A database brings convenient to today ‘s working country such as big concern company. The chief intent of a database is merely similar to managing and maintain big sum of files and paperss in a big cabinet. However this method takes a big infinite and will be complicated to command and organized. This is why a database is introduced to maintain these informations organized to let users to entree, retrieve, and usage of the informations without any fuss. DBMS or Database Management System is package that used to put up a database, making a database requires be aftering and gets to cognize what sort of informations will be imputed.
Making a database will be easier after a simple tabular array is constructed. In this assignment, a Student Information System is used as an illustration to maintain pupil information in a database.
Furthermore Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Access are illustration package provided by database seller that used to make a database.
Other than Student Information System as stated above, this package allows alterations in database such as adding pupil entity relationship to spread out the database. Microsoft Access is used to make Student Information System Entity Relationship ( ER ) because it has user-friendly interface compared to oracle and yet it is still a powerful tool to make a simple database.
Define Question 1
1.0 What is Database and why is it needed?
A database is a aggregation of assorted types of stored informations so it can be used for operation intents. These informations can be organized in different modal such as hierarchal, web and relational theoretical accounts depend which one is suited for that peculiar operation.
A database plays an of import function in many Fieldss such as big companies, colleges every bit good as ace markets we visit daily. Most of databases are being used in big concern company which they frequently record their purchases, gross revenues and maintain path with employees information. Database record, shop and procedure informations to bring forth a assortment of information for decision-making at the assorted degrees in an organisation or concern company. However big figure of information can non be handle by merely human entirely this is why a database is used to finish these undertakings accurate, relevant and timely.
There are many advantages when database is used because:
It helps reduces informations redundancy.
Has high treating velocity to pull off informations in a really short clip.
It allows informations sharing among different users.
Maintain informations independency to maintain database safe even if one information is corrupted.
Have better security because of different degrees of entree privileges controlled.
It avoids information incompatibility.
Reduces storage demands.
A database will non run on its ain without package. Similar to computing machine, a computing machine will be useless without an operating system. This is why DBMS ( Database Management System ) is required in order running and allows use in database. DBMS is package that uses SQL ( Structured Query Language ) that is a programming linguistic communication that manages informations in a database.
SQL Manager for Oracle
1.1.0 Database of a Student Information System
The construct of a database can be easy understood because it is similar if we create a tabular array that shops different sort of information. It is encouraged to be after the database by doing a simple tabular array so that it will be easier when making in DBMS. In this instance Student Information System is created to hive away all pupils ‘ related information such as their index Numberss, place references, gender and so on. The construct is started with record, which is a aggregation of related Fieldss of an entity.
Each record consists of several informations
Index Number
First Name
Last Name
Age
Gender
Address
Course
Class
S0001
Julia
Yasmin
17
F
13 Hibiscus Road
Fecal matter
A
Student Information System in a College
Index Number
First Name
Last Name
Age
Gender
Address
Course
Class
Fee Paid
S0001
Julia
Yasmin
17
F
13 Hibiscus Road
Fecal matter
A
Yes
S0002
Nicholas
Wong
18
Meter
24 Metro Street
Information technology
A
Yes
S0003
Niko
Bellic
18
Meter
53 Hove Beach
Information technology
Bacillus
No
S0004
David
Kim
17
Meter
4 Lake Garden
Information technology
Bacillus
No
S0005
Carl
Johnson
18
Meter
77 Park Lane
Fecal matter
C
No
S0006
John
Kay
17
Meter
22 Lin Seng Park
Fecal matter
Bacillus
Yes
S0007
Jasmine
Stewart
17
F
16 Park Lane
Fecal matter
Bacillus
Yes
S0008
Tony
Potato
19
Meter
55 Brooker Road
Information technology
C
Yes
S0009
Tina
Shaw
18
F
31 Hibiscus Road
Fecal matter
A
No
S0010
David
Ford
18
Meter
28 Lake Garden
Information technology
C
No
Keyword: BM = Business Management, IT = Information Technology
The tabular array above shows that all pupil information is recorded in item of a college. Index Number is created to place each pupil. All different individual line of records are grouped together to organize a 10 records table. The tabular array is besides known as file, which is a aggregation of related records and these informations will be stored in college ‘s chief database.
Primary Key
A primary key is similar to Internet hunt engine ( Google ) , for illustration when you search for the word ‘food ‘ , instantly all nutrient related web sites and images would expose. Each file may necessitate a primary key in a database, which is an of import key name for seeking a peculiar record in the file every bit good as place each record unambiguously within relation. Primary key can be consists of index figure or name because they have their alone name or whole numbers. However primary key can non be ‘address ‘ because the name is long. When a database grows larger, these primary keys will be really of import to assist user to happen peculiar informations they needed.
1.2.0 The Relationship between Tables
Since the database is related to pupil information, this tabular array may be shared in several sections such as casher, lectors, category and pupil ‘s overall scrutiny class. This relationship is known as Relation Model, which is fundamentally consists of a set of interconnected tabular arraies. Data in a relational theoretical account are stored in planar tabular arraies. Each section will hold different privilege to entree different type of informations and merely expose the information they need. Below is the shared information in several sections.
1.2.1 Casher
College ‘s Casher
Index Number
Casher
Index
First Name
Last Name
Age
Gender
Course
Fee Paid
S0001
C101
Julia
Yasmin
17
F
Fecal matter
Yes
S0002
C102
Nicholas
Wong
18
Meter
Information technology
Yes
S0003
C103
Niko
Bellic
18
Meter
Information technology
No
S0004
C104
David
Kim
17
Meter
Information technology
No
S0005
C105
Carl
Johnson
18
Meter
Fecal matter
No
S0006
C106
John
Kay
17
Meter
Fecal matter
Yes
S0007
C107
Jasmine
Stewart
17
F
Fecal matter
Yes
S0008
C108
Tony
Potato
19
Meter
Information technology
Yes
S0009
C109
Tina
Shaw
18
F
Fecal matter
No
S0010
C110
David
Ford
18
Meter
Information technology
No
Primary Key: Casher Index
The tabular array shows that all necessary information required in casher such as fee paid and casher index to track pupils that are non yet paid their tuition fee. While pupil ‘s references and scrutiny class are hidden to cut down complexness because it is non necessary. This is called as external position because it allows user to hold ain position of the database.
1.2.2 Student list in a peculiar class
Lectors will hold their ain pupil list depend on which class they in charge. Since in existent college ‘s database may dwell over hundred of pupils, working with a big tabular array can be troublesome and complicated. To do it easy, this big tabular array will be needed to interrupt up into two related tabular array, which are Business Management and Information Technology classes. This construct is called informations standardization.
Standardization makes informations more manageable and allows many informations to be shared in merely one database. This is because it removes informations incompatibility as informations is modified in one topographic point every bit good as reduces storage demand and information redundancy.
Business Management Course ( BM )
Index Number
Examination ID
First Name
Last Name
Age
Gender
Course
S0001
E1001
Julia
Yasmin
17
F
Fecal matter
S0005
E1005
Carl
Johnson
18
Meter
Fecal matter
S0006
E1006
John
Kay
17
Meter
Fecal matter
S0007
E1007
Jasmine
Stewart
17
F
Fecal matter
S0009
E1009
Tina
Shaw
18
F
Fecal matter
Primary Key: Index Number
Information Technology Course ( IT )
Index Number
Examination ID
First Name
Last Name
Age
Gender
Course
S0002
E1002
Nicholas
Wong
18
Meter
Information technology
S0003
E1003
Niko
Bellic
18
Meter
Information technology
S0004
E1004
David
Kim
17
Meter
Information technology
S0008
E1008
Tony
Potato
19
Meter
Information technology
S0010
E1010
David
Ford
18
Meter
Information technology
Primary Key: Index Number
The tabular arraies show that two different tabular arraies, which are Business Management Course and Information Technology Course. Students and their class can be easy indentified after the tabular array is separated into two. We can clearly cognize that IT pupils are all male and both classs have every bit five pupils each.
1.2.3 Student ‘s Examination Grade
Index Number
Examination ID
First Name
Last Name
Course
Class
S0001
E1001
Julia
Yasmin
Fecal matter
A
S0002
E1002
Nicholas
Wong
Information technology
A
S0003
E1003
Niko
Bellic
Information technology
Bacillus
S0004
E1004
David
Kim
Information technology
Bacillus
S0005
E1005
Carl
Johnson
Fecal matter
C
S0006
E1006
John
Kay
Fecal matter
Bacillus
S0007
E1007
Jasmine
Stewart
Fecal matter
Bacillus
S0008
E1008
Tony
Potato
Information technology
C
S0009
E1009
Tina
Shaw
Fecal matter
A
S0010
E1010
David
Ford
Information technology
C
Primary Key: Examination ID
The above tabular array shows all pupils ‘ scrutiny class in the full college and it is stored in Student ‘s scrutiny database. This tabular array is required for pupil ‘s certification printout and act as a primary topographic point for tracking pupil scrutiny class.
Overall, all the tabular arraies had mentioned are the illustrations on how Student ‘s Information System is recorded in a college. This is a basic and really of import measure for a new user before informations is record in Database Management package.
Define Question 2
2.0.0 Student Information System Entity Relationship ( ER ) theoretical account
We already know all the relationship between old tabular arraies of Student Information System. However create a tabular array merely helps to cognize the construct of a database creative activity. In order to do these tabular arraies and their relationship more efficient and easy organized, database package is required. Therefore these tabular arraies are needed to reassign to Microsoft Access. With Microsoft Access, information in each column can be easy created. Making relational tabular arraies will be faster because column of informations can be copied from one tabular array to others.
2.1.0 Relationship between tabular arraies in Microsoft Access
2.1.1 Primary Key
Before tabular arraies can associate each other, a primary key is needed to declare in each tabular array.
The image above shows that primary key is declared in ‘Students ‘ in Design View. A little cardinal symbol ( marked as little ruddy circle ) shows that Index Number has declared to primary key with primary cardinal tool clicked ( marked as big ruddy circle ) . A peculiar field that needed to go primary key is highlighted and so Primary Key tool is clicked.
2.1.2 Relationship Chart
Making relationship between tabular arraies is easy because Microsoft Access has user-friendly interface, merely drag a information from one tabular array to others and the relation line will appears
Tables must associate right in order to see their relationship. Primary Keies are linked to another tabular arraies, for illustration if we compare ‘Students ‘ tabular array with ‘Casher ‘ tabular array, ‘Casher Index ‘ will go primary cardinal while ‘Index Number ‘ becomes foreign cardinal. Note that little cardinal symbol represents which information is primary key. Furthermore, tabular arraies like ‘Students ‘ and ‘Examination Grade ‘ are holding more than one fiting tabular array, which is called as parent tabular array while the tabular array they linked to are child tabular arraies. This relationship is called as One-to-Many relationship between different records or tabular arraies.
2.1.3 Relationship between Students and Casher
Students
The Student Information System is recorded into Microsoft Access as shown in image above. These information consists of pupil ‘s index figure, which is an alone codification that identifies each pupils. Other information such as First name, Last name, Age, Gender, Addresses and so on are besides recorded inside this tabular array.
Casher
The information in Casher tabular array has created to enter pupil ‘s fee paid. Some field such as Index Number and Course are shared together with Student tabular array.
Relationship between Students and Casher
The tabular array above shows the relationship between Students and Casher. From the first record we can clearly see Julia Yasmin ‘s casher index, class and her fee payment. While the last record we can place that David Ford is in IT class and he is non yet pay his fee. The dropdown tabular array will merely look when the relationship is linked right with relevant primary key from each tabular array.
2.1.4 Relationship between Student ‘s Course and Student ‘s Examination
Business Management Class
Business Management and Information Technology categories are separated into two different tabular arraies. These tabular arraies are besides linked together with Student ‘s Examination Grade, which is to uncover their scrutiny class when it is opened. A bead down tabular array from the tabular arraies above show that pupil ‘s scrutiny class is revealed.
Two different dropdown tabular arraies is shown ( marked as ruddy coloring material boundary line ) , when we look at the Information Technology Class. We can easy place Nicholas Wong ‘s scrutiny ID, which is E1002 and gets grade ‘A ‘ in scrutiny. Similar to Tony Murphy, which has scrutiny ID of E1008 and gets grade ‘C ‘ in the scrutiny.
Student ‘s Examination Grade
The tabular array above shows the full scrutiny class among every pupil, which precisely contains the same record from the tabular array we had created from Question 1 ( Page 9 ) . As mentioned before, Student ‘s Examination Grade is linked to Student ‘s Course and this allows records besides appear in Information Technology and Business Management Course.
Overall, the tabular arraies in Microsoft Access made Student Information System organized in good mode and made user easy retrieve, entree and position all pupil ‘s information in short clip.
Decision and Recommendation
Information is an of import resource in any organisation and it must be decently managed. Database plays an of import function because it allows information to be stored and organized in good mode. To manage big sum of information such as Student Information System, making several tabular arraies is required to hive away different informations such as name, index Numberss, age and so on. Making a database besides requires knowledge on how data relate each other and their theoretical account. Learning Microsoft Access will be a good start for a novice to larn and pattern how database works even though it is non powerful plenty compared to other database direction package.
Since presents occupations are trusting on engineering, holding computing machine cognition is really of import to maintain ourselves non to be outdated. Similarly, people with cognition of database will hold better occupation chance because most big concern and fabrication company will engage them.
Bibliography
Oppel Andy, 2009, Database a Beginner ‘s Guide, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, USA
Anderson Virginia, 2001, How to make everything with Access 2002, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, USA
MacMillan, Andy Huff, Brian, Transforming Info oversupply! A Pragmatic Strategy for Oracle Enterprise Content Management, 2008, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, USA
P.Sellappan, 2002, Information Technology in Business, Fourth edition, Federal Publication Sdn Berhad, Malaysia
James L. Johnson, 1997, Database Models, Languages, Design, ? ? ? , Oxford University Press Inc, USA
Shelly Vermaat, 2009, Detecting Computer 2009, Complete Edition, Shelly Cashman Series, United States of America
SQL Manager for Oracle 2007, View from File Transit, SQL Manager for Oracle, online, retrieved 12 October 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.filetransit.com/images/screen/2935188e684b1f718eecbf92de0bdfd6_EMS_SQL_Manager_for_Oracle.gif
Primary Definition, 2010, online, retrieved 12 October 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //databases.about.com/cs/administration/g/primarykey.htm
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