Part 1: Define these terms and list the potential health risks of each: Include the definitions the resource where the definition was obtained.
Normal weight
Overweight
Underweight
Obese
Morbid obese
Ethnocentrism
Part 2: For this assignment either find a willing participant or you may use yourself and calculate BMI. Check the BMI chart and decide what category the person is in according to the WHO. Develop a diet teaching plan according to the category. Use the guidelines and information in the previous modules for formulation of your complete dietary teaching, research, and information given to the patient. A good assessment tool to use is available here?
This assignment provides insight on the relevant medical terms and their associated health risks thus reflecting the significance to maintain a healthy lifestyle, food habit and health checks. Identification of BMI and relevant diet plan provided in this study presents sound knowledge of health and well-being.
Normal weight-
The normal weight is highly subjective. It refers to the body weight possessed by people with relevant height matches. The range of normal weight varies with age and sex. As stated by Barasi (2013), possessing a normal weight indicates that the body fat and height ratio of an individual is exactly as per need to consider the person healthy and strong. It not only affects the lifestyle of the individual but also the physical and emotional perspectives as well.
Maintenance of a normal weight prevents the occurrence of potential health diseases by reducing the health risks. Normal weight of an individual is an indication that the person’s height and weight are in alignment and the health condition is at optimum (Rolfes, Pinna & Whitney, 2012). However, negligence of health by a normal weight person can readily put into the underweight or overweight categories, which are detrimental to health. Therefore, a normal weight person needs to put effort to maintain the normal weight consistently to avoid the occurrence of any serious illness or diseases. Barasi (2013) opined that a healthy diet with relevant exercise regimen execution is an efficient process to maintain normal weight of an individual.
Overweight-
Although increase in body fat is one of the major reasons for a person becoming overweight, other causes are also there as increase in lean muscle mass. Aranda & McGreevy (2012) stated that plenty of food supply and a sedentary lifestyle leads to an individual becoming overweight due to accumulation of excess body fats and not being able to lose them due to lack of activity. A weight of 10 % or more of the normal weight of a person is considered overweight.
A number of health risks are associated with overweight. As per studies, it is revealed that being overweight at 40 years of age reduces a person’s life expectancy by 3 years. In 2013 survey overweight is closely associated with the risk of azoospermia and oligospermia in men. It is also highlighted that overweight affects the psychological health of individuals above 8 years of age due to social discrimination (Cdc.gov, 2015) .
Underweight-
The people who have a body weight that is below the allowable range to consider a person healthy are called underweight, considering the height, weight, age and sex of the individual. Barasi (2013) believe that lack of adequate amount of body fat results in underweight. Being underweight is an indication of low levels of essential vitamins and minerals that keeps the body strong and healthy.
The underweight individual is at high risk of infections, osteoporosis and other health issues (Habibzadeh, 2010). Health issues as weak immune systems, hair loss, disrupted hormone regulation and low muscle mass are common in underweight people. Higher risk of dementia is evident in people who are underweight in their middle ages. Anaemia is another potential disease related to underweight. Underweight persons face the lifestyle problems of low energy, getting tired quickly and psychological problems for social discrimination. Fatima et al. (2015) highlight the issues in menstruation of women due to underweight that ultimately increases the risk of fertility problems.
Obese-
Bagchi & Preuss (2013) opines obese as the weight that indicates the possession of a lot of body fat by an individual. Obese is a condition with excessive body fat proving unhealthy for humans. People with a BMI of over 30 are considered obese.
Obesity exposes a person to health risks of developing several life-threatening medical conditions as Type 2 Diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and certain types of cancer such as bowel and breast cancer (Who.int, 2015). Along with these, the quality of life of the individuals is also affected by obesity. In US, studies reveal a number of mental issues originating in individuals due to obesity. Therefore, the obesity seems to affect psychological health of individuals as well.
Morbid obese-
It is a serious health condition interfering with the basic physical functions of a human such as breathing and walking (Miller, 2011). A person with a BMI of 40 or more falls under the morbid obesity category. It indicate around 100 pounds over own normal body weight.
Morbid obese individuals face a higher risk for illness such as sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, cancer, gastrooesophageal treflux disease (GERD), diabetes, heart disease and gallstones. Morbid obesity raises a person’s resistance to insulin thus resulting in Type-2-diabetes. Due to additional weights on knees and hips, wear and tear along with pain inflammation in joints is evident in a morbid obese individual. Verissimo (2014) pinpoint the deposition of fats in neck and tongue as causative factors of sleep apnea and respiratory problems. Psychological issues as depression is also evident associated to this condition. Morbid obesity is also closely related to infertility and urinary stress incontinence.
Ethnocentrism-
It is the phenomenon of judging another culture solely on basis of one’s own cultural values and standards. Language, religion, behavior and customs form the major criteria of judgment in ethnocentrism. It identifies the unique cultural identity of each ethnicity. Capucao (2010) criticizes the aspect of ethnocentrism that reflects the inherent superiority of one’s own culture.
Since ethnocentrism directs people practicing it to false assumptions regarding cultural differences and disrespect or looking down upon other cultures it puts a detrimental effect on the society. It is often seen to result in communication distortions and cultural misinterpretation among people (Home.snu.edu, 2015).
I have calculated my own Body Mass Index (BMI). For calculating the BMI, I have collected the relevant data as my weight and my height. The BMI calculation formula is:
BMI= Weight in Kg / (Height in meter)2
My BMI came to be of 22.9
As per the BMI chart by WHO, my BMI belongs to the normal range between 18.5 to 24.9
The BMI in the range of less than 18.5 is considered overweight. BMI in range of 25 to 29.9 indicate overweight and over 30 indicate obese (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Although my BMI is in the normal range, the maintenance of the healthy BMI is essential as it reduces the risk of heart diseases, high blood pressure and diabetes. In order to maintain this BMI, the correct eating habits are important. Therefore, a relevant diet plan for the maintenance of a normal BMI is provided in the following section.
Diet plan-
Considering my BMI, a daily goal of food minus fitness for calorie intake must be 1904 calories. The water intake needs to be maintained at 64 ounces. From food, the calorie intake must be 2004 calories maximum. An aim to burn 100 calories per day and 700 calories per week through fitness activities is necessary. The necessary proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates and minerals needed to maintain. For women, the daily intake of 2000 Kcal of energy, 45 g protein, 230 g carbohydrates, 90 g sugar, 70 g fat, 20 g saturates, 24 g fiber and 6 g salt is maintained (Womens Fitness, 2015).
Conclusion:
This study thus reveals the significance of maintaining a BMI in the normal range of 18.5 to 24.9 as evident in the case. However, even having a normal BMI is not sufficient but its consistent maintenance is also important as stated in the study.
References
Aranda, K., & McGreevy, D. (2012). Embodied empathy-in-action: overweight nurses’ experiences of their interactions with overweight patients. Nursing Inquiry, 21(1), 30-38. doi:10.1111/nin.12015
Bagchi, D., & Preuss, H. (2013). Obesity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Barasi, M. (2013). Nutrition at a Glance. Hoboken: Wiley.
Capucao, D. (2010). Religion and ethnocentrism. Leiden: Brill.
Cdc.gov,. (2015). Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Adult: Defining – DNPAO – CDC. Retrieved 27 April 2015, from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html
Fatima, S., Gerasimidis, K., Wright, C., & Malkova, D. (2015). Impact of High Energy Nutritional Supplement Drink consumed for five consecutive days on cardio metabolic risk factors in underweight females. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 74(OCE1). doi:10.1017/s0029665115000506
Habibzadeh, N. (2010). Preventing Osteoporosis among Underweight and Obese Sedentary Young Women. Baltic Journal Of Health And Physical Activity, 2(2). doi:10.2478/v10131-0009-6
Home.snu.edu,. (2015). Why is ethnocentrism bad?. Retrieved 27 April 2015, from https://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/ethno.htm
Mayoclinic.org,. (2015). Tool: BMI calculator – Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 27 April 2015, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/bmi-calculator/itt-20084938
Miller, D. (2011). Morbid Obesity. Anesthesiology, 115(4), 906. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3182230f2b
Rolfes, S., Pinna, K., & Whitney, E. (2012). Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Verissimo, R. (2014). Morbid obese patients’ psychopathology and affect (dys)regulation. Journal Of Psychosomatic Research, 76(6), 516-517. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.03.089
Who.int,. (2015). WHO | Obesity and overweight. Retrieved 27 April 2015, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Womens Fitness,. (2015). Healthy eating meal plan. Retrieved 27 April 2015, from https://www.womensfitness.co.uk/healthy-eating/781/healthy-eating-meal-plan
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