An antenna is a type of device which is used in wireless communication and through this device people can share their data or information file. It is the most common device that converts the electric signal into radio frequency signals and people can communicate with peripheral devices by using this source. Transmitter and receiver both are common parts of any communication system in wireless technology both sources are used to send and receive radio wave signals (Li, Ban, Xu, Wu, Kang, K., & Yu, 2016). The main property of an antenna is that it can maintain reciprocity of wireless devices like transmitter and receiver. There are mainly three types of antenna uses in wirelesses communications which are following
This antenna was developed in the year 1926 by Shintaro Uda and it consists of different types of elements. The main property of this antenna is that it increases overall gain and directivity of communication system (Aghtar, Stru?mpfer, Olbrich, Schulten, & Kleinekatho?fer, 2014). There are three parts of this antenna for example, driven, director, and reflector. Driven is used to drive radio frequency wave and director provide a direction where all data signal produced. The reflector is the main part of this antenna because it obtains reflected radio wave from the receiver and reduces the problem of distortion loss.
Figure: Yagi-Uda antenna
(Sourcere: Aghtar, Stru?mpfer, Olbrich, Schulten, & Kleinekatho?fer, 2014)
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Merits |
Demerits |
|
Low weight |
Reduce gain |
|
A wide range of bandwidth |
Bandwidth can reduce if more directors are used |
|
Increase directivity |
Low efficient |
|
Low cost |
Limited bandwidth |
|
Easy to built |
This is one of the oldest antennas which were developed in the year 1897Jagadishdish Chandra and the latest advanced horn antenna was launched in the year 1938 by Wilmer Barrow. The main application of this antenna is in TV, and for satellite communication and it can increase the gain of radio wave signals (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015). The shape of this antenna is like a horn and flared part can be square, cylindrical or rectangular. This type of antenna may be used for wired technology or in coaxial cables and it can be used for transmission of TV signals. The main objective of horn shape is to produce large number of radio signals at a time. Horn dish is the very popular setup of this antenna and many users uses this property for TV communication.
Figure: Horn antenna
(Source: Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015)
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Merits |
Demerits |
|
Simple in construction |
Very costly |
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High directivity |
Reduce flexibility |
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Produce high gain |
Produce distortion losses |
|
Narrow bandwidth |
|
|
Standing waves are avoided |
According to their, name it is also called as cell phone antenna because it was developed for the mobile communication. It reduced the problem of distance and also improthe ved overall performance of wireless communication (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015). At this time many users uses cell phone antenna for long distance communication and it is observed that in future people will adopt wireless networks rather than wired. In cellular antenna both transmitter and receiver devices can be used for long distance communication (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015).
Figure: cellular antenna
(Source: Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015)
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Merits |
Demerits |
|
Increased number of users |
complex |
|
Increased range |
More expansive |
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More secure |
Very large in size |
|
Reduce interference |
Very costly to design |
|
Increased bandwidth |
Hence, in this modern technology people want to transfer data or information for long distance, therefore, they can adopt cellular antenna because it increases the performance of networks. Through this antenna they can share data over long distance and also reduces the problem of distortion.
The wireless network is a platform where any people can send and receive their data and they can communicate with computer devices. The main property of wireless network is that it can be used for long distance communication (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016). In which data can be transmitted without using any electric wires and completely based on wireless technology. There are main three types of wireless network protocols available for example, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and WiMAX.
It is defined as worldwide interoperability for microwave access which is a wireless protocol dedicated to the IEEE 802.16 standards. It can support mobile, fixed wireless, and monadic application and people uses this type of protocol for location tracking (Borgström, Huang, Johansson, Raabjerg, Victor, Pohjola, & Parrow, 2015). It is observed that this network can provide around 10 megabits per second speed to send any data from one location to another. There are many countries which are using this protocol and Intel, Google and Comcast for communication purpose (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).
Figure: Wimax
(Source: Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016)
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Advantages |
Disadvantages |
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Increased data speed |
It required line of sight communication |
|
Can be used for long distance |
Power consuming protocol |
|
WiMAXimax base station can handle hundreds of customers |
More costly system |
Wi-Fi is a wireless fidelity which is a type of WLAN and it is a part of 802.11 IEEE libraries. This wireless protocol was developed by Wi-Fi alliance organization that produces many local area networks and devices (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016). Through which people can share their personal files and it provide an internet connection which is called as hotspot. Hotspot is a process by which people can share their internet to other peripheral device using Wi-Fi (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).
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Merits |
Demerits |
|
Convenience |
Not secure |
|
mobility |
Low-frequency range |
|
High productivity |
Low reliability |
|
Low cost |
Slow in speed |
|
Very flexible |
It is a part of telecommunication communities that provide a platform where any person can share their information from one location to another (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016). The main property of this network is that people can interconnect two or more peripheral devices at a time. Many mobile organizations developed this technology in smart phones to increase communication system and the main drawback of this is that it cannot be used for long distance communication (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).
|
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
More reliable |
Cannot be used for long distance |
|
Increased data sp |
low-frequencyency ran |
|
Low-costcost process |
Article 1 (Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions)
This journal paper was written by Kumar Rangisetti and Bheemarjuma Reddy and it was published in the year 2017. According to this paper, wireless networks are facing various types of threats and challenges in which inflexibility and security both a are common problem. We are using many wireless systems but the main point is that we reduce the security of our data. Therefore one new process was developed which is called SDN system through which we can avoid the problem of security and inflexibilities (Nasir, Zhou, Durrani, & Kennedy, 2015). In this paper we are explaining the role of software-defined networking in communication system and the concept of virtualization. Both SDN and NFV both process improved scalability, flexibility and network services. We can adopt this technology because it provides an algorithm process through which we can secure our personal data files. In this paper we observed the role of SDN and NFV in the development of flexibility and scalability of wireless networks (Polo, Hornero, Duijneveld, García, & Casas, 2015).
Article 2 (Architecture for Software Defined Wireless Networking)
According to this paper, SDN is a process which can be used for controlling and data planes and by this technology we can run many infrastructure system and we can increase the efficiency of wireless networks (Braun, & Menth, 2014). In this paper we are explaining the software defined networking and their architecture. We adopt an SDN model for wireless networks through which we can avoid the problem of security and can increase the flexibility of mobile systems (Hakiri, Gokhale, Berthou, Schmidt, & Gayraud, 2014). SDN is a technique which was developed to reduce problems and challenges faced in wireless networks. In this paper we described SDN approach for mobile system and also discussed potential strengths and weakness of wireless networks (Bernardos, De Serrano, Banchs, Contreras, Jin, & Zúñiga, 2014).
References
Aghtar, M., Stru?mpfer, J., Olbrich, C., Schulten, K., & Kleinekatho?fer, U. (2014). Different types of vibrations interacting with electronic excitations in phycoerythrin 545 and Fenna–Matthews–Olson antenna systems. The journal of physical chemistry letters, 5(18), 3131-3137.
Ai, B., Guan, K., Rupp, M., Kurner, T., Cheng, X., Yin, X. F., & Ding, J. W. (2015). Future railway services-oriented mobile communications network. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(10), 78-85.
Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zúñiga, J. C. (2014). An architectursoftware-definedefined wireless networking. IEEE wireless communications, 21(3), 52-61.
Borgström, J., Huang, S., Johansson, M., Raabjerg, P., Victor, B., Pohjola, J. Å., & Parrow, J. (2015). Broadcast psi-calculi with an application to wireless protocols. Software & Systems Modeling, 14(1), 201-216.
Braun, W., & Menth, M. (2014). Software-defined networking using OpenFlow: Protocols, applic, tions and architectural design choices. Future Internet, 6(2), 302-336.
Fang, Y., Cho, Y. K., Zhang, S., & Perez, E. (2The case. Case study of BIcloud-enablednabled real-time RFID indoor localization for construction management applications. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(7), 05016003.
Hakiri, A., Gokhale, A., Berthou, P., Schmidt, D. C., & Gayraud, T. (2014). Software-defined networking: Challenges and research opportunities for future internet. Computer Networks, 75, 453-471.
Li, M. Y., Ban, Y. L., Xu, Z. Q., Wu, G., Kang, K., & Yu, Z. F. (2016). Eight-port orthogonally dual-polarized antenna array for 5G smartphone applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 64(9), 3820-3830.
Nasir, A. A., Zhou, X., Durrani, S., & Kennedy, R. A. (2015). Wireless-powered relays in cooperative communications: Time-switching relaying protocols and throughput analysis. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 63(5), 1607-1622.
Polo, J., Hornero, G., Duijneveld, C., García, A., & Casas, O. (2015). Design of a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network with UAV mobile node for agricultural applications. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 119, 1Source
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