considered as an important factor for an enterprise or various kinds of victims associated with it. In some of the cases it is seen that it requires computer forensics analyst or experts for sharing or distributing of data or making adjustment with the privacy for having the truth (Jang and Kwak 2015). A private organization may have lots of private information which is generated on a day to day basis. So it is considered to be risky for analyzing the data at the risk of privacy which is being delivered or revealed.
The degree of enablement in various operating systems for computers has changed for better. It has now taken into account the requirement of gathering various kinds of background information for accessing application, usage and other kinds of information at the level of user. In many cases it is seen that evolution is progressing at a much faster rate on mobile devices but it is yet to be matured (Damshenas et al. 2012). The accessibility of various applications of data has various constraints which generally works in the nature of data in which operating system and various kinds of application are defined properly. For example, changes which are made in the file can be traced until and unless it is compared with previous version of file or its last modification with kind of stamp of time. This can be quite challenging for various kinds of documents which are suspected. Apart from this certain number of logs and application information are generally gathered by operating system which can be considered to be helpful in particular investigation. With the increasing number of application with used for mobile chat which contains features of self-deletion on delivery. The challenges of gathering those data which contain information become more complex (Grispos, Storer and Glisson 2013). Encryption is a method which is used in device for protection of data or information which can be challenging during the gathering of various evidences. For example, for gathering of various evidences for WhatsApp an individual has to decrypt the devices. This can be bit challenging in certain number of investigation. Similarly, with the version of android that is 6 it is expected that it can have encryption at the level of full disk and challenges for recovery of data will increase at an individual level (Zawoad and Hasan 2013). The computer technologies have been improvising every day, the mankind is using the digital forensics for good, the technology usage can be both beneficial as well as destructive for mankind. The cybercriminals can use the computer technology for their misdeeds. Thus the cybercriminals are threat for anyone, for any organisation. The cybercriminals carry out their misdeeds with the help of the following means.
The intruders utilize various encryption methodologies to encrypt the data, thus the investigation department requires a lot of time to decrypt those data, in many cases it happen that those files cam not be decrypted (Cobb et al. 2015). Steganography is another technique and is used as the secure layer along with the cryptography. The intruders hide important files in the file and hide those vital data. The investigators invest a lot of time and effort to get the hidden data.
A network protocol is utilized and the intruders hide the information over the network, bypassing intrusion detection procedures. The intruders hack the network protocol along with its header to leak the messages in between the attackers. The intruders make use of this insecure covert channel to establish connected with a computer system. In this way they compromise others’ system. The intruders hide all the important information. All the information generally remains invisible to the system commands and the programs. The rootkits are basically developed by the malware designers and they hide that virus within the PCs of the victims.
There are several resources that are helpful to provide information regarding digital forensics work and primary forensic data collection along with the help of forensic methodology. The CERT Digital Intelligence and Investigation team conducts a research as well as develop technologies and capabilities through which the organizations can utilize for development of incident capabilities along with facilitating incident investigations. However, challenges like hacking of data in the cyberspace are faced by the team. The first responder has an important role in order to guide computer forensics (Dirkmaat 2014). The first responders guide to make an explanation of technical operations like process of making characterization as well as spoofed email where critical training gap is found. On the other hand, the document may face issues for proper security or network already having a basic in comprehending forensic methodology. In addition, searching and seizing of computers as well as obtaining electronic evidence in investigating criminals are the major problems faced while collecting evidence in the cyberspace. The complexity issue is arising from data that is acquired at the lowest format with expanding volume as well as heterogeneity that calls for analyzing sophisticated data minimization techniques prior to do the analysis. The issues regarding diversity result naturally from the data that are ever increasing. However, there is lack of standard techniques in order to analyze the increasing numbers as well as types of sources that can bring plurality of the operating systems and file formats. On the other hand, the lack of standardization of the storing digital evidence as well as formatting of related metadata can unessential add to the complexity of sharing digital evidence between national as well as international law enforcement agencies. On the other hand, consistency as well as correlation issue results from existing tools that are designed for finding fragments of evidence.
Even though digital forensics is considered a new research area, the process is not only concentrated on technology perspective like tools for collecting as well as analyzing digital evidence. It helps to enhance methodology, whereas a process model is considered as the methodology utilized for conducting an investigation. In this perspective, a framework is included in the number of phases in order to guide investigations (Imran et al. 2016). There are several cases such as cyber attacks conducted with the help of IT specialist and civil cases in a particular process. A standard methodology in digital forensics investigations includes sequence of thee actions that are considered as essential in the process of investigation.
Cloud computing becomes a common place where cloud storage like Google Drive, Dropbox and Apple’s cloud. On the other hand, leveraging on-demand and high speed technology can make investigative procedure efficiently. DFaaS is one of the areas included in digital forensic and there are several corporations have completed processing from own servers to the vendors of cloud service like Amazon and Rackspace. On the other hand, the procedure of digital forensic investigation includes various enhancements over the existing process (Khan et al. 2016). An extended model of cybercrime investigation follows waterfall fashion as well as essential activities are conducted in a proper sequence. The particular model allows the process of iteration is based on model based on Malaysian process and systematic digital forensics investigation model. Various kinds of cloud based devices allow the users so that they can easily access data containing information from different information.
Steganography: It is a well-known method of encryption which is used as an extra secure method for protection of data. This technique is used for hiding various kinds of information inside a file with making any kind of modification in the outward of its appearance (Grispos, Storer and Glisson 2013). Attackers generally make of use of technique for hiding the hidden data which is also known as payloads which is mainly present in the compromised system. During investigation of various kinds of crimes related to computer, it is the duty of investigator to check or identify the various kinds of hidden data for revealing the information for any kind of further reference for cases.
Convert channel: Convert channel is nothing but a protocol of communication which allows the various attackers to hide their data over the various network and it also focus on various kinds of bypass of intrusion detection methodology techniques or methods (Lillis et al. 2016). A protocol based on network is chosen and the header of this network is changed or modified so that it can easily leak various kinds of messages between various kinds of attackers. It also exploits the facts of new fields which are present in the header are modified as per the needs of the transmission (Quick and Choo 2014). Various kinds of attackers round the globe makes of this particular technology for maintaining a hidden connection between the attackers and compromised system.
Data hiding in storage space: Attackers hide some of the data which is generally present in the storage area and also make them invisible to various kinds of usual commands based on system and programs (Martini and Choo 2012). It also makes the ongoing investigation a more complex and bit time consuming and in many cases it is seen that data are present in corrupted form. Rootkit is a popular method which is generally used for hiding data in various storage spaces.
Residual Data wiping: When the set computer as a goal or medium for achieving its objectives. There is list of hidden process which are working or running without the knowledge for various attackers from different regions of the world (Nelson, Phillips and Steuart 2014). On the contrary an intelligent or smart attacker can easily avoid the various risks for removing out of tracks which are generally made by method and it ultimately results to fact that system works in such a way that it was not used for this kind of work.
Present approaches towards forensics investigation have been evidencing on impounding computer of suspects and allied media and investigate them in a Forensic laboratory. Here every analysis is done on copies of original evidence gained posing various problems. The practice has been heavyweight and turning expensive daily (Quick and Choo 2017). Thus is it has been making enterprises who have been a victim of digital crimes worried and defensive in restricting practices to gain all potentials.
The digital forensics is the method to retrieve and assess evidence in digital format. Nature of digital proves is such that particular processes to obtain and handle the evidence are needed. The different electronic evidence is easily altered to receive and manage evidence as required. These are changed easily still strict processes are followed. Rebooting any system, for instance, is the reason for losing information in volatile memory and eradicates essential traces. An objective of digital forensics, from a standard viewpoint in any warfare cases is hard from what has been required in civilian society (Simou et al. 2014). The sound evidence is needed to be utilized in a court of law or could be used in principles. There have been various steps in an investigation related to a computer for retrieving and analyzing of different digital proofs. There have been multiple steps in investigating the process. They are acquiring, authenticating and analyzing. The various principles are discussed hereafter.
Firstly, no action must be taken by agencies of law enforcement and people employed by those organizations. The agents must alter data that has been subsequently being depending on the court.
Secondly, in cases where an individual finds that essential to access original data, he should be competent to do that (Evison and Bruegge 2016). Moreover, he must be able to provide proof that explains implications and relevance of the actions.
Next, an audit trail or additional records of every process applied to digital proves. This must be preserved and created. Independent third party must be able to analyze those processes and gain similar results.
Lastly, people in charge of this investigation must have the liability to ensure law and principles that are adhered to. All the digital evidences are subjected to similar laws and rule applying to documentary evidence (Freet et al. 2015). Various programs and operating systems change and add and delete the content of electronic storage frequently. It has been occurring in an automatic way instead of user understanding that the data is changed.
For complying with these principles of digital evidence, relevant, proportionate and practical imaging must be made of that device (Keegan et al. 2016). It ensures that original data gets reserved and any independent third party is enabled to examine that. Thus the same result is achieved and demanded by the third principle. It could be a logical or physical block image of the complete device and valid file containing selective or partial data (Sutherland et al. 2014). This could be captured due to a result of the triage process. The investigators could use the professional judgment to endeavouring to catch every related proves as the approach gets adopted.
For dealing with that data that has not been stored locally by is preserved in a remote and inaccessible location. Thus it is not impossible to gain any image. It is needed for original data to be accessed directly to recover the information. Keeping this in mind, it has been vital that any individual competent in retrieving that data can provide evidence to a court of law making any access. Nikkel (2014) commented that various due considerations must be presented to applicable legislation as information is gained residing in other jurisdiction.
This has been vital to show objectivity in a court of law and continuity and integrity of different pieces of evidence. It has also been needed to examine how proves are recovered showing every process by which evidence is obtained (Horsman 2016). Evidence must be preserved such that different third parties can perform the similar operation again and again. Thus they come to the same outcome as that has been shown in the court.
It must also be noted that implementation of this principle never precludes proportionate approach to examining of different digital pieces of evidence. In making such decisions regarding conducting of digital investigation and investigating resources and considering available intelligence are also done. Additionally, this also includes risk assessment by different technical and non-technical factors (Harcourt et al. 2014). The potential evidence, for example, could be held by specific kind of device or prior offending history of a suspect. The place where it is done must be transparent. The decisions must be justifiable and then rationale recorded.
Thus, experts of digital forensic have been taking cursory measures in safeguarding all the digital evidence from deliberate or inadvertent modification of changes. Hence, otherwise digital evidence gathered has not been received valid as the proof for legal proceedings till it gets handled in forensically manner. The emergence of technology is a remarkable feature of the digital era. Due to the increase in the technological advances made, the increase in frauds due to it is also being reported (Awad and Hassanien 2014). During a forensic investigation, if the hard disc of the suspect is replaced with a new one and the information is transferred from the old to the new one, the experts responsible for forensic investigation will not be able to access them due to unallocated clusters. Another challenge that exists is in the need for encrypting a mobile phone (Seda and Kramer 2015). For accessing information from messenger applications, the need to decrypt the device comes into mind. In case of the android operating system, the updated version needs to be having full-disk encryption before any information can be accessed.
On the other hand, the geographical issues surrounding an investigation are another challenge that needs to be referenced before proceeding with the investigation. The privacy and the data protection rules vary in every country (Bhatt et al. 2014). In case of the presence of any forensic investigations which involves investigating in other countries, the rules and regulations must be considered first. This involves requesting a warrant and showing it to the local authorities before proceeding with the workings of the case.
In the Computer Forensics Tool Testing project, Carrier is one of the first attempts that helps to define an assessment methodology as well as generated a model. It is concentrated on identification as well as analysis phases of investigation. For an example, data is needed when it is a format and extremely complicated for human (Bell et al. 2016). Therefore, standards and techniques have been developed in order to represent raw format. Abstraction error is one of the types of abstraction where ASCII is considered as an instance of the abstraction layer. The tools are losing information through moving from an abstraction layer to a different place. The model is used for defining abstraction layers where the model is integrated a solution form flow of read as well as write operations. On the other hand, black box technique is used in all type of situations and test a finite set of making permutations of the systems as well as utilization. The acquisition of related software requires to be documented for complying with ISO 17025:2005 demands (Kebande and Venter 2014). The functions of tools require to be detected where the particular step defines limits of the test.
Even though digital forensics investigation has a number of advantages, there are several limitations involved in digital forensic investigation, which are mentioned earlier. In order to improve the method for conducting more successful digital forensic investigation in the modern cyber environment, it is important to do new research initiatives as well as strategies. The strategies need to be formulated for addressing the increasing issue. An extended anti-forensic taxonomy needs to be proposed for creating more comprehensive taxonomy as well as facilitating linguistic standardization. It is also important to take consideration for anti-forensic purposes and utilized with malicious intent. The particular category is labeled as possible indications of anti-forensic activity. The possible scopes need to be afforded through application of the principles as well as procedures of artificial intelligence to digital forensics. There is a result of applying intelligent techniques to digital investigations where it is important for complying the process. Emerging technology can be helpful for investigators in order to assess information that is discovered initially in a visual way. In addition, it can improve speed as well as accuracy of comprehending of it. Any simple methods need to be applied in order to bring light possibly related documents as well as visualized timelines that are created for allowing teams in order to develop immediate impression of advantages and limitations of the specific case. It is also important to concentrate on interaction between investigators interacting with data sooner compared to different things in order to comprehend the details of a particular case securing benefits. In addition, fostering convergence between forensic practitioners and investigators of the case can be helpful to bring efficiency and improvement in digital forensic investigation. Harness Advanced Technology can be helpful to simplify the process of evidence collection as well as reviewing and make better equipped investigators for developing faster as well as more accurate results.
From the study, it can be concluded that due to continual development in cybercrime and increasing magnitudes of storage and multitude of storage. There is an existing phenomenon where it is referred as large data issues in digital forensics. The increasing amount of complexities of cybercrimes in time as well as resources leads to investigate new process in digital cyber forensic process. There are a number of challenges in the field of digital forensics have been discussed in the study. Every challenge in isolation may be harmful for discovering pertinent information for digital investigators as well as detectives engaged with the process of investigation.
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