In this we are going to examine about soil nailing. That is used to maintain vertical slops using steel bars in open manner from up to down in the process of digging. This technic is famous for entrepreneur as it is essential for cash making in different ground. This method is more popular in Europe for past 45yrs and in 25yrs US have seen lot of interest in this nailing process and the same process is followed by Egypt in various projects like city stars, toshka pump station and for maintaining slopes and canals has largely assumed in last few years. This gives a strategy of soil nailing for past years. There are several stages in this testing .They are described in the below context. First stage was the soil enhancing process. Easy to enhance soil nailing in city stars task with 3 various nails .there is a difference between the results of horizontal displacements and final stage of constructed with countable elements models gained from the data. That leads to find the best nail design that enhance each walls. Second stage was the analysis stage. For research of soil nailing the best nail is taken from the last stage. According to the parametric study that defines the design constraints of various nails about nail length to wall height ratio, nail spacing, wall inclination, nail inclination and soil properties on the global factor of precautions in the plaxis. Third and Last stage was the checking stage. As per the study in the prior stags user to invent factors of safety and horizontal displacement in the top of the soil nailed wall stage of plaxis .And this selected for the global factor in the friction angle to avoid the problem. It is also rectify the deformation modulus or wall high values are the various values to develop the design charts. To check and examine the usage of design charts they are another 2 cases.
Soil nailing technique was mainly used to excavating process carried out on the soil. This process improves the stability of the soil by reduce the deformations caused by the applied loads as well as forces. During the bridge construction activities this technique was used as a reinforcement. That also brings the better strength to the soil. Mostly this technique was used in the structural developments on the low strength soils. It will also implemented for the road construction works. It is developed as a permanent structures or the temporary one based on the requirement. This technique also reduces the excavation of the soil. It also improves the hassle free transportation capabilities in the extremely remote areas.
In this project the design and analysis of the soil nail structure using the “PLAXIS” FEA tool. For this analysis we need to develop the 2d model of the structure in the plaxix tool. After developing the 2d outline design of the structure we need to assign material properties to the various elements in the system. Then the mesh was created for the mathematical analysis of the system. After developing the mesh, we need to proceed calculations. For that process we need to give the different parameters like load, density etc. After giving all the required data we need to proceed the calculation. Then we need to generate the different outputs for the design.
Soil nailing is known as the approach in the kind of top down method. In that soil nailing the slope is analyzed through the continuous method to create the work and in that works the safety is essential one and also it need to be stable. And the soil nailing method is used to cut the slopes and it take in this to the next level while the soil level installed. Due to the mistake while cutting the slopes the soil nails is not similar.
And by the consideration of slopes the soil nails can be used to describe the heights and cutting stage of the slope. When cutting the slop for the constant time the site is needed. And in this the works will not more time for the completion and it take nearly 3 and both take in one time. For the constraints the designer must be alert with the instructions. And the each point of stage in the process should be included in construction drawings and work regulations.
This design and simulation works was completed using the plaxis software. The design consists of the two soil nails on its right side. These nails are considered as the cylindrical shape. These nails are made by the material haves higher tensile strength. The nails was used to strengthen the soil to improve the stability of the wall.
The design process for this plaxis analysis was quite similar to all the FEA tools. This contains four design phases (Plaxis.com, 2018). They are discussed below in this report. Here the design process of the soil nail analysis was listed below,
Before going to develop the analysis design we need to do some activities. This activities are not directly functioning for the design and analysis. But these steps are very useful for the user who use the software tool. These step involves the selection of working directory. This is the first step of our process. On this selected directory all the future updates related to the design was stored. Then we need to carry out some general steps like naming the project, setting the units and limits to the process. These process are carried out in this initial setup. This all are helps to design and analyze easily. The screen shots of those steps are given for better understanding.
This phase was the pre phase for the calculation and simulations. Where the basic constraints of the design was developed. In this stage we need to develop the design outline of the system actually which need to analyze.
For our design the soil nail structure was want to be developed. So we have to draw the different elements like soil bed, anchor, soil nails and etc. This is the first process involved in the pre-processing stage. The design developed for our project was illustrated in the below showed figure. That gives more understanding about this stage.
Figure 2 Design development
After completing the design process we need to assign the material properties to the various elements in the system. Probably it was the second stage in the preprocessing phase. In the Plaxis software we can also assign color for the different materials. That gives the clear difference between the various elements between the systems. For giving the material property we need to select the element first and then click the material tap. On this option we can able to see the different material property in the dialogue box, simply edit the properties to adjust the material properties of the design (Wulandari and Tjandra, 2015). The material dialogue was showed here for better understanding. After selecting the material property we also rendered the system for better understanding. The rendered image was also showed here.
Figure 3 Material property assigning
It is the final stage in the preprocessing stage. In this process we need to discretize the system. This step was carried out to make the accurate calculations. This process was the important process in any FEA software. In this software we can simply generate the mesh by pressing the mesh tap. After pressing the mesh tap we can see the dialogue box similar to the below showed figure. In this dialogue box we need to select the mesh size. The overall output quality of the analysis was depends on the mesh size. In our project we select the mesh size medium. Because that gives the decent results within the quick timings. Mesh dialogue box as well as generated mesh of the design was showed in the below figure.
Figure 4 Meshing
In this analysis calculation was the important part. It was done by the plaxis software. Calculation part was developed by the finite element equation. This equation parts are given on the plaxis software. We need only just give the governing equation and its parameters to the analysis. Here the various process involved in this analysis was described below. Also the screen shots are attached for better understanding.
Figure 5 Calcuations
In this section we can see about the various results for the plaxis analysis. These results are developed by the plaxis software. Also the result screen shots are added for better understanding.
This plaxis analysis was carried out to see the effects of loads on the soil and its impact on the soil nails. So we need to calculate the deformation of the system. The below given figure shows the deformed shape of the system. And the maximum deformed value was 119.380e-3m. Deformation was the important parameter in the soil nailing analysis. Reduce the deformation was the first and foremost function of the soil nails. So this calculation was considered as the very important calculation. Based on the given loads the deformation in the various directions are calculated. The deformation in the horizontal direction was very important factor which decides the performance of the soil nail designed.
Figure 8 Displacement diagram
Effective strress distribution for the soil nailsystem for an applied load was showed in the below figure. And the magnitude of the effective stress value was 421.230 kN/m2. Here also the mean effective stress for the system was calculated. And the value was 216 kN/m2. Stress was also the important factor that decides the deformsation of the structure. This is the important parameter that is calculated on the strcutural problems. In the first figure given below shows the stress fromed in the various points of the structure. In the first figure the direction of the stress calcualted for the system was deveoloped. The result showed in the second figure was shows the magnitude as well as direction of the stress. In the figure the stress developed for the respective load was differentiated by different colours based on the magnitude. The third figure shows the relative shear stress for the given loads.
Figure 11
The various graphs that shows the performance of the designed soil nail was showed below. These graphs are developed by the plaxis software. For plot those graphs we need to simply open the plaxis curves we by clicking curve option. Then we need to select the type of curve in the dialogue box. After that the software creates the different graphs for the calculated results. Those result graphs are used to go through the calculations effectively. Instead of seeing the tables or set of values. Which gives the better understanding about the analysis. Especially in the case of reviewing process. Where the time was very important constraint. On those situations the graphs are very useful. In the below given figure the various results are ploted for the calculation of the soil nails. The first graph givers the total displacements on the structure for the corresponding load values. From the graph the maximum displacement value was founded as 97.6e-3m. Then the second figure was shows the bending moments for the structure for the various points. And also the maximum bending moment was -203.846 kN/m. The third graph shows the shear forces of the system at various points. And also the maximum shear force value for the corresponding load was noticed as -117.378 kN/m. The fourth graph was plotted by the various axial forces of the structure. And also the maximum axial force was noticed as -328.520 kN/m. The fifth graph was plotted from the horizontal displacement values of the structure. This calculation was the major parameter of the system which decides the performance of the soil nail. And the maximum value was noticed as the -97e-3 m.
Thus the soil nail was designed and the analysis was carried out successfully by using the plaxis finite element analysis software. And also the various results are discussed in the report. Also the various graphs are plotted by this software. Based on the calculated results and simulations the horizontal displacement value for the system was 97e-3 m. This value was in the acceptable limit. Which was lower than the value of the system without the soil nails. Which shows the soil nail performance level. Which states that the system stability was improved by implementing the soil nails on the system. Based on the overall results the designed system was performs well. That improves the stability of the system. This supports the deep excavating process. In this analysis the deformations in the all directions, especially in the horizontal direction was reduced to the required level. At the same time the safety of the system was improved. That is the result for the developed soil nail structure. The results calculated for the soilnail problem clearly shows the improved performances of the system.
Plaxis.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.plaxis.com/content/uploads/import/kb/kb-downloads/PLAXIS2D2015-Tutorial-Lesson01.pdf [Accessed 11 Jun. 2018].
Wulandari, P. and Tjandra, D. (2015). Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation on Soft Soil Using PLAXIS 2D. Procedia Engineering, 125, pp.363-367.
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