12 Brunswick Street, Melbourne, Australia
John Smith
9 Riversdale Road, Melbourne, Australia
May 26th, 2018
Dear Mr Smith,
You can choose from a number of business structures to start your business in Australia based on their characteristics. There are both advantages and disadvantages of each of these business structures. One of the most common structures for small businesses is a sole trader. In this structure, one person handles all the operations of the business, and he/she is liable for its success or failure. It is one of the easier forms of business structure in terms of legal requirements regarding establishment of the business (Business.gov.au, 2017a). The simplicity maintains after the establishment of the business because sole traders did not have to send complicated returns or maintain as many books as compared to other business structures. Although a sole trader is solely responsible for the operations of the business, however, he/she can hire employees for performing the operations of the business. The income of the sole trader is not taxed separately, and it is taxed by including in the income of its owner. It is a key disadvantage of a sole trading business because the business did not have a separate legal personality from its owner and the owner can be held liable for its debts (ASIC, 2018). The owner himself raises the capital in the business and this structure is suitable for small businesses.
In case people wanted to start and operate a business with other individuals, then a partnership can be formed. It is governed by the Partnership Act 1891 (SA), and its definition is given under section 1 (Legislation, 2018a). It is referred to a relationship between two or more people who decided to enter into an agreement to carry out business in common with a view of profit; these are the key elements of a partnership. Firstly, the relationship between parties is a key element of a contract which must be established between two or more people (Joyce v Morrissey (1998) TLR 707). The objective of a partnership is to carry out business as given in Mann v D’Arcy (1968) 1 All ER 172 (Duncan, 2012). Generally, the liability of partners is unlimited which means that its liabilities bind them and the creditors can hold them liable for the debts of the partnership as given under section 9. The partners must operate a business in common; if the partners are not running a business in common, then it cannot be constituted as a partnership as given in the judgment of Saywell v Pope (1979) STC 824 (Ch) case.
The purpose of the partnership must be to generate profits irrespective of the fact whether the partners have realised such profits or not (Jennings v Baddeley (1856) 3 K&J 78) (Mugambwa, Amankwah & Haynes, 2007). Although liability of partners is unlimited, however, under section 48 (1) two or more individuals can form a limited liability in which their liability is limited to the amount specified in their partnership agreement. In case of limited liability partnership, registration of the business is a mandatory requirement rather than optional as given under section 54 (1). People can also establish trust in order to operate their business in Australia, however, the formation of a trust is relatively more complex than compared to other business structures. In a trust, the trustee holds the property for another person who is referred as beneficiary and the property is held for the benefit of the beneficiary. A trustee is responsible for the actions taken by him while holding the property for the beneficiary. While forming a trust, it is mandatory that a trust deed is signed between the trustee and the beneficiary that provides the rights and liabilities of the trustee and beneficiary (Business.gov.au, 2017b).
Lastly, the most common and popular business structure in Australia is a company which is divided into two types which include the public and proprietary company. The formation and regulations of a company are governed by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Unlike other business structure, a corporation has a separate personality from its owners as given in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd (1897) AC 22 case (Whincop, Keyes & Posner, 2018). In this case, the court provided that the members or shareholders of a corporation cannot be held liable for its debts and the company has its separate legal personality. A separate personality means that after its incorporation, the corporation acquires similar rights as a human being based on which it can sue or get sued by third parties, and it can hold property under its name. While suffering from a financial injury, a company has the right to sue the breaching party rather than its shareholders as given in Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189 case (Idensohn, 2012).
The capital of a company is divided into small parts called shares, and the corporation can raise capital by issuing its shares. A public company can issue share to the public, and there is no maximum limit of shareholders whereas a proprietary corporation issues share to friends and family and it cannot have over 50 shareholders as given under section 113 (1) (Austlii, 2018). A corporation can run its operations with a minimum of one member as given under section 114. Another advantage of a corporation is perpetual succession which means that it did not get affected if one of its members leave the company or died. In case of other business structures such as a sole trader, partnership and trust, the business terminated after the death of its members. However, a company has a separate personality, and it is not affected by the death of its members. Along with many benefits, there are few disadvantages of a corporation as well such as complex formation, compliance with a number of provisions, disclosure requirements, lack of privacy regarding financial records, and others (ASIC, 2018).
Finally, in order to select a business structure for your business Mr Smith, a partnership is more suitable than compared to others. Currently, you are just starting in the fashion industry, and the size of your business is relatively small. Thus, by selection a partnership business structure you will have to face fewer legal regulations than compared to a company or a trust while at the same time you will have more rights than compared to a sole trader. You can partner with local businesses which are operating in the men’s fashion industry to create a partnership which would assist you in raising capital for your business. You should also form a written partnership agreement in which you should clearly mention your terms and profit sharing ration with other partners. Furthermore, you should form a limited liability partnership rather than an unlimited partnership which would be beneficial for you as well because you will not be personally liable for the debts of the company. By selection a partnership structure, you would avoid the legal complexities which members are required to follow while forming a public or proprietary company. Therefore, a partnership business structure is more suitable for you than compared to other business structures.
Kind Regards,
CPA Accounting Solutions
A company has separate personality from its members, and they are not liable for its actions, however, it is an artificial person which means that it cannot take business decisions for its own interest. The board of directors are the senior managerial personnel in a company, and they are responsible for taking decisions for the interest of a company. They develop strategies and other regulations in a company for effectively operating its functions. The directors have a number of powers to ensure that they can take decisions regarding the operations of the corporation. However, along with powers, directors have many duties as well which they are required to fulfil in order to ensure that they did not misuse their powers and position. These duties are imposed by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), and there are both civil and criminal penalties available in the act in case these duties are breached by the directors (Austlii, 2018). These duties assist directors in ensuring that they effectively govern the operations of the company and take decisions which are in its interest rather than fulfilling personal interest. Following are a number of duties which are mandatory to be followed by directors along with their importance in the governance of the corporation.
A director has to ensure that while taking actions for the business and exercising his duties a degree of care and diligence is taken by him which any reasonable person would have taken. This duty is given under section 180 (1) of the Act. As given in the judgement of ASIC v Padbury Mining limited (2016) FCA 990 case, the court provided that the directors have to take care and diligence while announcing the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) (Levy, 2016). A proper level of care and diligence avoid actions which are misleading or deceptive which ensure that interest of the company. The provision of this duty is required to be followed by directors while taking a business decision for the company. The decisions should be free from malice, and they should act in good faith of the enterprise. Directors should not make any business decisions which could be detrimental to the company and which are in their personal interest. They should also inform themselves about the necessary requirements which any reasonable person would in such situation and the court used an objective test to determine whether they have breached such duty or not as given in the case of AWS Limited V Daniels (1992) 10 ACLC 993 (Venardos, 2015).
While taking decisions and performing their duties, directors should act in good faith by ensuring the interest of the company as given under section 181. It also provides that they should use their powers for a proper purpose for which they are bestowed to them as given in the case of ASIC v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1 (Legg & Jordan, 2013). It is the duty of directors to discharge their duties honesty by ensuring the best interest of the company and using their powers for the proper purpose for which they are given to them.
The directors of a company are at a senior level managerial position, and they can take business decisions for the future of the corporation. Section 182 provides that they should not misuse such position for personal interest or for the purpose which could negatively affect the company. The court evaluates whether the intention of the director was to gain a personal interest or cause harm to the company and in Forkserve Pty Ltd v Jack (2001) 19 ACLC 399 case the court held that a viewpoint of reasonable person is used by the court for assessing whether the director misuses the position or not (Bartholomeusz, 2015).
Due to being at the senior level position of the company, the directors have access to information which others did not have, and they can misuse such information to gain personal profit. As per section 183, directors should ensure that they did not use the information which they have in order to gain personal benefits or benefits for others. The section also provides that they should not misuse such information to cause harm to the corporation. A good example was given in ASIC v Vizard (2005) FCA 1037 case in which the director used the information to purchase shares of the company based on which the court held that he breached his duties, and he was disqualified for 10 years, and he had to pay a civil penalty of $390,000 (Adams, 2011).
The court can impose a criminal penalty on the director based on following factors (Legislation, 2018b):
The director should avoid incurring debts in a company which could make the company insolvent as given in section 558G (Legislation, 2018b). This section applied in following cases:
Section 191-195 provides that a director must disclose any material interest in relation to the transactions of the corporation. After making such disclosure, the director can retain any profits and the corporation is not required to avoid the transaction (Legislation, 2018b).
A director must make appropriate disclosure and ask for the approval of shareholders before involving in any related party benefit as given under section 208.
A director has to make appropriate financial reporting and maintain a level of care and diligence while making directors’ report as given under section 285-318 (Legislation, 2018b).
The compliance with these duties ensures that the director is taking appropriate actions for the benefit of the company rather than fulfilling personal interest. A corporation cannot take decision for itself, therefore, it is the role of directors to act in good faith and take such business decisions which positively affect the interest of its stakeholders. In case such duties are not imposed than it becomes easier for directors to misuse their position to focus on personal interest rather than the benefit of the public. Therefore, the imposition of these duties is important for ensuring effective governance of the corporation.
References
Adams, M. (2011). Latest developments in officers’ duties of SMEs. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, 6(3), 31.
ASIC v Padbury Mining limited (2016) FCA 990
ASIC v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1
ASIC v Vizard (2005) FCA 1037
ASIC. (2018). Your business structure. Retrieved from https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/your-business-structure/
Austlii. (2018). Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Retrieved from https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/
AWS Limited V Daniels (1992) 10 ACLC 993
Bartholomeusz, S. (2015). Directors’ Duties in Focus – Improper Use of Position. Retrieved from https://youlegal.com.au/directors-duties-focus-improper-use-position/
Business.gov.au. (2017). Trust. Retrieved from https://www.business.gov.au/Info/Plan-and-Start/Start-your-business/Business-structure/Business-structures-and-types/Trust
Business.gov.au. (2017a). Business Structures and Types. Retrieved from https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)
Duncan, W.D. (2012). Joint ventures law in Australia. Annandale: Federation Press.
Forkserve Pty Ltd v Jack (2001) 19 ACLC 399
Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189
Idensohn, K. (2012). The fate of Foss under the Companies Act 71 of 2008: analyses. SA Mercantile Law Journal= SA, 24(3), 355-360.
Jennings v Baddeley (1856) 3 K&J 78
Joyce v Morrissey (1998) TLR 707
Legg, M. & Jordan, D. (2013). The Australian Business Judgment Rule after ASIC V Rich: Balancing Director Authority and Accountability. Retrieved from https://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/journals/law-review/issues/alr-vol-34-2/alr-34-2-ch8.pdf
Legislation. (2018a). Partnership Act 1891. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/PARTNERSHIP%20ACT%201891/2006.02.01/1891.506.PDF
Legislation. (2018b). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00131
Levy, R. (2016). Implications of Padbury’s Misleading ASX Announcement. Retrieved from https://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/latest-thinking/implications-of-padbury%E2%80%99s-misleading-asx-announcement
Mann v D’Arcy (1968) 1 All ER 172
Mugambwa, J., Amankwah, H., & Haynes, C. V. (2007). Commercial and Business Organizations Law in Papua New Guinea. Abingdon: Routledge.
Partnership Act 1891 (SA)
Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd (1897) AC 22
Saywell v Pope (1979) STC 824 (Ch)
Venardos, A. (2015). What are the duties of a director of a company in Australia?. Retrieved from https://www.businesslawtoday.com.au/corporate-structuring/duties-of-a-director-company-australia/
Whincop, M. J., Keyes, M., & Posner, R. A. (2018). Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws. Abingdon: Routledge.
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