Period
Live births per year
Deaths per year
Natural Increase per year
Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000 per year)
Crude Death Rate (per 1,000 per year)
Natural Increase (per 1,000 per year)
Total Fertility Rate (over av’ge woman’s life)
Infant Mortality Rate (per 100,000 live births)
1950–1955
629 000
295 000
+ 334 000
43.3
20.3
+ 23.0
6.50
96
1955–1960
697 000
297 000
+ 400 000
42.5
18.1
+ 24.4
6.50
91
1960–1965
774 000
310 000
+ 464 000
41.6
16.7
+ 25.0
6.30
87
1965–1970
808 000
312 000
+ 496 000
38.2
14.7
+ 23.5
5.70
84
1970–1975
909 000
317 000
+ 592 000
37.7
13.1
+ 24.6
5.47
77
1975–1980
980 000
319 000
+ 661 000
35.8
11.7
+ 24.1
5.00
71
1980–1985
1 052 000
307 000
+ 745 000
33.9
9.9
+ 24.0
4.56
61
1985–1990
1 086 000
299 000
+ 787 000
31.1
8.6
+ 22.5
4.00
53
1990–1995
1 073 000
332 000
+ 742 000
27.5
8.5
+ 19.0
3.34
51
1995–2000
1 082 000
450 000
+ 632 000
25.1
10.4
+ 14.7
2.95
56
2000–2005
1 111 000
645 000
+ 466 000
24.0
13.9
+ 10.1
2.80
59
2005–2010
1 074 000
746 000
+ 328 000
21.9
15.2
+ 6.7
2.55
55
In the table we can see the increase in population per year on average for 5 year spans
Mozambique
Period
Live births per year
Deaths per year
Natural change per year
CBR*
CDR*
NC*
TFR*
IMR*
1950-1955
331 000
220 000
111 000
49.4
32.8
16.5
6.60
220
1955-1960
359 000
219 000
140 000
49.1
30.0
19.1
6.60
201
1960-1965
392 000
222 000
170 000
48.6
27.5
21.1
6.60
185
1965-1970
430 000
230 000
201 000
48.0
25.6
22.4
6.60
172
1970-1975
474 000
236 000
238 000
47.2
23.5
23.7
6.58
158
1975-1980
534 000
247 000
288 000
46.9
21.7
25.3
6.53
146
1980-1985
584 000
272 000
313 000
45.9
21.3
24.5
6.44
143
1985-1990
586 000
283 000
302 000
43.6
21.1
22.5
6.33
143
1990-1995
640 000
293 000
347 000
43.4
19.9
23.6
6.12
134
1995-2000
739 000
301 000
438 000
43.3
17.6
25.7
5.85
115
2000-2005
844 000
326 000
518 000
43.3
16.7
26.6
5.52
99
2005-2010
869 000
341 000
528 000
39.4
15.4
23.9
5.11
88
*CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)
Mozambique
Loss of natural habitat
About 80% of Mozambique’s population live in rural areas and depend on wood for cooking and for heating of water for domestic use, space heating and drying of foodstuffs.1This reliance on trees could spell disaster should population levels rise. Mangroves are being removed and converted into rice farms and salt pans, aquaculture and housing. Further offshore, corals are subjected to destructive fishing practices (e.g. use of fine mesh nets and dynamite).
© WWF
Illegal and unsustainable wildlife use, and human wildlife conflict
In Mozambique like elsewhere in Africa and Asia, habitat loss is causing humans and wildlife to share increasingly smaller living spaces. Both sides are losing in the conflicts that ensue, such as in and around the Delta of the Zambezi River. There, crocodiles and hippos are coming face to face with humans increasingly often, while poaching and other illegal activities put species in jeopardy. In some places, such as Quirimbas National Park, there are concerns that current levels of resource use – e.g. sand oysters – may not be sustainable, and are already leading to diminishing harvests of fish and other resources. For local people, this means reduced incomes and increased poverty in the long run.
Pollution
Off Mozambique’s coast, tankers carrying crude oil from the Arabian Gulf have resulted in contamination of the sea from spills and discharge of polluted ballast waters. In urban settings, rural sewage treatment is inadequate, exposing people to potential outbreaks of disease.
Agriculture
Poor farming practices and deforestation contribute to sedimentation of rivers that run to the sea, degrading seagrasses and coral reefs
South Africa
Water is perhaps South Africa’s most critical resource – one of low abundance and growing needs. Tie that with problems of increased land use and population growth and you have several big reasons for concern.
Lack of water South Africa’s freshwater supply is almost stretched to its limit. Less than 10% of South Africa’s rainfall is available as surface water, one of the lowest conversion ratios in the world. The country’s groundwater resources are equally limited. Despite regulations of river waters, in many catchments the need for water exceeds the supply and quality is often below standards. Given the projected growth in population and economic development, South Africa faces tough times in meeting water demands in the decades ahead. The shortfall in freshwater is tied to growing demands, but also to other issues such as loss of natural habitat and potentially climate change.
© WWF-Canon / John E. NEWBY
Destruction of natural habitats The land of the “fine-leaved plants”, the South African Fynbos, is one of the world’s most impressive botanical kingdoms – a mind-boggling variety of plants that is richer than any other comparable sized area in Africa. An estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants, of which 70% are endemic (they are found nowhere else in the world), are reported here. But because the area has been heavily settled for several centuries, large swathes of natural vegetation, particularly in the lowlands, have been cleared for agriculture and urban development. Similar problems face the Namib-Karoo-Kaokeveld desert, a very distinctive and floristically rich ecoregion with highly diverse endemic plant communities. Here, poor land management, conversion of marginal lands for cultivation, dam construction, mining, and illegal extraction of selected succulents for black market trade, pose a suite of threats.
© WWF
Overfishing Along the West Coast of South Africa, there is persistent overharvesting of many commercially valuable species and products such as pilchard, anchovy and rock lobster. Further at sea, some fish stocks have been over-harvested, and several species face local extinction. These dangerous trends follow improvements of fishing methods, increase in fishing effort and the establishment of fishing industries.
Introduction of exotic species South Africa’s natural habitats are being colonized by alien species at great rates. Introduced species, particularly North American gamefishes such as largemouth bass and smallmouth bass, are pushing out indigenous species and threaten to lead some of them to extinction.
Pollution A high level of traffic associated with crude oil transport from the Arabian Gulf has resulted in contamination from tankers’ spills and discharge of polluted ballast waters.
Reference List
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Mozambique
http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/mozambique/environmental_problems_in_mozambique/
http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/south_africa/environmental_problems__in_south_africa/
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