Commonly, water is a non-renewable resource and is more important for the mining industries. For the mining industry, the water is the main variable. Water is challenging resource for the industries. Recently, the role of water in the mining industry is recognized. Nowadays, the usage of water responsibly becomes a critical issue. There are many water related risks. By facing these kinds of issues it is well known that the improvisation of water mining facility is much crucial, especially for water balance management related problems.
The main objective is to study the conceptual design of water mining. The definition and the conceptual design will be studied. The water management development during different phases of mine life cycle will be studied. This report helps in focusing on the water mining facilities. To enhance the results, the conceptual design will be approached. The water mining system will be analyzed and discussed in terms of the conceptual design. Finally, appropriate recommendations will be provided.
The water mine facility is needed for many areas like mining corporations and so on. The facility is provided mainly for industries. The need of water is to make bare rock, which provides many valuable natural resources. In water mining, mining water is used for extracting minerals which is in the form of solids like sand, iron, gravels and coal fluids, then petroleum and gases like natural gas. There are many division namely crushing, screening, washing and mined material floating, quarrying, re-injecting water extracted for oil recovery and other operations accompanied with activities of mining (Lesko, 2011). Withdrawal of mining is consider as self-supply. 4,020 Mgal/d is predicted during 2005 and that was withdrawn in the mining process. For mining purpose, 63% of groundwater was withdrawn, which is the source for water mining. 60% Saline groundwater was withdrawn for the mining purpose. 87% fresh water for withdrawn in mining process. 70% of total water withdrawal, combined with the saline ground water and fresh surface water is used for mining purpose. For mining purpose, 34% of water was withdrawn from Texas. The immense fresh surface water is withdrawn from Indiana for gravel and sand operation and Michigan, Minnesota for iron ore mining. In United States, immense saline surface water is withdrawn for mining. Great Salt Lake in Utah, extracts mineral salts which uses immense saline surface water. 52% of fresh ground water is withdrawn from Arizona, Nevada, Ohio, and Florida. (Li, Chen and Wang, 2016).
Fig: Water mining life cycle
In the conceptual system design, a general framework is made for the purpose of applying user’s needs and solving problems in the analysis phase. It includes different phases in balancing the water mining facility and the monitoring facility. Established knowledge will be provided for the water mining facility in different unique parts of the mine site by the conceptual design. There is a need for the treatment of water in the phases of mining (Mining, 2017).
The conceptual design phase makes sure that the system is advanced, it is required by the client and it should be within the suitable cost. The conceptual design phase provides satisfactory ideas to the investors and stackholders, whether to proceed with the project or not.
The responsiveness of water balances and quantities in mine areas provides the opportunity to estimate the behavior and actions of water loads in the future (Kunz, Kastelle and Moran, 2017). The mine regulators and operators are based on the decision tools in water and mass balance design model. The progress of good water balance model begins at an early stage in the mine life rotation, which refers to planning stage and initial feasibility. The design development contains the some phases (Lexicon of Food, 2017). There are model objectives definitions, choose modeling platform, development of conceptual design model, resolve of key limiting factors, determination of common restriction, quality assurance, group of input data, validation and calibration, sensitivity study and comparing of outputs to limiting factors. The different water requirements for the planned mine are recognized and then mine water plan might be established. It will include the needs of the water handling facility (tailing ponds and dams) and mine plant and quantity and quality of the water basic sources (surface water, ground water and rainfall). The plans must include the pumping stations as well as plans policy for how to contaminate and clean water will be pumped.
The conceptual model development is an input process for achieving a successful water process model and desires to be complete before the normal modeling (Klein, 2017). The conceptual model design provides the understanding of the entire system to be modeled as well as the difficult factors that have effects on its performance. The conceptual model design could be preserved as a hydrology of a particular mine place and chemistry depiction qualitative and effects they source on mined materials.
The precision of model conceptualization design could be so best. Because, it permits the user to replicate various scenario where water facility management is altered causing a change to both the water quality or flow volumes. This modification could be includes the phenomena in the mine site. For example, release water treatment, waste rock cover system, discharging without treatment and various pump back option (Anim, Nyankson and Nyame, 2017).
The modeling objectives could be properly defined at the initial point of the design process. The design model must involve the entire mining part and all of its functions over the total time cycle of the mine. Every operational part of the mine is modeled individually. The water balance structure design should be flexible to changes (Mousavi, Hunter and Akbari, 2016). To reach a tolerable declaration of the balance, the water flows for every circuit route type must be measured down to accuracy ranges, among one percent and five percent of the total. Inaccuracies and measurement errors must be accepted and perceived (Kim, 2017). The subsequent input needs must be composed for the water balance design modeling.
The different phases of the conceptual design model for water mining facility are given below:
Phase 1: Conceptual design with pre-feasibility
Phase 2: Construction Phase
Phase 3: Operational Phase
Phase 4: Maintenance Phase
The overall planning of the water mining system is fully carried out in this pre-feasibility phase. The mining companies can make use the baseline study for the planning the entire operations and processes (Nehring and Cheng, 2016). Because this is used for guide in estimating the environmental impacts of the mining activity. This phase contains the preliminary mine plant concept. In conceptual study, the water cycles contain the overall draft for both plant and waste water. After finding all the water requirements for the mine water, then the plan can be established (Heise, 2012).
Split up the seepage pond into the unit cells. From the unit cells and water levels pumped amount have the following,
The phase is used to identify the water quantity and quality and also the measurement of the field weather variables by monitoring process. Seepage water, which are some sets to decide upon to discover the quality parameter’s assessed (Hancock and Wolkersdorfer, 2012). And the monitoring frequency will be in normal state as same as the established in water permit.
This phase contains some information about construction level in water management system. The specific site weather station data are placed in the construction phase. The site structure has direct impact on the result of water management (Owolabi and Opafunso, 2017).
For Example: New ponds, waste rocks, mine volume and rock piles. It provides high consistent topography, runoff, surface penetration as well as water quality value information.
The operational phase is used for monitoring input data and reactive geochemistry type. There are kinetic testing and chemistry from static. Reaction in chemistry provides simple mass transport and mixing information. There are heat, water and solution transport in drenched media (Jacobsen, Anker and Baaner, 2017).
The quantity of water monitoring and circulating depends on the maintenance phase. It includes monitoring of water quantity and quality in mining. The mining facility should be maintained for longer run (Taruvinga, Mushunje and Gumpo, 2016).
The successful mine water facility program effectively reflects the preservation of water. The conceptual design process of water helps in allocating. People should know the pros and cons of mining facility in water (Fei et al., 2013). It is analyzed that water mine facility is available for the generations. The people in the community helps in understanding the legacy which is left behind. The minimization in loss of water and in the usage of water helps the future generations. The effective and the efficient use of water. There are many integrated management program for the mining in water. It is analyzed that more number of responsible mining company provides useful information by playing valuable role in the process of data mining. In addition with that, there is an increase in the efficiency of new kinds of practices for the water mining (Jeon, Jo and Chang, 2017).
The process of extracting geological materials or valuable minerals from the earth usually from a lode, ore body, vein, reef, seam. It is called the mining. Ores recovered through mining include coal, metals, oil shale, dimension stone, gemstones, chalk, limestone, potash and clay. Mining is necessary to obtain some material that cannot be grown through farming processes. Mining in a wider sense and it includes mining of several nonrenewable resources. The non-renewable resources are natural gas, petroleum or water (Dunbar, 2017).
Conclusion
The process of mining guides the excellence and its quantity of water in surrounding area. The water mining facility system is selected and is discussed clearly. Needs of water mine system is analyzed. The requirements of the mine facility system is identified and it is implemented. The structure of the conceptual design aspects are examined. The conceptual design phases of water mining facility system are analyzed and it is clearly described. Various stages of design models are investigated. Analysis and discussion of the water mine facility are made. Therefore, suitable recommendations for the mine facility system are discussed.
References
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