Closed loop supply chain can be designed and managed in order to consider the reverse as well as forward activities included in supply chain over entire life cycle of the product. It emphasizes on taking back of the products from consumers as well as recovering added value through reutilizing the whole product as well as some of the modules, elements along with parts. In this perspective, over the last 15 years, closed loop supply chains have obtained considerable attention in the industry of logistics and supply chain along with academia. The study serves a detailed research and analysis regarding evolution from the perspective of a business as well as makes some observations related to requirements for future research.
At present days, closed-loop supply chain can be defined as design, control as well as operation of a specific system in order to increase value creation over complete life cycle of products having dynamic recovery of value from the distinctive types and volumes of returns over time. On the other hand, recovery of the products and reutilize can serve as a foundation for the growth of the industrial system, which is economically as well as environmentally sustainable. The closed-loop supply chain has economic potential. In this perspective, remanufacturing sector becomes larger compared to the domestic industry. The large retailers like home department can have a return rate of 10% in sales and higher for liberal returns policies. Moreover, a total value of returns can run easily in hundreds of millions of dollars for the single retailer[1]. It has estimated that costs of commercial returns in the excess nearly 100$ billion. There is a very little value that can be recovered by the manufacturer.
Closed-loop supply chains can be viewed focusing on the particular type of returns and activities. It can be presented by those perspectives and add an overall understanding regarding closed-loop supply chain. In addition, commercial returns of the products are returned to resellers through customers within 30 to 90 days after buying the products. End of utilizing the products returns are available during the product becoming technically obsolete and not includes any utility for the present user. Customers may return a product to airtime provider for any type of reasons within the time period of returning the particular product. Moreover, there are 80% of cell phone users upgrade properly functional phones every year. Manufacturing of previous models is available as end-of-use return. However, there are some users of cell phones relinquish mobile phones when the product is no longer supported through airtime provider. It is available like end-of-life return. It is required to be clear that customers return products annually. On the other hand, recovery activities of product consist of acquisition product, reverse logistics and deposition of the product, remanufacturing and repair as well as remarketing. For instance, recovering end of use mobile phones, one of the steps needs to access sufficient quantities of appropriate quality.
The traditional supply chain network is mainly concerned with bringing down the cost and enhances the proficiency of the network. This is done in order to boost the economic advantages from the supply chain. Likewise the closed loop supply chain also helps in the leveraging the economic advantages, in order to diminish the utilization of available resources and vitality and to – all in an push to make an economically and efficiently capable supply chain for an organization, and to leverage the organizational and physical benefits, social impacts and ecological impacts[2]. On the other hand, remanufacturing is one of the industrial procedures where used products can be restored to the useful life[3]. Comparing to the process of manufacturing, remanufacturing procedure has some characteristics, which complicates supply chain as well as system of production[4]. For an instance, an organization needs to collect used products from consumers and timing as well as quality of the products that have used.
Natural execution is incorporated into the supply chain networks inward and outside the administration, which is inadequate in conventional/traditional supply chains[5]. Viable execution/implementation of the Closed Loop Supply Chain prompts a decrease in the waste in the total supply chain, reduction in the environmental effect due to the supply chain, streamlining the use of the resources and consequently the reduction in the costs[6]. Outlining of legitimate approaches are required to address various ecological issues for which understanding may prompt maintainability that ought to be known for efficient comprehension of the issues as well as intricacies of the framework before execution.
Closed Loop Supply Chain contrast altogether from forwarding supply chains in numerous perspectives. These distinctions are not surely known in numerous unique circumstances, and the circumstance is convoluted by many sorts of product returns. The adoption rate of Closed Loop Supply Chain is very low are infrequently considered as value adding frameworks, and a great part of the attention is on the operational perspectives, instead of the different strategic issues.
Reverse logistics is opposed to the concept of the traditional logistics system. Reverse logistic is a procedure where the manufacturer can accept shipped products from consumption of possible recycling as well as remanufacturing. Collecting the first stage in the procedure of recovery is included. Products are gathered as well as transported to the facilities in order to remanufacture products[7]. Products are utilized that come from distinctive sources as well as need bring to the recovery of the products. The facilities start conveying the procedure. Sorting as well as recycling is considered as a vital mechanism at the time of sorting the reusable products. It is important that collection of schemas needs to be classified as per materials.
Organizations dealing with closed loop supply chain have complicated supply chains that require taking consideration of the advantages of reverse logistics. There are two-level location model on the recovery of products that supporting the process. However, reverse logistics system needs to be participated and appear in the favor of reverse logistics without legislation of the government[8]. Green manufacturing in closed loop supply chain is considered like sustainable approach for designing as well as activities of manufacturing and system operation minimizing the impact on the environment[9]. Going green is emerged at the time of realizing that environment is I danger condition. When manufacturing business decides that green economy as well as use green strategies and techniques of processing, it is compared as very efficient and utilize cleaner technologies that cannot pollute and create wasteful products.
On the other hand, the recycle and re- use of waste management programs emphasizes on waste management after the process of creation. Source Reduction emphasizes on the method of prevention and reduction of wastage at the time of production needs to be managed it after it is generated having aims of effectively using the resources through investigation of the resources how business can be conducted[10]. In addition, how materials can be utilized and what products are purchased. In addition, there are eight point strategies for protecting the environment for a manufacturer[11]. The first step includes cutting down waste through enhancing efficiency. In the second step, waste to someone else is achieved[12]. The third step includes developing an extra plant in order to convert waste into the raw materials and products that are valuable to the organization to someone else[13]. In the fourth stage, working with state authorities as well as local communities needs to be agreed with such conditions for disposals[14]. However, negotiation of the emission standards, as well as subsidies with the local authorities is included as the fifth step of the process. Developing treatment plant can jointly make with different organizations and local authority for the residual waste[15]. On the other hand, developing treatment plant that is utilizing own staff as well as know-how is the seventh step in the process. Selling acquired know-how to different people with same issues is the last step of the process.
Life-cycle assessment is one of the vital sub-concepts to Green Design. Assessment of life-cycle can be introduced in order to measure environmental as well as resource associated with the products to the procedure of production[16]. It engages stages from the extraction of raw materials, production, and distribution as well as remanufacturing, recycling along with final disposal. Life cycle analysis can investigate as well as quantifies energy along with materials that can be utilized, wasted and evaluates the impact of the product on the environment[17]. The regulations of the Government can add a factor for the organizations in order to work for life-cycle assessment.
The research can be helpful to open up future research scope in the fields of CLSCM and GrSCM. Promoting the utilization of distinctive organizational theories in green as well as sustainable supply chain management research that focuses in the process of transaction cost economics and organizational theory. It emphasizes on the research of individual industries for detecting the types[18]. On contrary, sustainability activities are specified to the industries. Expanding the sustainable development from enhancement of the environment can be helpful with the help of the research. Thus, it is important to research on the importance of closed loop supply chain management system.
In the section of the research, importance of closed loop supply chain management system in every aspect like the theoretical point of view and economical point of view will be discussed. With the help of this chapter of research, significance of closed loop supply chain in the perspectives of logistics management system can be clearly understood.
In this chapter of the research, literature review associated with closed loop supply chain in the perspectives of entire logistics management system will be discussed. Models and theories related to the topic will be described in this chapter of the research.
In this chapter of the research, the questions are arising linked to the topic of the research. In addition, why and how questions are raised, will be discussed in this chapter of the research. The questions of the research will be identified in the chapter and will provide a brief review of the existing literature associated with the closed loop supply chain management system.
In this chapter of the research, research paradigm will be identified. It is utilized for data collection as well as data analysis. The steps that require implementing methodology will be explained in the research. The chapter will be helpful to understand implementing the procedure of methodology selected in the study.
In this chapter of the research, selected methodology for the research will be described. The process of applying the selected methodological tools is described in this chapter of the research. In addition, the keywords that be utilized in order to find out researches related to the closed loop supply chain management system will be explained in this chapter of the research.
In this chapter of the research, qualitative data gauged for the research will be discussed. The issues, as well as solutions selected from the detected data, will be described in this chapter of the research. In addition, the data relayed to as well as journals will be described in this chapter of the research.
The chapter of the research will discuss limitations and future scopes of the research. There will be few limitations for limitations of money and time for which the research may have some constraints. In addition, future research scopes will be identified in this chapter of research.
References
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Esmaeili, Maryam, Ghazaleh Allameh, and Taraneh Tajvidi. “Using game theory for analysing pricing models in closed-loop supply chain from short-and long-term perspectives.” International Journal of Production Research54, no. 7 (2016): 2152-2169.
Fallah, Hamed, Hamidreza Eskandari, and Mir Saman Pishvaee. “Competitive closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty.” Journal of Manufacturing Systems 37, no. 3 (2015): 649-661.
Ferguson, Mark E., and Gilvan C. Souza, eds. Closed-loop supply chains: new developments to improve the sustainability of business practices. CRC Press, 2016.
Garg, Kiran, Devika Kannan, Ali Diabat, and P. C. Jha. “A multi-criteria optimization approach to manage environmental issues in closed loop supply chain network design.” Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015): 297-314.
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