Discuss about the Places in Peril and a Cultural Site Adaption Guide.
Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) is the values which people give to the objects and places through their relationship with them. These values comprise of significance to the Aboriginal people, places of social, historical, architectural and scientific value. It is about striking equilibrium between developing the tourism industry and generating the income of the local people along with promoting and celebrating the educational, cultural and historical value and safeguarding the physical integrity of the historical sites (IESA arts &culture, 2018).
It comprises of tangible characteristics such as historical monuments, and buildings of historical and natural significance along with intangible characteristics such as folk music, oral traditions, folk music and dances of the aboriginal people residing in the Kakadu National Park of Australia. The purpose of CHM is to promote sustainable tourism and protection of the environment of the park.
So, this report highlights the importance of CHM in safeguarding the cultural heritage of Kakadu National Park which is situated in the northern territory of Australia. The practices to be implemented by the stakeholders in its preservation and maintenance shall also be highlighted along with the issues confronted in its implementation. Also, the roles of public and private sectors in executing the environmental and cultural initiatives along with recommendations to solve the problems confronted while implementing them shall be evaluated.
The concept of sustainable principles can be explained as the procedure which aims at accomplishing the environmental, economic and social improvements at the local and international level. It defines the interrelationships of safeguarding and enhancement of natural resources so that necessities of the current generation can be met without restricting the capability of the future generations to meet their own necessities. It controls the degradation of natural and heritage resources, violation of the human freedom and dignity , economic decline and poverty and the lack of identification of rights and equal opportunities( Carbone, 2016).
As per The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (2013) the Burra Charter suggests a vigilant approach for transforming and maintaining the sites. It advices for necessary care for the park without altering its original cultural significance.
Change in the climatic conditions of Kakadu National Park poses a great threat to the animal and plant life of park. Rise of the levels of carbon in the environment lead to more intake of the solar radiations which in turn lead to an increase of the average temperature of earth. So, increase in the levels of carbon di oxide and greenhouse gases results in the changes in the global climate thereby influencing the humans and ecosystem of the park to a greater extent.
Changes in the ecosystems pose a great amount of danger to the animal and plant life of the park. It is mainly because of transformations of the seasonal patterns of its rainfall and temperature. So, it results in negative impact on the endangered species thereby causing their extinction. As the park covers both the marine and land-dwelling areas, change in the climatic conditions affects the park from the two different sides.
The sustainable strategies for the protection of Kakadu National Park are implemented through the application of Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It governs the management of the park and the decision making of the Kakadu National Park Management Board. For the implementation, various stakeholders are involved in the board. It mostly comprises of the traditional owners of the park and these arrangements are done to ensure that there is an effective legal protection of the park and with the help of sound planning framework , the issues of its management can be resolved (Han et al., 2016).
The important issues which are addressed with the help the sustainability principles amount to tourism. Due to the world heritage inscription of the park, there has been an increase in the number of tourists visiting the park. They are motivated to enjoy in the park in such ways which do not harm its natural and cultural heritage.
The second aspect being flora and fauna existing in the region. Preventive measures have been taken to remove the unwanted plants or weeds to preserve the plant life of the region. In order to protect the animals residing in the region, Asian water buffaloes have been removed and the affected ecosystems have been restored in the park. The third aspect being the administration of the abandoned small scale mining sites surrounded by the region. The rehabilitation programs have been executed to diminish the after effects of physical and radiological dangers arising out of the old mining sites. The cultural sites are also preserved by safeguarding the rock art sites which are damaged due to water, vegetation, insects, animals and humans (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2018).
As per Schubert (2014) there has been a significant decrease in the number of animals residing in the area. It mostly includes wild and invasive species such as cane toads. It has been analyzed that change in the climatic conditions is the main reason for this decease.
According to Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (2011) it has been observed that from the present conditions of 102 dry days, the situation could worsen by an increase in the number of dry days by 18 days every year. The impact of climate change has also been observed on the vegetation of the region. Since the tolerance level of different kinds of vegetation are determined by the distribution and extent of different wetland communities and the rise in the sea levels.
Another problem which is confronted by the park is the rise in the risk of fire spreading in the bush. Due to increase in the temperature and evaporation levels , the park has been exposed to higher risks of fire Hucke, O.F.(2016).
The commitments towards stakeholder management and sustainability are addressed by involving the aboriginal people in the management of species which are in danger. Since the environmental management is a shared responsibility of its various stakeholders, so it involves an efficient partnership amongst the various stakeholder groups. The stakeholders recognized in this regard are advisory groups of wild life preservation experts, the Kakadu Board Research Advisory Committee, the Kakadu Board of Management , the aboriginal people , government, various NGOs, tourists, guides, staff of the Kakadu National Park etc.
The formulation of Kakadu National Park Management Plan has been a big step in preserving the natural and cultural heritage of the park. The main objective of this plan is to preserve its natural values and assist in the recovery of endangered species. With the help of its framework and policy settings, this strategy seeks to explain the actions taken to achieve the objectives of the plan (Woinarski & Winderlich, 2014).
As per United Nations New York (2013) the issues regarding the implementation of the environmental and cultural initiatives can be unawareness of the stakeholders regarding the environmental pollution and climate change. Lack of awareness regarding technology adoption and enhanced energy efficiency can be great difficulties for applying the environmental and cultural initiatives by the public and private institutions.
According to the opinion of Poveda & Young (2015) the role of public, private and other institutions for safeguarding the diversity of Kakadu National Park is that they create a powerful impact on the implementation of sustainable tourism. The creation of promotional tools such as multilingual brochures, web portals, brochures and organizing various tourism and forest conservation fairs by the private and public institutions can be of greater benefit in the implementation of the sustainability principles (Marinov, Assenova & Dogramadjieva, 2017).
There are various stakeholders involved in applying the intangible CHM. The local and central governments, various communities, groups, individuals, experts and non-governmental institutions etc . are involved in implementing the intangible CHM in the park. The role of gatekeepers and the knowledge agents can be analyzed in this regard. They can safeguard the aspects of intangible CHM which they want to continue practice or transmit. The participation of the entire community for safeguarding the intangible CHM is necessary in this regard. They should recognize and define their intangible CHM and develop and implement plans to safeguard their cultural heritage (Martinez & Olander , 2015).
For the preservation of cultural heritage and implementation of the sustainable developmental strategies, the local communities should be empowered and they should be involved as key stakeholders so that appropriate results can be produced. The inputs and feedbacks should be received from the aboriginal people living around the park regarding the current and future projects so that the role of local public can be strengthened (Pisano et al., 2015).
The sustainable tourism initiatives in the businesses that transact and deal in products which are ecofriendly should be assisted and rewarded suitably through the grants and loans subject to low interest. The local public such as taxi drivers, shop owners and the hotel staff can help in introducing the cultural and natural heritage to the tourists. In order to create a positive impact on the conduct of visitors, the cultural heritage manager can create the experiences of the visitors in an optimistic manner. In this way the presence of the tourists can be viewed as a method to safeguard the cultural and natural sites (Myers, 2016).
Another recommendation to implement the sustainable development principles to implement the CHM is visitor management. It makes sure that the tourists including the current and future ones can observe the well preserved heritage sites. So it manages the flow of visitors and limits the access to the site up to a fixed number of people at a time (Peri?, ?urkin & Lamot, 2014).
Conclusion
Hence this report can be concluded by saying that the primary role of CHM in the Kakadu National park is to analyze the relationship amongst the Aboriginal Cultural heritage and natural environment. The historical places such as heritage sites, landscapes, cultural practices and stories at the park should be preserved by the stakeholders. The evidences related to the past such as management and uses of the land like the various methods of farming and mining along with specific historical places and landscapes should be evaluated. The current interpretation of the cultural heritage places should be explained to tourists visiting the park.
References
Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (2011) . Kakadu: Vulnerability to climate change impacts. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/b2915be6-16e4-4cb3-8533-471ed879bfc1/files/kakadu-coast.pdf
Hucke, O.F.(2016). Climate Change and Booderee National Park Impacts, Challenges and Implications. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/m4_finalpaper_hucke.pdf
IESA arts &culture(2018). What is Cultural Heritage Management? Definition and key concepts. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.iesa.edu/paris/news-events/cultural-management-definition
Peri?, M., ?urkin, J.& Lamot, I.(2014). Importance of Stakeholder Management in Tourism Project: Case Study of the Istra Inspirit Project. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.fthm.uniri.hr/files/Kongresi/THI/Papers/2014/THI_May2014_273to286.pdf
Poveda, C.A. & Young, R.(2015). Potential benefits of developing and implementing environmental and sustainability rating systems: Making the case for the need of diversification. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2015(4), 1-11.
Schubert , S.(2014). Drop in Kakadu National Park wildlife numbers a significant concern, says International Union for the Conservation of Nature. ABC News . Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-15/kakadu-national-park-wildlife-drop-significant-concern-iucn-says/5893672
The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (2013). The Burra Charter2013. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31_10_2013.pdf
UNESCO World Heritage Centre(2018). Kakadu National Park. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/147
United Nations New York( 2013). World Economic and Social Survey 2013 : Sustainable Development Challenges. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2843WESS2013.pdf
Woinarski, J.C.J. & Winderlich, S.(2014). A strategy for the conservation of threatened species and threatened ecological communities in Kakadu National Park | 2014-2024. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.nespnorthern.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/kakadu_strategy_-_31-10-14_0.pdf
Pisano, U., Lange, K. L., Lepuschitz, K. & Berger, G.(2015). The role of stakeholder participation in European sustainable development policies and strategies. ESDN Quarterly Report No 39. Retrieved June 15th , 2018 https://www.sd-network.eu/quarterly%20reports/report%20files/pdf/2015-December-The_role_of_stakeholder_participation_in_European_sustainable_development_policies_and_strategies.pdf
Martinez , C. & Olander , S.(2015). Stakeholder participation for sustainable property development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21 ( 2015 ) ,57 – 63.
Myers, D.(2016). Heritage inventories: promoting effectiveness as a vital tool for sustainable heritage management. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development,6(2), 102-112.
Carbone, F.(2016).An insight into cultural heritage management of tourism destinations. European Journal of Tourism Research,14, 75-91.
Marinov, V., Assenova, M. & Dogramadjieva, E.(2017). Key Problems and Gaps in the EU Funds Absorption for Heritage Attractions Development: the Case of Bulgaria. Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development,2017(7), 178-197.
Han , F., Yang, Z., Shi, H., Liu, Q. & Wall , G.(2016). How to Promote Sustainable Relationships between Heritage Conservation and Community, Based on a Survey. Sustainability, 8(9).
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