Topic 1: Cyclical Theory of History
The cyclical theory of history is a collection of various theories that have been put forth by many all around the world ever since times immemorial. The crux of all these can be put in the saying that ‘history repeats itself’.
The cyclical theory of history says that nations tend to fall and rise, and repeat this process over and over again.
And, so on this cycle keeps repeating.
Basically, there are infinite lessons that can be learned from a world war. This was one of the major incidents to affect the future of the world. The First World War gave us plain destruction of a lot of property, annihilation of millions of people from all over the world, scarring many for life. From such an incident there were lessons learnt by every country so that they could proceed in peace further on.
Conclusion
The most profound lessons are those unique slices of human state we find within ourselves. The issue is subjected to new circumstances, say it mundane or novel, you can expect varied reactions. The spectrum of lessons we usually learn from wars is just like any other event. It has the right and left boundaries that extend past normal human understanding. However, it has a lot of value within. So, broadly speaking, the events in a country do generally seem to repeat and people have learnt well from that. With this knowledge and the right restraint, we have so far managed to prevent yet another catastrophic world war.
Let us talk about the period which changed the world forever and for good, maybe. Industrial revolution means that the manufacturing of good, supply and demand chain, the economy of countries changed drastically. The industrial revolution gave birth to the technology and kindled a spark for advancements in science and engineering. To ponder upon the benefits of the industrial revolution, we chose the topic of health.
Health being one of the most important factors was not really paid attention in the earlier times. Considering the decade of 1870-1880, we could not really expect a person to live a healthy life up to the age of say 50 years. This was because there was hardly any advancement in the field of medicine. The powerful and effective medicines were available only to the rich and wealthy. Also, the average life expectancy was low because the people were being exploited. The poor became poorer and the rich became richer. This disallowed the poor section of the society to have access to all the kinds of sophisticated health resources to improve their immunity, strength, and potential to work. Rather than providing proper medical support, they were made to work more. This diminished their hope for a healthy life for themselves and their family. But then, as revolution started, the things began to change.
Coming to the 1900s, the change began. Slowly and steadily, there were chemists and pharmacists who understood the plea of the poor and they were the one to start a revolution for providing medicines to the poor as well as the upper class.
After a decade or two in the 19th Century, medical industries started to develop. The factories produced medicines in large amount to facilitate stock according to demand. This increased life expectancy up to some amount. Medicines were invented to cure certain chronic diseases or the medicines were used to provide relief in pain and are often known as painkillers. There were equipment to carry out operations and cure the patient of a disease in internal body organs. Medicines such as vaccines were discovered too. Vaccines helped in eradicating diseases such as measles, polio, smallpox, influenza, etc. Certain vaccines also provided immunity against such diseases. There were certain medicines discovered which could cure the diseases without any side effects. Also, the scientists began studying ancient ways of using herbs to treat a disease which gave rise to homeopathy. So apart from allopathy, homeopathy also started to prevail.
Later, when the revolution in science and technology was at peak, there were new machines invented, vaccines discovered and medicines were modernized.
In today’s date, we have machines that can perform a heart surgery and the machines can even wake the man from dead. This is all technology and science. We have laser operations, ultra-modern medicines, precisely engineered equipment for surgery and everything that was not available earlier. This has improved the life expectancy definitely and reduced the death rates due to diseases but are we really fit and healthy? There are many factors that neither science nor technology can help in. It is on us, the humankind, to discover them and work upon them to have a quality life.
Nicholas II became the ruler of the Russian empire that spread from the Baltic to the pacific. It inhabited 126 million people from around 194 ethnic groups. It was a country wherein the peasants and workers lived in hardships, miseries, and poverty. While Russia’s elite powers i.e. the imperial family and aristocracy lived a life of gilded luxury. There is a long history of the struggle in Russia against the injustices of the system over the poor and ordinary people.
In 1905, a revolution forced the aristocrats and Tsar to create a state duma i.e. a national assembly. But it was introduced to stop the revolution with limited powers. In 1914, the empire was divided into fresh crisis by the world war. World War I became a disaster for Tsarist Russia. In the war, the country suffered from a series of devastating defeats and within the country, people suffered from food shortages and economic chaos. Since the Tsar was the leader, he was held responsible for the same.
In 1917, when the women marched on roads of Petrograd to protest against bread shortages and were joined next day by students and workers. They eventually forced Tsar to leave the throne and give up the power in 10 days. The Romanov rule came to an end. A provisional government was formed, which shared powers with Petrograd soviet (which was a council elected by soldiers and workers who initially controlled the capital’s transport, troops, and communications.) This provisional government supported the decision of continuing the war, and fulfill the commitments made to the allies. The Bolsheviks, on the other hand, opposed the idea of provisional government and desired to transfer the powers to people’s soviet. They appealed the masses with their slogan of ‘Bread, Peace, and Land’.
The most prominent problem that was faced by the people in Russia was the problem of casualties, in June 1917, 400,000 Russian casualties took place resulted in more revolutionary acts against the provisional government. This protest was again opposed through the open fire action by the loyal troops of a provisional government to disperse a crowd. Moreover, the army’s commander in Chief General Kornilov started to believe that Russia’s war efforts were undermined due to the chaos at home. Therefore, he ordered his men to march on Petrograd to sink Bolsheviks. In October, Lenin came back from Finland and stormed with red guards and some loyal people towards provisional government’s headquarters at the winter palace.
Conclusion
The Russians surely went through a lot of brutality and chaos because of the internal disputes amongst the government and powerful elites. The commoners were also engaged in the World War I going on and were fighting for their country since the Royal families got the Russian support committed to the allied powers when in need. This support was still going on and assisted by the provisional government even after they abdicated the Tsar Nicholas II. The ordinary people had to go through a lot of miseries and deaths because of these misleading and arrogant Tsars and leaders in the battle. They were, in fact, proving their individual thoughts of running a nation.
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