A critical appraisal is regarded as a systematic process of evaluating research papers so as to establish their validity (LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, Berry, Yost, 2013 p.89).In doing so a number of aspects are considered and looked at depending on the type of research paper. Some of the important aspects that are looked at in a critical appraisal are; How important are the results of the research, does the research address the targeted questions fully among others.
This particular critical appraisal is meant to analyses two types of research, a qualitative and quantitative research. It will comprise of two appraisal tools that will be used to analyse the two researches regarding to health and human service management (Cheuk & Chan, 2010 p.90).The concept will target in describing the key criteria used in coming up with a critical appraisal system.
As mentioned earlier critical appraisal is a formal and unbiased means of trying to assess the level of truth and quality of the results and evidence presented in a certain research paper (Hannes, 2011 p.78). An appropriate selection tool therefore needs to be identified to guide the whole appraisal process. There exist different appraisal tools depending on the type of research that needs to be analyzed. An appraisal tool comprises of a checklist with a number of questions that needs to be answered honestly in regarded to the research presented. Basing our understanding and knowledge from Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) we are going to use two checklist to apprise the two researches. For the qualitative research, we are going to use the qualitative research checklist and for the quantitative research, the Cohort studies will be used (Elwood, 2017 p.178).
Based on the selected appraisal tool; qualitative research checklist, we are going to look at the strengths and some weaknesses of this research in a much more detailed manner. There are a number of questions that are going be addressed but all as per the chosen appraisal tool (Cotula, 2013 p.65).Appraisal tool helps in making a sense to the evidence give. Therefore, this shows that the appraisal tools differ depending on a certain field. The application of this critical appraisal tool is always divided into three sections and in each sections there are a number of questions that will be addressed.
Section A: Checking whether results study are valid
The two terms aims and objectives in a research can be used interchangeably, but to be more particular objectives refers to the immediate outcomes of the results while aims refers to the final and general goal meant to be achieved by the research. Basing my argument on this fact, then it is clear that the aims of this research are not stated at all. The objective which can be used to stand in for aims is not well articulated (Glynne?Jones & Hughes,2012 p.87).The objective has been stated as exploring the impact of separation of refugees from family members so as to determine its implication on mental condition, it is not precise on exactly what is to be achieved.
There are various qualitative methodologies that can be used to carry out a research. Some of the most common qualitative methodologies include; interviews, oral stories, building on life stories among others (Machado & Cortez-Pinto,2013 p.189).The content describes this concept in different manner. Some qualitative methods have been used to display a specific information or aid in getting certain results needed. This research has utilized interviews as a methodological tool, it is mentioned therein that in-depth interviews were conducted to the Sudanese community leaders. Therefore, the concept displays the relevance of the research in regard with the aims. This is very relevant and therefore the qualitative methodology used was appropriate.
The research design is appropriate in addressing the aims of this particular research. The research has been designed in such a way that it can clearly and maximally articulate aims of this research .Methodology used, discussion and conclusion have been designed in a way that they will fully address the aims(Pace et al,2012 p.200).
The recruitment was totally not appropriate and it contributed less towards the achievement of the aims in the research. Members were selected without following any particular order (Pluye,2013 p.76).No sampling methods were used to selected the persons to be interviewed, the selected section did not represent the entire population thus compromising achievement of research aims.
Actually data collection addressed research issue (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014 p.82).The research was to determine the impact that separation of Sudanese refugees from their families had on mental health. This conforms to the main issue of the research. Conducting interviews with the Sudanese community was an appropriate step. This is relevant to the research issue and thus revealing that there was apt information collected for the work.
The relationship is not well justified between the two parties. No relationship whatsoever between researcher and specific participants that has been mentioned/identified in the course of the research. The issue is the two concepts differ and there is no any single similarity that can reveal the aspect of justification within the two concepts.
Section C: What are the results?
The ethical issues in this particular research paper have not been put into consideration at all. There is no section in the research paper that mentioned how the participants were treated (Fineout-Overholt, Melnyk, Stillwell, Williamson, 2010 p.35). We are therefore not in a position to tell whether the participants were properly treated in the cause of data collection or not.
Based on discussion presented for this research, we see that there is an in-depth description and overall analysis of the subject matter. Various themes that identify themselves from the data collected have been well analyzed and looked at. Most importantly the data presented originated from the interviews conducted .Their complements fully support the findings and implications of the research.
In fact, there is sufficient discussion regarding results obtained from interviews with some of the Sudanese community representatives. Findings from have been clearly stipulated based on a maximum analysis of results presented.
Section C: Will the results help locally
Based on the discussion presented, we see that the researcher discussed the contribution of the research in regard to the existing knowledge and understanding (Moons, de, Bouwmeester, Vergouwe, Mallett, Altman, Reitsma, Collins, 2014 p.12). The implications of the research have clearly been identified and its relevancy to both the Sudanese community and the rest of the Australian community has been clearly shown.
b). Critical appraisal for quantitative research assessing the competence on informed decision making by health service managers
The following questions are answered so as to determine the strengths and weaknesses of this particular research.
Discussing whether the study addressed focused issue
Generally we see that the study addressed the issue of concern. That is there is a population that is studied to determine if indeed the presumed assumption regarding decision making among health service managers is true or not. Although some of the risk factors regarding this research have not been identified, this research has proven beyond no doubt that it has clearly addressed the focused issue.
In simple terms the recruitment for cohorts was not done appropriately. In this research, there is evidence that people and managers who were interviewed were just volunteers. The acceptable means of recruitment were not put in place, a random sampling technique was supposed to be employed in doing this but it was not.
In deed the exposure was done accurately to reduce the chances of any possible bias in the research. Despite the fact that the persons interviewed were volunteers, appropriate actions were taken as indicated in the research discussion section to minimize the possible chances of bias and false information
Generally outcome of the results was not measured so as to determine and minimize bias. Normally there are certain measures that are employed to minimize bias which can be either subjective or objective. In this case however, it has not been mentioned or seen anywhere in this research paper that this has been applied (Koutalas, Kanoupakis, Vardas, 2013 p.78).
Discussing whether authors identified the vital factors in the research and also checking on how each factor was taken into account for analysis.
From the research authors have clearly illustrated all factors in this research. Competency at an individual manager level is among one of the confounding factors in this research. It has been clearly mentioned and discussed in details. Moreover, it has also been used in the design of the research as a subsection and it has played a very crucial role in this research.
It is clear that the follow up for subjects was complete. There are certain aspects regarding the various managers that volunteered for this research that could have brought a really huge threat in this research paper but that was not the case (Van, Monighan-Nourot, Scales, Alward, 2014 p.43).
What are the results of the study
The results of this research were somewhat sophisticated. The results were therefore sub-divided into subsections so that they could portray the correct information to the readers. For instance, there was a table and a description on the competency scores for the mid-level managers among others.
The results of this research have an average degree of precision. Based on the range of confidence intervals and values depicted from the data collected, then we can conclude that the degree of precision is moderate (Pleasant, McKinney, Rikard, 2011 p.90).
Yes, the results presented depict the correct information. Basically the results gave the appropriate information regarding the work. So to me I suggest that here are no possibilities of biasness in the results although the persons that were interviewed were volunteers.
Relevant and crucial information was obtained from the persons that volunteered to aid this research and although they are different mid-level managers, they can still be used and applied to the local community, it just takes and needs the right kind of information to do so.In addition the concepts used to get the results also they can be applied in collecting local results without deviations.
Ethics refers to general moral principles that govern behavior of people as they undertake certain professional activities. In most cases, ethical issues tend to bide the researcher to ensure that he or she follows the apt mechanism that will help in impoverishing the content. Therefore, in our case the issue of ethical aspect has been demonstrated in different approaches. There are certain ethical issues that need to addressed regarding to the topics and nature of these two researches that have been presented (Berkman, Sheridan, Donahue, Halpern, Crotty, 2011 p.78). It is important to note that some of the crucial ethical issues have been addressed but they are not fully exhausted. For instance, the impact on separation of family in relation with the mental health to the refugees. It was concluded that the separation is very important and that it helps in the determination of mental conditions for these refugees, this is true but there are some ethical considerations that have not been looked at. The separation should be proceeded by a consent from both refugees and their respective families. They are human beings and they do have rights. This has not been addressed in the study.
In the quantitative research, regarding the assessing evidence-informed decision making amongst health making managers we see that participants in the study were volunteers, this implies that they were not randomly selected .This is likely to bring about complications and uncertainty in the results. A good sampling technique should have been used that represents the entire population, but instead the participants we asked to volunteer, this is unethical. A good research study is one that follows and adheres to the rules and principles of conducting a good research study (DeWalt, Broucksou, Hawk, Brach, Hink, Rudd, Callahan, 2011 p.78).
Having looked at those two instances regarding the ethical issues that were violated and not properly considered in these two research study, we now look at some of the ethical considerations that were adhered to. Both of the researches for instance followed the right order of results presentation, the data collection methods were correct and they were according to the required principles. There was no any coercion of the persons that were involved in the studies so as to present untrue information.
The two apprised papers are very clear and they have presented their argument in quite a meaningful manner. However, despite the numerous strengths that each paper has shown, there are some weaknesses (McNiff, 2013 p.87). The weaknesses are described through the differences between the two discussions.
The qualitative study on the separation of Sudanese refugees from their families and its impact on mental health has shown quite a number strengths. The objective of the study is well stipulated and at the end of the study research we see that the objective of this particular study is met. There is no doubt also that the methods used therein contributed to a great amount towards the accomplishment of its objective (Hersh, Salzman, Snyderman, 2015 p.34).In-depth interviews for instance we conducted with some of the Sudanese community representatives among other relevant stakeholders so as to get their perspective and what they felt about the separation.
The quantitative research on assessing competence level on evidence-informed decision making by health service managers has also shown to have some areas of strengths. First and foremost, the structure of the research report is well developed with all the necessary sections and subsections properly indicated. The aim of any research project is to achieve its objectives, well for this research we see that the goals and the objectives were well achieved.
From the look at both of these researches there are some common weaknesses (Drotar,2014 p.98).For instance, the discussions of the two researches have not been properly developed. The results obtained were not well discussed, the implications of the results are not well stated. There are just mere assumptions that are not conclusive, they do not aim at explaining a point rather they are explaining the results without any aim/
References
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