Question:
Discuss about the Built environment and Practice.
The main aim of this assignment is to highlight the organizational structure for constructing an old age home in Geylang, which is planning area and is located on Singapore. Most of the construction activities take place in Geylang.
Organizational structure of a construction company is the arrangement of task roles, the reporting and functional relationship between and within these responsibilities. A wide role of responsibilities and functions are associated with the construction activities, which includes human resources, finance, operation of the construction, marketing and purchasing. Different companies follow different organizational structure depending on the need of the structure.
Characteristic of functional design: Departmentalization of functions is an example of traditional and hierarchy structure of the organization. It also includes separation of the functions of different departments, control and conduct and proper communication. For example, the business owner gives order to the project managers of the management team the supervisor finally rank and file employees for construction. Departmentalization of function helps a company to function efficiently.
Horizontal separation of the department: The degree of separating the horizon of the department is determined by the size of the company. The role and responsibility of the owner is more in case of a smaller company. In bigger companies, the separation of the horizon is also large, whereas the smaller companies combine the responsibilities. For example, smaller company may combine development and marketing under the same department, whereas a bigger firm has a wider separation of horizon.
Patterns of the directional communication: The main disadvantage of the departmentalization of the organization structure is that it may give rise to a situation where construction operations and risk management is given more importance than the overall strategic objectives of the company. Moreover, the coordination of the function becomes tougher when the size of the company is large. Directional communication pattern helps solving these problems. Lack of communication between the management and the employee is very crucial for the effective functioning of the company (Bromley 2013).
Inter-departmental organizational design: particular job responsibilities follow the common structure of hierarchy, taking any decision and flow of communications. In a construction activity, the authority flows from the head of the construction operations department to the executive of the project, then to the manager of the project followed by the superintendent of the project. The degree of responsibilities depends on the size of the company.
The main reason for the construction of old age home is that to provide shelter and basic amenities for the old people out on the street. These old people do not have anyone to look after him or her and they do not get sufficient food that is necessary for survival. So constructing an old age home will provide shelter and all the basic amenities for those under privileged senior citizens. The city chosen for the construction is Geylang, which is planning area and is located on Singapore. Most of the construction activities take place in Geylang, so it will easy for the company to construct an old age home in the city.
Similarity and Differences between the Singaporean and Australian Regulation and Processes
Urban development started both in Singapore as well as in Australia during the colonial era, when the British were in power. Therefore, both the cities have something or the other in common, in case of urban planning and development (Taylor and Williams, 2013). The Australian urban planning, although, is more environments centric, and they are concern more about the environment sustainability of the city and the buildings are designed in such a way that will help in that sustainable growth as well as in the sustainable development (Ura.gov.sg 2016).
Singapore too is concerned about their environmental issues, and since the land space available in Singapore, is very less therefore, slowly the environment concern is increasing at the same time. Thus, today Singapore too, is supporting the environment and the climatic change and it has an influence on the planning and development of the construction that are taking place in the country (Wheeler and Beatley 2014). In compare to Australia, although, the emphasis towards, environment friendly construction, is little less, and Australia is more concerned about these types of construction. Singaporean construction development gives emphasis to the protection of the public utilities for the benefit of the society. According to the Geylang urban development, the process of regulation and planning ensures planning the present as well as the future interest of the community (Ura.gov.sg 2016).
In Australia, the influence of England and British culture is very much prevalent even today, and the gothic design architecture could be found in the country very easily (Yigitcanlar and Lönnqvist 2013). The particular type of architecture has an influence on the planning and the development of the construction and the building. The Singaporean buildings are generally high-rise buildings, and most of the urban cities support the growth of these types of buildings in the country only.
Apart from the environment concern, the Australian planning and development give more emphasis to the transportation system (Breuste, Feldmann and Uhlmann 2013). The construction of buildings takes place in such a way that it is closer to the transport system, but at the same time, the people are not affected by the pollution that is being created (Giles-Corti, Macaulay, Middleton, Boruff, Whitzman, Bull, Butterworth, Badland, Mavoa, Roberts and Christian 2013). The fact is something that is common to the Singaporean planning and development at the same time.
The Australian planning and development is being regulated not by the Australian Federal government but by a peak industrial group and the name of that group is “Planning Institute of Australia”, although there are certain laws, passed by the legislature that the constructors have to flow. There are at least six kinds of planning and laws in two of Australian territories. Therefore, different places have different kinds of laws based on the availability of land.
The Singaporean urban planning development, although is being regulated and controlled by the Urban Redevelopment Authority. Therefore, everywhere the law is same, although in case of any construction development, and it does not change with the availability of the land. There are although certain, minor development that does not need, either the approval or the permission of the Urban Redevelopment Authority or the URA.
Impact of the Similarity and Differences on the Project
The old age home is being made for those people who could not stay with their children, or even if they live, they live in destitute. Therefore, the old age home should be constructed in such a way that it should make the people living in the old age feel good. Therefore, the atmosphere of the old age home is very important and therefore, it is important that the planning of the old age home should be done in such a way that it provides the old age people with fresh air to breathe in. At the same time, the old age people should also have greeneries around them, which would be soothing to their eyes.
Therefore, the impact of Australian housing and development plans will have an impact on the old age homes, since the Australian plans are more environments centric. In case of Singaporean planning and development the city planning are environment centric, but since this is a very recent phenomena therefore, there isn’t a very mature way of handling this matter, Apart from this particular problem, there is another problem, that could have an impact on the construction of an old age home (Jenks, Kozak and Takkanon 2013. ). Another problem that may be faced by the people, while constructing the old age home, includes the problem of scarcity of lands. Since the land availability is very less, in Singapore, therefore, sustainable development and planning will be a difficult thing for the architects and the constructors (Suzuki, Cervero and Iuchi 2013).
The Australian planning and development refers to the fact that the Australian architecture has a British and a gothic look in their housing style. The Singaporean architecture, although is far different from this kind of architecture and it is based mainly on the modern architecture style and at the same time most of the Singaporean buildings and construction follow this particular style and it has its influence even in case of constructing an old age home in Singapore.
Recommendation for the Adaptation of Australian Design for Singaporean Condition
The adaptation of the Australian design is important in case of the planning and development of the old age home because it give more emphasis to the environmental factor. The environmental factor is important for the old people since they crave for fresh air, which is pollution free and at the same time, they crave for such a beauty that is soothing to their eyes. Since the Singaporean design construction, are moving towards adapting such a design that is environment friendly, therefore, the adaptation of the Singaporean design will not be that effective in this particular case (Ho, Matsuoka, Simson and Gomi 2013).
The Australian designs have a gothic structure, which is more appealing to the elderly people since the feel and the look of the design provides with a feeling that they are more close to the nature (Thompson and Maginn 2012). The look and design, provides with the feeling of a country life that is for from the city and its madding crowd, where they could have their rest as well as their peace at the same time.
(Figure 1: The Australian Architecture of Building
Source : Butlin 2013)
The Singaporean architecture and design, are modern in design and style, therefore, the look and the design not provide with the feeling of a country life rather it provide with a feeling of an urban; although the design structure and architecture is luxurious all the time (Ishii, Lang and An 2015).
(Figure 2: The Singaporean Architecture
Source : Tortajada, Joshi and Biswas 2013)
Executive Summary
The particular report is about an old-age home that would be constructed in the Geylang area in Singapore. The Geylang area is mostly a historical area that is populated by the Malayan population, who are residing in the country for a long time. The report here cover all those issues that are important for the construction of the old-age home and it include the design response issue and at the same time it also include the environmental factors at the same time. The state-based strategic plans are included in it at the same time. The report refers to the ambiguity as well, those are not referred in the design planning, along with it the report talks about preventing heritage structure while constructing.
The particular report is about constructing an old age home in the Geylang area. The requirement of old age home is there in the city since most of the old and destitute parents have nowhere to go, and the old-age home could only be their source of shelter. The construction of the old age home will take place in the historical city of Geylang, beside the Geylang River, but not in the proper town but little far from the town. The non-urban area of Geylang is being selected for this particular project since the urban area could be little problematic to the old people as the urban area is full of noise and hustle and bustle. Therefore, to avoid these noises, the hustle, and the bustle the non-urban area of Geylang is selected. The another reason behind selecting Geylang is the fact that this city is a home to shoppers and at the same time good transportation facility helps in connecting the city. Thus, the city would be a loveable city for both the children and the parents. The most important days of their retired life, the destitute old people could pass in rest and in peace. Away from all the trouble this particular place would provide them with solace and comfort. The report here discusses those factors that will help the architecture, engineer and the construction manager to carry on with their construction.
An Analysis of Existing Site and Surrounding
The construction of old age home requires a place that is full with serenity and peace. The elderly people would not like to have a place that is full with people and that has hustles and bustles all the time. Therefore, the non-urban area of Geylang is selected in this particular case, and the reason behind choosing this particular area is the fact that the department of Singapore is carrying out six-landscape assessment, which will help them to deliver a comprehensive understanding of those visual characteristics that are there in Geylang.
Geylang is a site that has encouraged the construction of fire ways and roads, so that there is an economic development in the city. The city although encouraged the construction of these things in Geylang, yet they were worried about another thing and that is the environmental factor, that is affecting the city largely. The certain type of construction not only case problems to the human beings but at the same time it also cause problems to many other water body animals as well, and to a great extent to the water body itself. The old age home that will be constructed could be a solution of this particular problem, since the old age home construction model will follow the Australian planning (A High Quality Living Environment for all Singaporeans, 2013). The Australian planning focus more on the environmental factor, they focus towards a sustainable growth that will be not only helpful for the construction people but at the same time, it will be helpful for the overall environment. Singapore is a country that has an aim of achieving, the award of the Green city by the year 2030. The construction plan that is being designed here will help in achieving that goal, without any problem, and without much hassle. The purpose of building the old age home is not only restricted towards providing peace and solace to the elderly people but at the same time it has the purpose of creating a city that is environment friendly.
A Design Response
Natural factors The country that has been chose for this particular assignment is an equatorial country that has one main island and along with it, there are 63 offshore islands at the same time (Asianinfo.org 2016). It is although an equatorial country yet the country is situated at least 137 km away towards the north of the equator. The islands that are located in the country are almost 15 km away from the sea level. There are the presence of both the indigenous and the sedimentary rocks in the islands of Singapore, which also give rise to narrow ridges at the same time. Along with the seawater, there are the small streams of rivers as well in Singapore.
Cultural Among all the Malay settlements in Singapore, Geylang, or rather the Geylang Serai is the oldest among all, the Malay settlements (Singapura Stories 2016). The old Geylang Serai is not popular enough for its architectural settlements; rather t was popular more because of the reputation it gained as Malay emporium. The historical significance of Malay is huge and it had market place and retail hub in the city. The neighbouring Malayan community who comes from the neighbouring country of Brunei and Peninsular Malaysia; Geylang, is a city that has an adjoining suburb at the same time, that too has a reputation, which is famous for justifiable reason, and at the same time it is being remembered by people, and that too very fondly.
Human The people living in Geylang require land at an affordable rate, and at the same time, they had a demand of receiving house at an affordable rate too. The people living in Geylang, requires affordable homes, especially the young couples have the requirements of the affordable homes so that they could live near to their parents. The criminal rates in Singapore, is low, although criminal activities in Geylang that are being carried out include, activities such as mugging, illicit use of the drugs, and loan sharking. The main city of Geylang is the home to many prostitutes, which is why at times they are organized criminal gang crimes, although the rate is quite low compared to the similar types of cities in USA. Geylang is a city, which is consist of most of the immigrant workers and therefore, there is a diverse ethnicity in the city. The city although, has a diverse ethnicity, the city is, originally composed of people from the Malayan community; and thus the place has extreme historical significance at the same time (Ng 2016). The construction of various health care facilities improves the healthcare system in Geylang thus, improving the healthcare facility in Geylang. Apart from the health care institute, the other structures that were developed in Singapore include the school, whose children carry out the task of cleaning the Geylang city and the Geylang Rivers. The Geylang city not only consists of good health care facility but at the same time, the city has the Geylang Road and the MRT Interchange railway station, which provides the people living there with good communication facility. At the same time, it will be an effective thing, for those living the old age home and even for those who are coming to visit their parents in the old age home. It is because of this particular transport system in Geylang that most of the business and the offices are situated in this particular city.
Visual The topography of Geylang not only include, shopping malls that will provide people with refreshment and enjoyment but at the same time the Geylang city also has the Geylang River that is very soothing to the eyes of the people (singapore-guide.com 2016). Especially, in case of an old age home the Geylang River could be much of the refreshment for people living in that home. Apart from the natural made rivers and the cost in Geylang, the place is significant because of the historical areas that are there in the places. The historical architecture of the place is not only picturesque but at the same time, they are very soothing and spatial at the same time (HYLA Architects – Award winning Singapore architect firm 2014). The historical architect includes those architects that are there in Malay Village and in places like Katong, too have historical architecture that is appealing to the people. It is in Katong that people find Peranakan homes those are not only beautiful, but as said before it is very picturesque in view at the same time. The recent developments that are taking place in Geylang include the development of the Malay Village, which consists of the Malayan people, who are residing in Singapore for a long time. The redevelopment of the Malay village took place because there was an aim to create a spatial entity for the people living that particular area (Lih 2016).
Explanation/Justification of elements of the project that may be ambiguous or contravene
There are certain claims in the project that are not only ambiguous but at the same time, they are contravening to the design response and planning that has been discussed. The claims or the ambiguity arises because of various reasons, and among all those reasons, some of the most important are the following:
The Cost that was not Considered Before
The construction manager before the start of the construction, along with the engineer and architect come up with an estimated cost. The estimated cost is provided, although, during the time of construction increased due to various reasons, and therefore, the “unforeseen cost” that cause he ambiguity. The reason behind the “unforeseen cost” can be of various kinds, one of the most important reasons behind the increase of the price of the jurisdiction fees (Faoro 2016). It is true that during the time of construction, the construction companies need to find legal permit and without the legal permit it become difficult for the people to carry out the construction, and many time receiving a legal permit include lots of cost that was not mentioned before. Apart from the cost related to legal permit there are certain cost that are related to the decay and the destruction of the construction site at the same time. During the time of construction, the site is open to both natural and manmade hazards that could actually cause damage to the site and the cost of repairing the site include lost of cost that would not be included in the estimation that is being given by the construction manager before. During the time of construction, there can be a situation when the construction manager has to pay certain amount to the other homeowners living nearby the construction site, because they complaint of damage that is being caused to them (Echo-ca.org 2016). Thus, this cost is a cost that was also not included in the estimated cost that is being provided by the cost manager before.
Breach of Contract
The breach of contract at times could take place, in a free economy, frequently, because according to the rules and the regulation of the free economy, does not punish the party, if they stop working due to financial reason (Johnson 2016). Therefore, during the time of construction, it is possible to have a breach of contract, and the reason behind having a breach of contract is various, that it could not be constrained under one list but few of them are the following:
There can be a breach of the contract if the contractor needs an extension and the project owner fails to provide that extension to the contractor then there can be a breach of the contract, thus giving rise to an ambiguous situation (Grace 2010).
Disputes over the interpretation of contract clauses
There can be dispute based on the interpretation of the contract clauses and the disputes could arise due to various reasons and one of the most important reasons behind having a dispute include, the ambiguity that is there. There is the presence of an ambiguity because most of the time most of the people of both the parties do not read the clauses properly thus giving rise to various kinds of disputes (Out-law.com 2016).
In case there is any dispute the solution can be found very easily, and the solution of every dispute that is occurring in a construction site include, the architect and the engineer. It is because if there is any kind of dispute then to solve the dispute the people of the construction site could take the help of the engineer or the architecture and could bring a solution of this particular dispute.
Disputes over what is included within the contract price
The dispute over price could occur for various reasons because in case of a particular construction, there are many people who are involved in the construction. Among those many people, few of them are the workers, the architecture, the contractor, the sub-contractor, and even the engineer. Therefore, all of them could have dispute over contract price and most of the time the dispute arise because the project owner fails to provide the people with the proper remuneration thus disrupting the work,
Thus, these factors are the main factors that give rise to many ambiguities. The ambiguous factors are not mentioned in those guidelines that were outlined in the people, yet these factors have its presence.
Consideration of issues related to Heritage and Environmental criteria
During the construction process of a building the construction company has to deal with many problems, these issues may be related to environment and heritage. Different client have different requirements for their building, some of them may not focus on the environment sustainability and may are of the view that during the construction process the heritage of the particular area should not be affected. It is the function of the construction company to consider all these issues during the process of the construction.
Different issues face by the company due to the problems related to the environment is the following:
It is the responsibility of the construction company to make sure that they are making efficient use of resources, and should concentrate on the conservation of the resources and they also need to make sure that their construction activity is not polluting the environment. They are liable to manage their operation in such a way that, it conserve resources and minimize the emission of green house gases in the environment.
In many of the cases, the company has to select raw materials against the criteria of the environment. They have to manage their work in such a way that it does not affect the environment.
The management of the company also needs to make sure that they are using the natural resources effectively and not wasting them. The management of the company should also try to minimize their waste and should develop technology to minimize and recycle waste to protect the environment.
Pollution is a serious threat to the entire world. Every country across the globe is facing the problem of pollution nowadays, so it is very crucial for every individual to control pollution. One important reason for increasing pollution is the rapid growth of construction activities, so it is important for the company to regulate their working process in such a way that it reduces environment pollution. Companies face serious issue in dealing with the problem of pollution control.
The company should try to make use of the sites that are unused and kept abandoned, so that it can be used in some important operations.
The company should concentrate more on the environmental sustainability; they should use the resources efficiently and effectively. In addition, should concentrate on the sustainable use of resources.
The company also has to make sure that their construction process does not affect the environment and the health of the people residing nearby. They should implement such ideas that help them in dealing with such issues of environmental hazards and function effectively (Environmental Guidelines for Major Construction Sites 2016).
Apart from the environment problem, few problems are related to destruction or the damage of the heritage buildings that are there in Geylang. It is true that in case of conserving the heritage of the country Singapore is latecomer as compared to the other nations, especially as compared to other developed countries like Australia. During the year 1980, Singapore, took the initiative of conserving its heritage for its architectural value, and for the future generation as well. Geylang is a historical place that has most of his heritage buildings in places like Katong. Therefore, it is important to protect the heritage of the city, and the heritage of the city could be maintained in a following way:
The construction site here will follow the urban planning guidelines as instructed by the Urban Redevelopment Authority and would carry out their construction in this particular historical district (Ura.gov.sg 2016). The Singapore government has come up with the urban planning policy, which restrict the construction in Singapore to demolish or even to damage the heritage architecture that are there in the country (Architectural Heritage and Performance-Based Building Codes: Approaches and Experiences 2008).
Geylang is a city with the architectural heritage buildings and these buildings are there in most of the part of Geylang. The architectural heritage buildings are open to many natural and fabricated disasters and one of the most important synthetic disasters include the fire. The fire could not only abolish the whole architecture but at the same time could cause a great deal of damage to the building as well. Therefore, it is important that during the time of construction there isn’t any kind of damage to the building. Therefore, this would protect the building at the same time, and would not cause any kind of damage to the national heritage and would help in the construction of the building as well, or rather the construction of the old age home at the same time (Built heritage conservation policy in Singapore 2016).
State-Based Strategic Plans
The Strategic Economic plan is dedicated towards a developed nation. Here the case is directed at Singapore. As all know Singapore has been a place where the chances of strategic development is huge. The economic history and background of the country has made enough chances for the foreign organizations to look into the country. The strategic plans and actions are set in Singapore. The key facts are vision oriented and it will provide benefits for the country. The management control of the organizations is directed at maintaining and extending the nation’s inter-national competitiveness (Lewis 2013).
Strategies are needed to be state based as it would help Singapore to come out as an Asian Superpower. Their neighbours like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia are going at a steady rate. In order to punch their equity Singapore need to analyze where their strength lies. Eight strategies can be taken in order to eradicate the weaknesses.
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Ø Enhancing the human resource programs Ø Promoting national business policies Ø Making a progress in team work Ø Producing more skill hubs for training and skill enhancement Ø Creating a conductive team for climate change analysis Ø Introducing manufacturing legacy for the country Ø Merging economic development and service clusters Ø Maintaining international competitiveness Ø Reducing vulnerability |
Change should not be rapid. It should take time to deliver the good. International economic council has given report where they have praised Singapore highly for their engagement in research and development initiatives. The ratio of idea generation to idea implementation is good for the country. They have rectified their mistakes from the past mistakes. The threshold level work and recession had hit the country at a harsh rate in previous years. They took a lot of steps while working on the failure and they have maintained that they would not be doing the same mistake repeatedly (Lewis 2013). Singapore cannot predict the dramatic events that might take place in future. The economic planning committee of Singapore was charged with the task of preparing a strategic economic plan for the future growth of the country in terms of education, knowledge and industry level. They can read the writing in the wall clearly and they decided to plan the future accordingly. The aims and plans are,
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o Provide an overview of the economic landscape over the last twenty years o Define a clear vision for the economic development o Analyze the implications of the market o Initiate a national planning process o Building consultative and evolutionary character for the country o Help build a share vision among labor o Building economic aspirations |
The growth triangle has got an embarking effect on the achievements. The average growth of promotion and distribution at present times can set a limit on the foreign worker population in Singapore. The more the foreign worker the less will be the chances of employment for local workers. Singapore has effectively networked with the sub regions of ASEAN countries that are based on three advantages (Gendron 2014). The advantages are described as the growth triangle. This initiative would encourage the companies to undertake distribution process further by establishing ventures with indigenous companies in these areas.
For qualitative development some key strategies can be taken
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o Develop country based business profile o Human source development o Creating soft infrastructure within the country o Economic resilience o Making more global cities |
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Country Oriented Business Profile Development |
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ü Business function ü Maintaining resource efficiency ü Equity capital allocation ü Marketing ü Creating business role ü Management level work |
Being efficiently organized within the country still not enough for Singapore. They were concerned with the size of the cities. It is because the length and breadth of the country is not so privileged (Tsai and Chen 2013). The businesspersons and the leaders understood the importance of creating more business hubs and for making business hubs you need to make global cities. The ideas took a shape and the thought of the leaders made it flourish. The government has also made it clear that they have a vision to see Singapore in the top five Asian countries within 2030. In order to do so, they have developed a globalization plan (Barrick et al. 2015). The economic development boards of Singapore along with the government agencies have made substantial amendments to fulfill the goal. The support of local people and the competitive international environment has lived the strategy in a short period of time. Three contingencies have been identified. They are,
Alternate economic scenario
Areas of high dependency on one particular business group
An erosion of short-term or long-term economic competitiveness that could lead to a recession
Conclusion
Thus, it can be conclude that to carry out the construction of the old age home in the Geylang area it is important to keep certain factors in mind. The factors include not only the topography and the climate or the physical environment of the place but at the same time, it include several other things as well. The several other things those are included in it, are the state-based strategic plans and those regulations that are chalked by the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore. The construction site would follow the guidelines of the urban redevelopment authority to ensure that the heritage sites that are there in Geylang and its surrounding area are protected. The construction site should try to make least amount of breach of contract and at the same time, they ensure from their part that the effect that would have on the environment would least. Thus, the construction manager could ensure that the construction work will not have any negative effect on the environment of Singapore. Rather the particular construction will help Singapore to achieve its goal of being the green city by 2030.
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