1. Issues related to impact of climate change and global warming?
2. Analysis and discussion regarding available alternatives in developing of the ecosystem and living things?
1. Issues related to impact of climate change and global warming:
United Nations (UN) is an organisation that is intergovernmental and promotes International Corporation. It thrives to achieve progress on social issues. Some of the main concerns of this organisation are to promote awareness about climate change and global warming in recent years and address the environmental, legal, economic, and social-political issues surrounding environmental management and sustainability development (Un.org, 2015).
Global Warming means the rise in average temperature of the climate system of the earth. Multiple scientific pieces of evidence show that climate system is getting warmer. Global warming is measured by the increase in the temperature of the near surface atmosphere. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that 95% of global warming is due to greenhouse gases and human activities (Nmsea.org, 2015). Future change in climate has many anticipated effects. The results will be raising sea level, change in precipitation, and the expansion of desert land. The Arctic area will most affected. Glaciers, sea ice and permafrost will retreat. Other possible changes include extreme weather incidents like droughts, heat waves, heavy snowfall, heavy rainfall, ocean acidification. The effects that are significant to human beings are the threat for food security due to decrease in crop yield and abandonment of areas populated because of flood. Crop production is going to be hampered in countries that have a low altitude. Global warming of 4.6 degrees centigrade can pose a large risk to regional and global food security, on the whole, the impacts will be negative than positive. Loss of life can be a major effect. Indirect problems include under nutrition due to crop failures. Climate change is variation in weather patterns when a change stays for about a certain period. Biotic processes, solar radiation variation, and volcanic eruptions cause such changes. Many human activities have also been outlined to because of climate change. Climatic change is affecting agriculture already. Changes in pests, disease, rainfall pattern, heat waves, are some of the results of such weather changes. Climate change will mostly enhance the food insecurity for the vulnerable groups of people like the poor. Thus, we find that climate change and global warming are having a huge influence on the economy, community and health in different ways (Climate.nasa.gov, 2015).
The UN is giving the most effort to save the planet from the harmful effects of global warming and climate change. Different “Earth Summits” are conducted as a major step to tackle the various problems. In such summits, industrialised countries are set some emission reduction targets. The organisation has taken the lead in addressing issues related to climate change and global warming. There are many issues related to environment, law, economy, and social-political issues surrounding environmental management and sustainability development (Globalissues.org, 2015).
According to Glasson, Therivel and Chadwik (2011) the political issues related to global warming are very much complex. Those issues come due to global economic interdependence on hydrocarbon that emits carbon dioxide, and due to the reason that carbon dioxide is implicated by global warming. This makes global warming a challenge of non-traditional environmental. The economy of many countries is dependent on energy sources that are in relation with greenhouse gases. This connection implicates every aspect of nation’s economy. Without cost effective and adequate energy sources, it is not likely that the developing countries will accept policies that will affect their development of an economy. Some of the other issues include improving the usefulness of forecasts of future conditions and the results for people. Developing the observation systems for managing the environmental changes is another problem.
Many of the countries in the world are beset with environmental problems like deterioration in quality of urban physical, desertification, deforestation, land degradation, soil erosion, and flooding. It is proved that these problems arise mainly from human activities formed in the quest to get a higher level of betterment. The implication is that control measures are not taken to balance development objectives and the need of maintaining good environmental quality. This theory was put forward by Nakaya (2006).
In view of Barrow (2006), it is not that developing countries do not care much about the environment. But developed countries push on poor countries the need for sustainable development. It is not the best idea. Enforcement of strict measures on the developing world is not done most of the times. Some movements take place that fight for human rights and equity in places where the poor are marginalized. By supporting these movements, the developed world can take a stand against global warming and climate change and injustices in the developing world. But this process is in doubt, which causes a threat for sustainable development. The UN tries to resolve the problems related to environment management and sustainable development (Dash, 2014).
Global warming and change in climate has shown its negative impact in the development ecosystem and also other species. However, it is very difficult handle with this situation there is still some possibilities and alternative to this rising problem. To evaluate alternatives for this problem, researchers should develop a more refined approach to overcoming the situation (DODSON, 2004). Only doing testing and rejection researchers or scientists are needed to focus on multiple theories rather than focus on the same hypothesis. These alternatives need to be revising, changed, discarded and allowed novice ideas and approaches. An analysis of cost- benefit is commonly used to verify the other alternative decisions. That is very important for reviewing the results of certain projects but still there are legal and ethical issues are concerned with its submission. Analysis of benefit of cost should review the understanding of the conclusion reach to changes of preferences (Myhre, Reistad and Longva, 2011).
Policy decisions contain many dimensions which are not easy to follow; in this case researchers can apply new techniques like multi-attribute utility analysis where multiple metrics is used in the evaluation process. This method of evaluation generally used as model process that give a way of building fundamental valuation open to study, conversation and compassion.
Alternatives can be compared by using common metrics. Find out appropriate metrics to calculate worldwide impact is very complex because of changing in geographical position. Currency values accustomed for purchasing power uniformity are being used for comparison between countries (de Villemeur and Leroux, 2011). Capital and natural services help in confine a whole view of individual impact of climatic change.
The uncertainty is also helpful to be cautious and to take proper actions accordingly. Also our current activities are creating more uncertainties (Lehmann, Coumou and Frieler, 2015). The science of policy oriented should actively control the uncertainties. Researchers are suggested political queries by emphasizing the doubts about a certain policy case and doing more research about the issue.
All the uncertainty cannot be solved, but those which can b solved costs a high price. This problem hinders on any application of new technocracy.
Management agencies frequently repress scientifically resists in order representing a united assured point to the rest of the globe, so the political authority of the management agency, an active approach to solving a problem relating uncertainty.
Many individuals are aware of the global condition but never take any action may be because of the cost associated with the action and the output are far away and uncertain. Other reason may be finding proper metrics for the different actions to be taken (Guivarch and Hallegatte, 2013). A proper discussion of the uncertainties and their variations and location can change people’s perception of possible outcomes. Effective public policies state that it is the scientist work to communicate with them with any future uncertainties and what majors to take and how they will be solved.
Research have shown that most important and problematic is to adaptive management are social. Various ecosystem and various people lose or benefitted from ecological changes. To overcome this social rigidities need the incorporation of the political into adaptive management.
The uncertainty of high level gives a threat that surprises and unexpected things happen (Segschneider and Bendtsen, 2013). Surprise events are like ocean movement.
1. Scientist should take effort to increase in the variety of policies that are planned, debated, implemented.
2. There is need for new ideas that people and environment can be structured into the political contest and there is need for sincerely explore and test all ideas to review their comparative merits.
3. Science should imagine different future uncertainties, expand different policies and develop opportunities for learning.
4. Various actions and efforts to incorporate the several aspects of climate change are very important.
5. The increase in the interface of policy makers and scientist offers the chance for improvement in making a decision and science of global change.
6. Institutions to be developed to incorporate investigational approaches to neighboring emanation decline and alteration with global coordination and agreement.
7. Many individuals are concerned but not taking proper action so they should take initiatives in decreasing.
Conclusion:
In this current topic we broaden knowledge about the global warming. This chapter focuses a proper understanding of international economic, environmental, legal and social, political issues surrounding environmental management and sustainability development to global changes and global warming. In this topic, we analyzed and discussed various alternatives for development of the ecosystem and living species to deal with the global warming and global changes. Also, this topic includes some recommendations that need to be focused and to take actions.
References list:
Barrow, C. (2006). Environmental Management for Sustainable Development. 2nd ed. USA: Routledge.
Climate.nasa.gov, (2015). [online] Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed 17 Jul. 2015].
Dash, M. (2014). Concepts of Environmental Management for Sustainable Development,. India: I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
de Villemeur, E. and Leroux, J. (2011). Sharing the Cost of Global Warming*. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113(4), pp.758-783.
DODSON, J. (2004). Palynological evidence for aridity events and vegetation change during the Middle Pliocene, a warm period in Southwestern Australia. Global and Planetary Change, 41(3-4), pp.285-307.
Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwik, A. (2011). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. UK: Routledge.
Globalissues.org, (2015). Climate Change and Global Warming — Global Issues. [online] Available at: https://www.globalissues.org/issue/178/climate-change-and-global-warming [Accessed 17 Jul. 2015].
Guivarch, C. and Hallegatte, S. (2013). 2C or not 2C?. Global Environmental Change, 23(1), pp.179-192.
Lehmann, J., Coumou, D. and Frieler, K. (2015). Increased record-breaking precipitation events under global warming. Climatic Change.
Myhre, O., Reistad, T. and Longva, K. (2011). Global warming contributions from alternative approaches to waste management in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Waste Management & Research, 29(10), pp.1098-1107.
Nakaya, A. (2006). The environment. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Segschneider, J. and Bendtsen, J. (2013). Temperature-dependent remineralization in a warming ocean increases surface pCO 2 through changes in marine ecosystem composition. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 27(4), pp.1214-1225.
Nmsea.org, (2015). What is Global Warming?. [online] Available at: https://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/Primer/Global_Warming/fossil_fuels_and_global_warming.htm [Accessed 17 Jul. 2015].
Un.org, (2015). Promote Sustainable Development | United Nations. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/promote-sustainable-development/index.html [Accessed 17 Jul. 2015].
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