Climatic Change In Prince George BC: Mean Temperature And Rainfall Season

Annual Statistics

Climatic change has been affecting ecosystems and resources of humans depend on these impacts can be projected for increasing systems. Several managers and stakeholders in local areas have been adapting these changes in the environment. Sectors in the Prince Georgia BC have been affected by the climatic change including water resources, agriculture, tourism, transportation and health (Akerlof, Karen et al.). There have been huge change in the climate of the area due to various factors that have been discussed in the report.  This report has been discussing about the average temperature and rain season in the area.  There have been various changes in the climate over the last century.  The change in the temperature has been recorded as increment by 1.0°C and 2.5°C throughout the region. The annual day-time high temperatures have been increased between 0.5°C and 1.5°C (Alagidede, Paul, George Adu, and Prince Boakye Frimpong). Seasonal trends of minimum temperature increases of as much as 3.5°C were detected in the winter and spring in Northern BC. However, Global temperatures have been increased during the 21^st century by 1.1°C to 6.4°C depending on the globe level for future greenhouse gas emission. Precipitation in the region has been increased in the 20^th century in BC. Annual precipitation has been increased by 22%. However, the beginning of the century has been experiencing increase in the northern interior reigns in BC. With the change in climate, natural variability has been occurring in decade time scales can be prevalent in the northern region.

Climatic variability has been focusing on the climate and individual weather events. Variability has been caused by natural internal processes within the climate system. There are various mechanism that has been redistribute heat and movement of the atmospheric and hydrological system of the Earth (Blewett, Jessica, and Neil Hanlon). Climatic change focuses on the change in the climate over an extended period including several decades to century. It includes changes in measures of climatic changes including average of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual temperature on Earth’s surface. However, climatic changes can be caused by both natural and manual processes with the system of climate.  The ecological cycle in the environment have been changed with time period in the region. The term climate variability and climatic change have not been interchangeable in terms of climate and weather.

Prince George is a city with population of 77,000 in north-central British Columbia. The city is located in the Fraser-Fort Regional District that covers land area 316 km². It has been located in geographical center of British Columbia: 786 km north of Vancouver and 739 km west of Edmonton, Alberta, at 53°53′ north latitude 122°40′ west longitude (Drolet, Julie Lynne, and Tiffany Sampson). The City lies in the middle of the Sub-Boreal Spruce bio geoclimate zone that has been continental climate with extreme hot and cold weather.

Climatic elements have been influenced by the large scale and local controls. Various temporal and partial variations in the solar radiation have been key determents in the temperature change I the Prince Georgia. Variation in the net radiations of mirror variation have been calculated in the report. The change in the temperature has been reported in the report.

June Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper	July	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Average Temperature	Deviations	Cumulative Deviation
-99.9	24.7	23.3	18.7	10.8	-2.2	-2.7	-37.4	-48.3	-48.3
19.3	21.7	19.4	17.5	10.2	5	0.6	11.8	0.9	-47.4
21	22.9	19.9	17.2	13.1	2.4	-6.4	12.5	1.6	-45.8
18.3	23	23.7	15.5	9.6	-2.7	-2.8	11.6	0.7	-45.1
19.8	20.2	23	17.6	8.4	-2.4	-3.1	12.1	1.2	-43.9
18.3	20.3	19.2	17.1	10.6	1.2	0.3	12.1	1.2	-42.7
23.4	20.8	19.3	15.4	9.9	2.3	-8	10.9	0.1	-42.7
17.9	20.3	19.1	17.7	7.6	7.7	-8.1	10.7	-0.2	-42.9
23.6	22.3	19.7	19.3	7.8	-5.2	-1.2	10.0	-0.9	-43.8
19.9	23.5	21	17	6.2	1.2	-8.8	10.3	-0.6	-44.4
17.7	22.4	22	17.9	13	2.5	-0.9	12.1	1.2	-43.2
18.9	21.8	21	16.5	11.8	5.7	0.2	12.4	1.5	-41.8
18.3	19.7	20.1	15.7	9.1	6.8	-0.6	10.7	-0.2	-42.0
19.3	21.3	18.8	16.8	8.2	-8.4	-11.9	9.0	-1.9	-43.8
17	23.3	21.8	16.5	7.2	1.8	-3.1	10.6	-0.3	-44.2
19.3	19	18.6	19.2	7.6	2.8	-0.4	10.8	-0.1	-44.3
24.6	26.6	21.9	14	11	0.3	-2.3	13.0	2.1	-42.2
19.2	21.8	17.1	13.6	8.1	-0.4	1.1	10.8	-0.1	-42.3
17.9	23.9	19.4	16.6	10.6	1.4	-2.6	11.6	0.7	-41.5
22.4	25	25.4	13.9	8.1	-1.8	-5.4	12.3	1.4	-40.1
18.6	22.8	19.6	16.8	10	4.8	-0.2	11.8	0.9	-39.2
19.3	20.8	22.7	17.4	11.2	0.1	-1.8	12.2	1.3	-38.0
19.2	19.8	18.3	13.7	10.5	-1.4	-11.4	10.4	-0.5	-38.5
19.9	23.6	23	15.4	11.2	-0.3	-3.7	11.5	0.6	-37.9
17.8	21.2	19.7	16.8	8.7	-2.2	-2.1	10.8	-0.1	-38.0
22.4	21.6	25.1	18.6	9.1	2.5	-4.6	12.1	1.2	-36.8
17.6	22.4	19.3	14.8	8.9	3.1	-9.7	10.9	0.0	-36.7
24.2	22.1	18.7	14.9	9.7	5.6	0.8	11.8	0.9	-35.8
21.9	22.3	21.7	14.2	10.6	-1.9	-7.1	11.1	0.2	-35.6
18.5	22.8	23.2	14.2	8.4	2.8	-10.3	11.1	0.2	-35.4
18.8	20.6	21.4	13.2	8.8	1.6	-6.5	10.3	-0.6	-36.0
17.4	21.5	19.9	15.1	7.5	-5.4	-2.2	10.9	0.0	-36.0
19.6	19.9	22.6	17.9	10.4	1.3	0.6	11.7	0.8	-35.2
18.1	23.3	17.6	17.6	9	0.2	-1.9	10.7	-0.2	-35.5
16.5	19.5	19.2	17	8.8	2.4	0.1	11.5	0.6	-34.9
19.6	20.3	22.5	13.9	9.9	-0.7	-10.2	11.5	0.6	-34.3
22	24.8	20.8	14.6	11.2	-1.7	-6.5	11.4	0.5	-33.8
18.8	23.6	24.2	18.7	11.3	1.2	-1.2	11.3	0.4	-33.4
19.7	20.1	18.7	15.4	11.2	4.5	-4.5	11.6	0.7	-32.7
16.9	22.8	25.8	17.8	10.3	4.7	-4.9	13.1	2.2	-30.5
24.7	22.1	19.3	17.3	10.4	-2	-2.9	10.5	-0.4	-30.9
17.8	20.5	21.3	13.9	9.6	3	-12.1	11.8	0.9	-30.1
18.1	22	21	13.4	6.1	-1.1	-10.3	11.2	0.3	-29.8
19.5	25.3	21.6	13.8	7.4	-11	-3.9	10.8	-0.1	-29.9
20.3	20.6	23.7	14.6	12.8	-0.6	-1.8	12.3	1.4	-28.5
21.7	23.5	19.9	19.6	11.8	4.3	-1	13.7	2.8	-25.7
19	20.7	21.4	16.8	12.1	3.1	-2.9	12.1	1.2	-24.6
21.4	23	22.2	18.8	10.2	2.9	-0.1	12.1	1.3	-23.3
19.3	24.1	23.8	19.8	7.5	-1	-7	11.9	1.0	-22.3
19.1	21.7	23.9	17.6	7.1	2.8	1.9	12.5	1.6	-20.7
23.3	24	23.3	12.9	9.2	2.1	-7	13.1	2.2	-18.5
18.5	20.6	21.4	18.9	9.8	0.9	0.5	12.1	1.2	-17.3
19.6	23.3	24.5	17.9	9.1	0.4	-2.5	12.3	1.4	-15.8
21.5	21.2	18.4	20.8	8.3	0.3	-5.7	11.8	0.9	-14.9
17.9	22	20.8	14.6	7.8	-4	-9.7	9.6	-1.3	-16.2
19.5	22	23.2	18.3	7.9	0.6	1.1	12.3	1.4	-14.8
21.2	25.4	22.7	17.7	9.7	1.9	-3.4	13.2	2.4	-12.5
18.5	21	22.1	16.1	10.9	3.9	0.2	12.6	1.7	-10.7
19.5	21.4	19.5	15.3	9	1.9	-4.4	11.1	0.2	-10.5
18.2	20.4	22	17.3	8.9	3.2	-3.9	11.8	0.9	-9.6
21.6	21.9	21.9	14.5	8.2	3.7	0.2	11.6	0.8	-8.9
21.3	22.8	21.9	16.1	10.7	-0.4	-0.1	12.1	1.2	-7.6
22.9	23.4	23.1	14.3	9.3	2.4	-2	12.8	1.9	-5.7
20.4	19.7	21.4	15.4	9.9	2.7	-2.1	12.8	1.9	-3.8
22.3	24.2	21.7	18.8	8.8	-2.6	1	13.1	2.2	-1.6
20.4	24.1	20.1	16	9.9	0.9	-6.6	11.8	0.9	-0.7
19.5	21.8	21.6	16.8	9.8	4.3	-7.7	11.6	0.7	0.0

Seasonal Statistics

The table describes about the seasonal change in the temperature in the Prince Georgia BC.

Negative values of net radiation has been occurring from October through February at Fort Nelson and November through February at Prince George. These negative values probably occur as a result of a combination of low solar and long wave radiation inputs and high surface albedos as a result of snow. January albedos are estimated to be approximately 45% at Prince George and 55% at Fort Nelson (Groulx, Mark et al.). Temporal variations in solar and net radiation values observed for Prince George and Fort Nelson are believed to be representative of patterns across the region.

Various stations in this region experience greater extremes in temperatures compared to their coastal counterparts. These extremes result from their interior location and their location in the lee of the Coast Mountain Range which acts as a barrier to the moderating influence of the ocean (maritime influence). For example, the normal mean January temperatures for Prince Rupert and Prince George (at approximately the same latitude) are 0.8° C and -9.9° C respectively. The normal mean temperatures for August (Prince Rupert) and July (Prince George), the warmest months, are 13.3° C and 15.3° C respectively. Temperature range for Prince Rupert is 12.5° C and for Prince George it is 25.2° C (Hong, Kris et al.).

Temperature data has been provided in the tables. Data have been normal for the period 1961-1990. Mean annual temperature has been decreasing with increasing latitude and elevation. At Fort Nelson (most northerly location) it is -1.1° C. For Williams Lake (most southerly location) it is 4.1° C, and at Barkerville (highest elevation) it is 1.7° C. In addition to the latitude factor, lower temperatures in the northern part of the region are a result of the longer duration of Arctic air over this area. On an annual basis, Dease Lake, Fort Nelson, and Barkerville rank as the three coldest locations. Quesnel (4.9° C) is typically the warmest location. 

Long Term Mean Annual Temperature

11.62564

The standard deviation in the seasons in the region has been provided below:

Winter: December–February

Spring: March–May

Summer: June–August

Fall: September–November

Winter (December-February): Seasonal variations in mean temperatures has been generally reflecting patterns of solar and net radiations. IT has been the coldest seasons in the region.  The temperatures have been lowest in these month duration (Kushner Paul  et al.). The temperatures in January have been lowest in the northeast sector with -22° C and highest in the south with -8.7° C. The cold air flow has been has been creating cold anticyclones.

Summer (June-August): Summer has been the warmest season with July being warmest month. The temperature used to get increased to 16.7° C. There have been temporal and spatial distribution in the extreme summer temperatures. The temperature used to get increased by 33.7° C.

Spring (March-May) and Fall (September-November): Mean temperatures in spring and fall have been intermediate between winter and summers. The temperatures in the April and October have been lowest in these seasons. The temperature use to be 5.7° C in October.  Extreme maximum temperatures in spring occur in May and range between 31.5° C at Barkerville to 36.5° C at Quesnel. Extremes in the Fall occur in September and vary between 28.9° C at Dease Lake to 36.1° C at Quesnel (Lamers, Patrick, et al).

Long Term Mean Seasonal Temperatures
Spring	Summer	Fall	Winter
10.5	21.1	8.9	-3.4

June	July	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Average Temperature
19.3	21.7	19.4	17.5	10.2	5	0.6	11.8
21	22.9	19.9	17.2	13.1	2.4	-6.4	12.5
18.3	23	23.7	15.5	9.6	-2.7	-2.8	11.6
19.8	20.2	23	17.6	8.4	-2.4	-3.1	12.1
18.3	20.3	19.2	17.1	10.6	1.2	0.3	12.1
23.4	20.8	19.3	15.4	9.9	2.3	-8	10.9
17.9	20.3	19.1	17.7	7.6	7.7	-8.1	10.7
23.6	22.3	19.7	19.3	7.8	-5.2	-1.2	10.0
19.9	23.5	21	17	6.2	1.2	-8.8	10.3
17.7	22.4	22	17.9	13	2.5	-0.9	12.1
18.9	21.8	21	16.5	11.8	5.7	0.2	12.4
18.3	19.7	20.1	15.7	9.1	6.8	-0.6	10.7
19.3	21.3	18.8	16.8	8.2	-8.4	-11.9	9.0
17	23.3	21.8	16.5	7.2	1.8	-3.1	10.6
19.3	19	18.6	19.2	7.6	2.8	-0.4	10.8
24.6	26.6	21.9	14	11	0.3	-2.3	13.0
19.2	21.8	17.1	13.6	8.1	-0.4	1.1	10.8
17.9	23.9	19.4	16.6	10.6	1.4	-2.6	11.6
22.4	25	25.4	13.9	8.1	-1.8	-5.4	12.3
18.6	22.8	19.6	16.8	10	4.8	-0.2	11.8
19.3	20.8	22.7	17.4	11.2	0.1	-1.8	12.2
19.2	19.8	18.3	13.7	10.5	-1.4	-11.4	10.4
19.9	23.6	23	15.4	11.2	-0.3	-3.7	11.5
17.8	21.2	19.7	16.8	8.7	-2.2	-2.1	10.8
22.4	21.6	25.1	18.6	9.1	2.5	-4.6	12.1
17.6	22.4	19.3	14.8	8.9	3.1	-9.7	10.9
24.2	22.1	18.7	14.9	9.7	5.6	0.8	11.8
21.9	22.3	21.7	14.2	10.6	-1.9	-7.1	11.1
18.5	22.8	23.2	14.2	8.4	2.8	-10.3	11.1
18.8	20.6	21.4	13.2	8.8	1.6	-6.5	10.3
17.4	21.5	19.9	15.1	7.5	-5.4	-2.2	10.9
19.6	19.9	22.6	17.9	10.4	1.3	0.6	11.7
18.1	23.3	17.6	17.6	9	0.2	-1.9	10.7
16.5	19.5	19.2	17	8.8	2.4	0.1	11.5
19.6	20.3	22.5	13.9	9.9	-0.7	-10.2	11.5
22	24.8	20.8	14.6	11.2	-1.7	-6.5	11.4
18.8	23.6	24.2	18.7	11.3	1.2	-1.2	11.3
19.7	20.1	18.7	15.4	11.2	4.5	-4.5	11.6
16.9	22.8	25.8	17.8	10.3	4.7	-4.9	13.1
24.7	22.1	19.3	17.3	10.4	-2	-2.9	10.5
17.8	20.5	21.3	13.9	9.6	3	-12.1	11.8
18.1	22	21	13.4	6.1	-1.1	-10.3	11.2
19.5	25.3	21.6	13.8	7.4	-11	-3.9	10.8
20.3	20.6	23.7	14.6	12.8	-0.6	-1.8	12.3
21.7	23.5	19.9	19.6	11.8	4.3	-1	13.7
19	20.7	21.4	16.8	12.1	3.1	-2.9	12.1
21.4	23	22.2	18.8	10.2	2.9	-0.1	12.1
19.3	24.1	23.8	19.8	7.5	-1	-7	11.9
19.1	21.7	23.9	17.6	7.1	2.8	1.9	12.5
23.3	24	23.3	12.9	9.2	2.1	-7	13.1
18.5	20.6	21.4	18.9	9.8	0.9	0.5	12.1
19.6	23.3	24.5	17.9	9.1	0.4	-2.5	12.3
21.5	21.2	18.4	20.8	8.3	0.3	-5.7	11.8
17.9	22	20.8	14.6	7.8	-4	-9.7	9.6
19.5	22	23.2	18.3	7.9	0.6	1.1	12.3
21.2	25.4	22.7	17.7	9.7	1.9	-3.4	13.2
18.5	21	22.1	16.1	10.9	3.9	0.2	12.6
19.5	21.4	19.5	15.3	9	1.9	-4.4	11.1
18.2	20.4	22	17.3	8.9	3.2	-3.9	11.8
21.6	21.9	21.9	14.5	8.2	3.7	0.2	11.6
21.3	22.8	21.9	16.1	10.7	-0.4	-0.1	12.1
22.9	23.4	23.1	14.3	9.3	2.4	-2	12.8
20.4	19.7	21.4	15.4	9.9	2.7	-2.1	12.8
22.3	24.2	21.7	18.8	8.8	-2.6	1	13.1
20.4	24.1	20.1	16	9.9	0.9	-6.6	11.8
19.5	21.8	21.6	16.8	9.8	4.3	-7.7	11.6

Graphs

The location i.e. the city of Prince George is placed near the centre of the Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone. The climate of the city is mainly continental in nature with extreme temperatures in summer and winter (Picketts). However, the warm summers are short and the cold snowy winters occupy the rest of the year. In addition, the city is prone to strong thunderstorms that in turn lead into other major hazards in the city.

The precipitation and other climate related data have been studied for Prince George for a period of 30 years. This allowed to conduct a more detailed study and to present the data in a more accurate way. From the study of the climate and precipitation statistics of the city, the following data has been collected (Picketts et al.).

Baseline (1961-1990) Climate Data

Mean Temperature (°C)	Annual	Winter	Spring	Summer	Autumn
3.7	-8.0	4.5	14.3	3.8
Standard Deviation (°C)	0.8	3.1	1.1	0.8	1.7
Maximum Temperature (°C)	9.2	-3.6	10.5	21.1	8.8
Standard Deviation (°C)	0.8	2.8	1.1	1.3	1.8
Minimum Temperature (°C)	-1.9	-12.3	-1.5	7.5	-1.1
Standard Deviation (°C)	0.8	3.6	1.1	0.6	1.6
Precipitation (mm)	687	167	128	201	189
Standard Deviation (mm)	110	50	28	65	48
Rain (mm)	456	27	90	201	139
Standard Deviation (mm)	81	21	28	65	39
Snow (mm)	231	140	37	0	51
Standard Deviation (mm)	75	53	19	0	29

Baseline (1961-1990) Temperature Data

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mean Temperature
(°C)	-10.0	-5.5	-0.7	4.7	9.4	13.1	15.3	14.6	9.8	4.8	-3.2	-8.5
Std Dev (°C)	5.0	4.0	2.2	1.3	1.0	1.4	1.1	1.4	1.6	1.2	3.7	4.3
Minimum
Temperature (°C)	-14.1	-10.3	-6.0	-1.4	2.8	6.5	8.4	7.7	3.6	-0.1	-6.8	-12.5
Std Dev (°C)	5.5	4.5	2.5	1.1	0.8	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.6	1.2	4.0	4.8
Maximum
Temperature (°C)	-5.8	-0.7	4.6	10.8	16.0	19.7	22.1	21.5	16.0	9.8	0.6	-4.5
Std Dev (°C)	4.5	3.6	2.0	1.7	1.5	2.1	1.6	2.2	2.0	1.6	3.4	3.9

Baseline (1961-1990) Precipitation, Rain and Snow Data

Precipitation (mm)	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
65	41	39	32	57	70	65	66	65	64	61	63
Std Dev (mm)	36	18	16	13	23	37	32	31	31	29	25	29
Coeff. of Variation	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rain (mm)	7	10	14	23	54	70	65	66	64	56	19	10
Std Dev (mm)	7	10	13	12	22	38	32	31	31	25	12	15
Coeff. of Variation	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.7	1.4
Snow (mm)	59	31	25	9	3	0	0	0	1	8	42	53
Std Dev (mm)	36	20	16	9	3	0	0	0	3	10	24	24
Coeff. of Variation	0.6	0.6	0.6	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.2	0.6	0.4

The varying climatic conditions of Prince George have resulted in various climate impacts on the overall city. This mainly originates from the extreme climatic conditions like hot summers and long winters as well as periods of thunderstorm, rainfall and snowfall around the year in various months (Wiley). As a result of the variable climate throughout the year, there are also significant impacts on the overall ecosystem of the area, management practices and infrastructure like buildings, bridges and others. Due to abrupt and extreme changes in the temperature as well as other climatic conditions like rainfall, snowfall and others, detailed planning is required so that climatic change does not have major impacts on the same. One of the major climate impacts that have been noticed in the city is the change of stressors on the municipal infrastructure (Lamers). This is turn affects the cost related factor as high amount of costs are encountered during the entire infrastructure management and maintenance process. In addition, there are also growing concerns regarding forest fires that have become a common hazard in the city. Based on the issues, certain solutions can be recommended for the city to cope with the climatic impacts.

• The building infrastructures are to be designed to withstand extreme temperatures like hot and cold.
• The dead woods, dry leaves and others in the forests should be cleared on regular basis in order to avoid forest fires.
• The climate projections and analytics are to be utilized to predict the weather to be prepared better for the climate changes.

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the report that Prince George BC have been facing a huge amount of climatic change over the years.  There have been climatic changes in temperature, precipitation and radiation.  The change in the climate have been due to various region including greenhouse gas radiation.  Therefore, these have been creating a lot of issues in the climatic seasons. This report has been discussing about the average temperature and rain season in the area.  There have been various changes in the climate over the last century.  The change in the temperature has been recorded as increment by 1.0°C and 2.5°C throughout the region. 

Akerlof, Karen L., et al. “Vulnerable populations perceive their health as at risk from climate change.” International journal of environmental research and public health 12.12 (2015): 15419-15433.

Alagidede, Paul, George Adu, and Prince Boakye Frimpong. “The effect of climate change on economic growth: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 18.3 (2016): 417-436.

Blewett, Jessica, and Neil Hanlon. “Disablement as inveterate condition: Living with habitual ableism in Prince George, British Columbia.” The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 60.1 (2016): 46-55.

Drolet, Julie Lynne, and Tiffany Sampson. “Addressing climate change from a social development approach: Small cities and rural communities’ adaptation and response to climate change in British Columbia, Canada.” International Social Work 60.1 (2017): 61-73.

Groulx, Mark, et al. “A role for nature-based citizen science in promoting individual and collective climate change action? A systematic review of learning outcomes.” Science Communication 39.1 (2017): 45-76.

Hong, Kris Y., et al. “Systematic identification and prioritization of communities impacted by residential woodsmoke in British Columbia, Canada.” Environmental pollution 220 (2017): 797-806.

Houdeshel, C. Dasch, et al. “Evaluation of three vegetation treatments in bioretention gardens in a semi-arid climate.” Landscape and Urban Planning 135 (2015): 62-72.

Kushner, Paul J., et al. “Canadian snow and sea ice: assessment of snow, sea ice, and related climate processes in Canada’s Earth system model and climate-prediction system.” The Cryosphere 12.4 (2018): 1137-1156.

Lamers, Patrick, et al. “Damaged forests provide an opportunity to mitigate climate change.” Gcb Bioenergy 6.1 (2014): 44-60.

Matthews, Carling, et al. “Climate Change & Resource Development Scenarios for the Nechako Watershed: Workshop Report May 2015.” (2015).

Matthews, Lindsay. Climate change and winter road maintenance: Planning for change in the city of Prince George, British Columbia. MS thesis. University of Waterloo, 2014.

Newell, Robert, and Ann Dale. “Meeting the climate change challenge (MC3): The role of the internet in climate change research dissemination and knowledge mobilization.” Environmental Communication 9.2 (2015): 208-227.

Picketts, Ian M., et al. “Climate change adaptation strategies for transportation infrastructure in Prince George, Canada.” Regional environmental change 16.4 (2016): 1109-1120.

Picketts, Ian M., Stephen J. Déry, and John A. Curry. “Incorporating climate change adaptation into local plans.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 57.7 (2014): 984-1002.

Russell, Julia. “Consuming connections: Experiences of food systems during times of homelessness in Prince George, British Columbia.” Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia(2015).

Tozer, Laura. “Urban climate change and sustainability planning: an analysis of sustainability and climate change discourses in local government plans in Canada.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 61.1 (2018): 176-194.

Varcoe, Colleen, Annette J. Browne, and Rochelle Einboden. “Prince George: socio-historical, geographical, political, and economic context profile.” (2015).

Wang, Mo, et al. “Assessing cost-effectiveness of bioretention on stormwater in response to climate change and urbanization for future scenarios.” Journal of hydrology 543 (2016): 423-432.

Watson, James EM, et al. “Bolder science needed now for protected areas.” Conservation Biology 30.2 (2016): 243-248.

Wiley, Erin, et al. “Nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics of lodgepole pine dying from mountain pine beetle attack.” New Phytologist 209.2 (2016): 550-562.