Lighting of the streets can account for approximately 10-38 percent of the overall energy bills in the typical cities in the various parts of the world. Street lighting is mainly an important concern in the developing countries due to its strategic significance for social and economic stability. There are a lot of financial resources which are wasted as a result of the inefficient lighting on the streets. In most developing countries the insecurity levels have increased in the cities because of the poorly lighted streets. The efficient design of the street lights can cut down the lighting costs of greatly by approximately 25 to 60 percent. The best way of achieving the efficient lighting of the streets is through the automation of the entire street lights systems. The automation of the street lights can significantly help in reducing the amount of the power consumption with the aid of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration among the global aims since the power sources are getting a diminished day in day out because of the various reasons such as the global warming.
The busy lifestyle of human beings has resulted in untimely switching off the street lights. Due to that a lot of power has been wasted. The advanced development in the embedded systems has created a platform for the designing of energy efficient systems. With the development, it is much possible to develop an automatic street light system which can greatly help in reducing the power consumptions through the timely switching on and off of the street lights. Nevertheless, in this modern times with the advancement of the embedded systems, it is very easy to achieve automated street lights buy the use of microcontrollers and light dependent resistors.
The Light dependent resistors are applied to differentiate times between day and night. The microcontrollers that are used are programmed in a given way which that in that during evenings and mornings it is able to switch the street lights on and off. As the intensity of natural lights falls below 10 lux during the night time open voltage reaches a given value and the switching operations is carried out, and the streetlight glows and in the morning when the intensity of natural light increase above 10 lux the open circuit voltages reduces to a certain value and the controllers senses the voltage values and the switching operations is carried out, and the streetlight goes off. This project will focus on the design and implementation of a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay (Bedford, 2014)
With the applications of an automatic street lights system, the amount of power being consumed is reduced. With that, there are other benefits of this system such as; there is the low cost of paying bills due to the reduced amount of power consumed by the street lights. The operations are automated which makes the working of the street lights to be very efficient. The street lights systems become very flexible in that the lamps turn on depending on the amount of daylight available. The system is easy to be manufactured and at the same time cheap.
The automatic system works accurately to turn street lights ON/OFF. Once the design of the circuit which controls the light of the street as illustrated in the above sections. Light-dependent resistors sensor and the photoelectric sensors are the two key components of the working automatic street light system. If the two components together with relays and a controller have been fulfilled the system will do the anticipated work as per the detailed program. Each sensor controls the turning ON and OFF of the lighting system (Fitch, 2014)
The aims of the project were to reduce and solve some of the challenges facing the current street light systems, and at the same time come up with a solution on how to save power. In this project, the first thing to do is to prepare the inputs and outputs of the system to control the lights of the street.
Various methods will be used to carry out the project such as reviewing of the secondary sources which contain the data regarding the design and Implementation of automatic street light systems. Carrying out various practical sessions regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street lights. Computer simulations also will be carried out regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street light systems and also mathematical models of the project topic were developed.
This paper contains the following sections; the introductions which explain the background of the project, the aims, and objects of the project, the scope and boundaries of the project and the significance of the project. The literature review which contains the information of the project which has been conducted by other scholars regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street lights. The methodology which discusses the various methods that were used to collect the data. The discussion section which discusses the various data and information obtained during the project. The conclusion which summaries the entire paper. Finally, the bibliography which lists the various masteries which were reviewed during the project.
Accidents are more prone during the night, and street lights tend to play a significant role in avoiding such accidents as well as improving the safety condition of a place. The provision of street lights has turned out to be one of such expensive responsibilities that the authority of a city is entrusted with. To the tune of between 10-38% of the energy bills in most of the cities is attributed to lighting. Street lighting has a direct impact on the economic and social stability of mostly the developing countries hence it has become of critical and special concern (Boylestad, 2013).
Through the fixtures of lights, the public and the government have been assisted in reducing the levels of crime rates as well as accidents in the areas in which they have been used. On the other hand, street lights help in fostering social inclusion by offering an environment in which there is freedom to walk even in the wee hours of darkness. The world of today is too busy to the extent that nobody bothers or other remembers to switch the street lights ON/FOFF when not needed. Significant financial resources go to waste as a result of inefficient lighting with poor lighting culminating into unsafe conditions. Through the use of energy-efficient technologies, it is possible to reduce the cost of street lighting in significant proportions.
Power consumption, automation, and cost-effectiveness form the main consideration in the current day technology (Molloy, 2014). Automation intends to use intelligent systems in a bid to reduce manpower which power saving and efficiency remain the main forever consideration owing to the fact that the energy resources and sources are getting depleted every day due to various reasons. In term of cost-effectiveness, the design of a system must be cost effective due to the unlimited requirements.
Overcoming the problems have resulted in the introduction of Automatic Street lighting control methods. The objective of this project is to offer a better alternative if not the best for the reduction of the electrical wastages in the operation o street lights in this generation where automation humans do not rest and are not able to manually regulate operations in any sector or field.
This project presents an automatic street light control system that makes use of a light dependent resistor and a relay. The use of this system eliminates the need of manual works as the street lights will be switched ON automatically as soon as the sun gets to levels that are lower than the region that is visible to the eyes. The systems automatically switch OFF the street lights when the sun is illuminating the side of the earth. Presented herein is a simple yet powerful concept that is used in the switching ON/OFF of street lights (McKinlay, 2016).
When the sun gets to below the visible region of the eyes, the street lights are automatically switched ON while an ample amount of sunlight availability switches the street lights OFF automatically. A light dependent resistor is used as the light sensing device. The use of light dependent resistor allows automatic operation on the streetlights in such a way that the street lights will be in the OFF mode when there are enough amounts of sunlight available and ON mode when there is darkness (Braga, 2011). The operation of the light dependent resistor is such that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of light that falls on it.
Upon light falling on the light dependent resistor, signals or commands are sent to the control circuit commanding the street light to be OFF. The project takes advantage of the operation of a transistor in both saturation and cut-off regions in switching ON and OFF the lights as deemed appropriate with the aid of switch that is operated by a magnet.
The operation of the system in line with the variation in sunlight such that during the day when there is enough sunlight hitting the LDR, the resistance is high and thus acting as an insulator while during darkness the LDR has a low resistance path thereby permitting the flow of electricity (Mazidi,2014). The ATmega8 microcontroller performs the switching action of street light alongside a relay driver circuit. A controlled 5V DC is needed for the whole control circuit in order to operate. A step-down transformer is included in the system to step down the 230V AC to 12V AC which is then converted to 5V DC using a bridge rectifier. The regulated output from the voltage regulator is then set to the control unit for use in its operation.
The indication of designing a different system for the streetlight which does not consume a large amount of electricity and lights large areas with the maximum intensity of light concerns each engineer occupied in this field. Offering street lighting is one of the most significant and expensive duties of a city (Bedford, 2014).
Lighting can account for 10–38 percent of the total energy bill in typical cities in various parts of the world. Street lighting is a most serious concern for public authorities in developing countries due to its strategic position for social and economic stability. Ineffective lighting wastes important financial resources annually, and poor lighting generates unsafe environments. Energy efficient tools and design mechanism can cut the cost of the street lighting significantly. Physical control is inclined to faults and leads to energy wastages and physically dimming during midnight is unviable. Also, vigorously tracking the light level is manually unviable. The current tendency is the introduction of automation and remote management solutions to control of street lighting systems.
There are numerous ways of control methods and strategy in controlling the street light system such as design and implementation of Automatic street lighting system based solar power saving system for street lights. The implementation of Automated street lights increases the intensity of light in the streets and at the same time increases the safety of the roads
The main aim of this project was to;
To design and implement a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay
Objectives
The following objectives were set to aid in achieving the main aim of the project.
With a growing emphasis on the road safety and reduction in the amount of power consumption in cities. There is need to design and implement a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay. Lighting of the streets can account for approximately 10-38 percent of the overall energy bills in the typical cities in the various parts of the world. Street lighting is mainly an important concern in the developing countries due to its strategic significance for social and economic stability
The scope of the project is to design and implement a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay. The project will be restricted to the various ways through which the To design and implement a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay.
The project will be restricted to study. Various methods will be used to gather the data such as experimentation, use of mathematical models, computer simulations and observations. The project will be restricted to the topic of project only. The secondary sources which will be reviewed will be restricted to the contain information about the design and implementation of automatic street lights.
The findings of the project will contribute greatly to benefit the society considering that transport sector plays a very important role in the modern day life. The greater demand for graduates with vast electrical knowledge justifies the need for design and implementation of a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay. This kind of street lights will significantly contribute to safety of the roads by providing sufficient lights both to the motorists and the pedestrians. Automatic Street Light Control system will be of great help in reducing the power consumption by as the streets are automatically controlled which controls the time when they are turned on and when they should be off in that way the amount of power consumed by the street lights will have greatly reduced.
The indication of designing a different system for the streetlight which does not consume a large amount of electricity and lights large areas with the maximum intensity of light concerns each engineer occupied in this field. Offering street lighting is one of the most significant and expensive duties of a city (Bedford, 2014)
Lighting can account for 10–38 percent of the total energy bill in typical cities in various parts of the world. Street lighting is a most serious concern for public authorities in developing countries due to its strategic position for social and economic stability. Ineffective lighting wastes important financial resources annually, and poor lighting generates unsafe environments. Energy efficient tools and design mechanism can cut the cost of the street lighting significantly. Physical control is inclined to faults and leads to energy wastages and physically dimming during midnight is unviable. Also, vigorously tracking the light level is manually unviable. The current tendency is the introduction of automation and remote management solutions to control of street lighting systems.
There are numerous ways of control methods and strategy in controlling the street light system such as design and implementation of Automatic street lighting system based solar power saving system for street lights. The implementation of Automated street lights increases the intensity of light in the streets and at the same time increases the safety of the roads
The automatic street light system is made up of the following
The figure below shows the block diagram of the automatic street light system.
A Light Dependent Resistor is of great importance especially in sensor circuits that are controlled by light or darkness. The resistance of Light Dependent Resistor is usually very high, as high as 1000000 ohms at times which drops tremendously when illuminated with light. Photo sensors are devices which are capable of changing their characteristics in the presence of light adding such devices include phototransistors, a light dependent resistor as well as a photodiode. Just as the name goes, light dependent resistance relies on light to change their resistance (Breithaupt, 2015, p. 154). They are made of a film of cadmium selenide or cadmium sulfide that is deposited on a ceramic substrate which is composed of no or very little electrons upon illumination. When the strip is long, the resistance tends to be higher. The resistance decreases when the strip is illuminated with light.
The light depended resistor applies the principle of photoconductivity. The moment light falls on the LDR it’s conductivity decreases while the electrons which are in the valence band are triggered to move to the conduction band (Horowitz, 2015). The photons which the incident light is having must possess energy which is more than the semiconductor bandgap. This results in the electrons moving to the conduction band from the valence band.
These devices depend on the nature of the light. The moment lands on the light dependent resistor the resistance decreases and when the amount of light falling on the surfaces decreases the resistance increases. When the light depended resistor is kept in darkness, its resistance is high and when it is kept in light its resistance decreases (Braga, 2011, p. 282).
The figure below shows the circuit diagram of the light dependent resistor. The resistance of the LDR is high when the light intensity is low, which halts the flow of current to the base terminal of the transistor thereby making the bulb to go off (Bedford, 2014). Nevertheless, the resistance of the LDR is low when the light intensity is high, which makes the current to flow to the base of the first transistor then afterward the secondary transmitter which results to the bulb lighting (Breithaupt, 2015).The present resistor, in this case, is used to turn down or up to decrease or increase the resistance.
The following are the feature of an LDR:
The following are the basic building blocks of a controlled DC power supply:
The step-down transformer is used in converting 230V; 50 Hz AC to 5 V. This is achieved through giving the alternative voltage that comes from the second terminal of the transformer to the bridge rectifier. The voltage is then fed into a regulator of 5V through the electrolytic capacitor which removes the ripples thereby creating a stable output. A 5V DC is therefore achieved after regulation of the voltage at the 7805 IC output (Boylestad, 2013)
They are used to detect the movements in the streets, the photoelectric sensors have been widely used in the design of an automatic street lights for a long time. The receiver and the receiver are usually in one unit. The light from the emitter strikes the target and the light which is reflected is diffused from the surface at all angles.in case the receiver receives enough reflected light the output will switch states. In the situations where there is no light reflected back to the receiver the output usually goes back to the initial state. In the diffuse scanning the emitter is positioned perpendicular in relation to the target. The receiver must be placed at a given angle in order to receive some of the light which is scattered. The figure below illustrates the specification of the photoelectric sensors (Sang, 2014).
|
Photoelectric sensor specifications (MC005) |
|
|
Sensing range |
3 to 80 cm |
|
Sensing object |
Opaque, translucency |
|
Supply current, voltage |
100mA, DC 5V |
|
Output Operations |
Normally open |
|
Output |
DC 3-Wire system |
|
Length, diameter |
45mm;18mm |
|
Ambient temperature |
-25- 70 |
Table 2: the photoelectric sensor specifications (McKinlay, 2016)
The building blocks of the regulated power supply are as follows;
The step down transformer is used to convert the AC input 230V, 50Hz to 5V.the alternating voltage from the secondary terminals is given to the bridge rectifier from the step down transformer. The alternating voltage is converted into the unidirectional voltage by the bridge rectifier with the switching action of diodes(McKinlay, 2016).The obtained voltage is then fed to a 5V regulator IC via a 470uF electrolytic capacitor, which removes the ripples and then make the output to be staple. After the regulation a 5V DC voltage is obtained at 7805 IC.
Normally it starts with a power supply which is not regulated ranging from 9 to 12 volt DC. In order to generate a 5-volt power supply, A KA8705 voltage regulator IC as illustrated in the figure below;
In order to use the KA8705 it is very simple and quick .one is required to connect the positive lead from the unregulated DC supply (McKinlay, 2016). To the input pin, connect the negative lead to the common pin and turn on the power, A power supply of 5 volts from the output pin will be achieved.
The key features of ATmega8 microcontroller are that all the pins of the microcontroller support the two signals apart from the 5-pins.the ATmega8 microcontroller is comprised of 28pins whereby the 9,10,14,15,16,17 and 19 pins are used for port Bins 23,24,25,26,27,28 and pin 1 are used for port C and the pins 2,3,4,5,6,11,12 are used for port D. The figure below shows the pins configuration in the ATmega8 microcontroller.
Among the features of ATmega8 microcontroller include 8KB In-System Programmable Flash that has Read-While-Write abilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 23 I/O modes of general purpose, 1 KB SRAM, Timer, SPI port among other features (Breithaupt, 2015)
Advantages of ATmega8 microcontroller
There are remote controlled electrical switches which are controlled by another switch such as a horn or a computer as in the power train control module. There are many designs of the relays which are in use in the modern days. 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6- pin, single switch or dual switches. Relays come in different sizes, applications and ratings are usually used as remote control switches. The figure below shows various types of the relays.
The inputs in this street light control design are Light dependent resistors and a photoelectric sensor, after the dusk the light sensors in the system will activate the system, to be in a position to detect any object by the photoelectric sensors, which is moving in the street to turn ON the street. The figure below shows the designed circuit.
By implementing the Automatic streetlight system, the energy consumption can be greatly reduced. This is because the manually operated street lights do not switch off properly even during the day some of them may remain on due to the busy lifestyle of the modern human beings.
With the automatic street lights system reducing the amount of power being consumed other benefits of this systems is that.
On rainy days and sunny, on or off time vary which is one of the main drawbacks of using timer circuit or automatic switching or the street light system.
Lighting can account for 10–38 percent of the total energy bill in typical cities in various parts of the world. Street lighting is a most serious concern for public authorities in developing countries due to its strategic position for social and economic stability. Ineffective lighting wastes important financial resources annually, and poor lighting generates unsafe environments. Energy efficient tools and design mechanism can cut the cost of the street lighting significantly. Physical control is inclined to faults and leads to energy wastages and physically dimming during midnight is unviable. Also, vigorously tracking the light level is manually unviable. The current tendency is the introduction of automation and remote management solutions to control of street lighting systems.
The automatic street light system is made up of the following; Light dependent resistor, Power supply, and Microcontroller, Relays and Photoelectric sensor. A Light Dependent Resistor is of great importance especially in sensor circuits that are controlled by light or darkness. The light depended resistor applies the principle of photoconductivity. The moment light falls on the LDR its conductivity decreases while the electrons which are in the valence band are triggered to move to the conduction band. The photoelectric sensors are used to detect the movements in the streets; the photoelectric sensors have been widely used in the design of automatic street lights for a long time. The receiver and the receiver are usually in one unit. The light from the emitter strikes the target, and the light which is reflected is diffused from the surface at all angles.in case the receiver receives enough reflected light the output will switch states. Among the features of ATmega8 microcontroller include 8KB In-System Programmable Flash that has Read-While-Write abilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 23 I/O modes of general purpose, 1 KB SRAM, Timer, SPI port among other features (Mazidi, 2014)
With the automatic street lights system reducing the amount of power being consumed other benefits of this systems is that. There is low cost of paying bills due to the reduced amount of power consumed by the street lights. The operations are automated which makes the working of the street lights to be very efficient. The street lights systems becomes very flexible in that the lamps turn on depending on the amount of daylight available. The system is easy to be manufactured and at the same time cheap. Even though the automatic street light system has many advantages there are limitations associated with it such as during rainy days and sunny, on or off time vary. Relays are remote controlled electrical switches which are controlled by another switch such as a horn or a computer as in the powertrain control module. There are many designs of the relays which are in use in the modern days. 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6- pin, single switch or dual switches. Relays comes in different sizes, applications and ratings are usually used as remote control switches. The figure below shows various types of the relays.
Research methodology is characterized as a deliberate methodology that guarantees the analyst to assemble appropriate data or to embrace examination relating to his subject by utilizing diverse research strategies. The aim of the proposed research is to design and implement a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay. The objectives were set in order to assist in achieving the main aim of the study .Due to that, it was essential to have an overview of the Automatic Street Light Control system. It was of great importance to understand the main features of topic of research. Hence qualitative research method together with the literature review and quantitative approaches were employed for the research. This research methodology is appropriate to carry out this research because the literature reviews offer information that is detailed about the Automatic Street Light Control system (Kamal, 2009, p. 76).
This research methodology gives an overview of the preceding researches that have been carried out in the field and at the same time gives a short description about Automatic Street Light Control system. In short, the literature review that was conducted assists to find the research gap for the Automatic Street Light Control system.
Advantages of secondary sources
Disadvantages of secondary sources
There are drawbacks which are associated with the use of secondary sources in carrying out the research some of them include:
Various computer programs and simulations will be carried out to determine the aspects of Automatic Street Light Control system .The computer simulation to be used include;
MULTISIM simulations
The design of the street light control system will be done in line with the specifications.
MULTISIM will be used in simulating the designed control circuit to establish its workability, and the various characteristics will be noted (Giuli, 2018, p. 41).
The design will undergo further refining so as to achieve the desired features and then retesting will be done using MULTISM
Benefits of Computational methods and simulation
Disadvantages of Computational methods and simulation
There are many limitations associated with the use of the computer simulations in the research, and they include;
Various mathematical models will be used during the project. Mathematical models regarding the Automatic Street Light Control system
Advantages of using mathematical models
Some of the advantages of using mathematical models include:
Limitations of using mathematical models
There are many limitations associated with the use of the mathematical models in the project, and they include;
The emphasis of this project is on the development of an automatic street light control system that is cost-effective as well as reliable. The main disadvantage of the existing switching and timer switching systems is linked to power wastage. The main concern here, therefore, is to come up with an automatic street controller system that is highly reliable (Gajjar, 2015, p. 278).
The whole controlling unit will be controlled by the ATmega8 microcontroller. This controller needs 5V DC in order to operate which will be obtained from a rectifier circuit. The rectifier circuit is also inclusive of a voltage regulator and a step-down transformer. The light dependent resistor that is used in this experiment as a light sensing device is used in sending analog signals to the microcontroller for interpretation. The four button keyboard alongside the liquid crystal display is used in setting the real-time, OFF time and ON time settings. A period of one hour is provided as the tolerance to allow efficient working of the streetlight (Mazidi, 2014, p. 327).
Two conditions must be satisfied in order to switch the streetlights OFF/ON. The light intensity sensing of the light-dependent diode is one such condition while the other is the timers sued in the microcontroller. Upon the achievement of these conditions, the microcontroller is able to produce control signals that are used to energize or de-energize the relay that is used in switching ON/OFF the street lights.
The ATmega8 microcontroller has an Analog to digital converter that is used in conveying the analog signals sent by the light dependent resistor to digital signals. Setting of the real-time and On/Off time is done, and a one-hour tolerance is preset with the aid of codes that are written using the C programming language (McKinlay, 2016) This program is then dumped into the microcontroller for processing. The ATmega8 microcontroller controls the operations of the Relay switch.
The power wastages that have been identified as the main drawback of the conventional street light control system are attributed to the improper operation of the switching system. This project thus aims at developing automatic streetlight systems that are very reliable in terms of reduction of wastages of power. The automat control unit that has been designed is composed of a microcontroller that has been used as the main component that controls the whole system alongside a Light Dependent Resistor. The designed system is found to demonstrate a highly reliable and efficient automatic switching system which addresses the challenge of the conventional switching system (Zheng, 2009)
The constructed system as shown in the figure below is a circuit of an automatic street light control. The project includes designed systems such as codes that are written in C programming language and the dumped into the ATmega8 microcontroller (Woodside, 2013, p. 678). In the ATmega8 microcontroller, the analog signals that come from the Light Dependent Resistor are analyzed, and the keyboard LCD display is used in doing the settings of the ON/OFF time settings. The streetlights will turn ON/OFF only upon attaining the conditions described (Kamal, 2009, p. 189).
The figure below shows the complete block diagram of the automatic street light control system. The ON and OFF time and Real-time are set using LCD and keypad display. A tolerance time of 1 hour or more is set in the microcontroller (Bishop, 2013, p. 337). The Light Dependent Resistor detects daylight and directs analog signals to the switching circuit which comprises microcontroller performing as the brain of the circuit and relays functioning as a switch. The analog signals of the Light Dependent Resistor and On/Off Time when within the set tolerance value triggers the relay switch and street lights are operated automatically.
The research proposed is intended on utilizing case study investigation as a suitable system to carry out the research. Case study technique encourages a researcher to keenly examine the information relating to a particular setting that is a specific topographical territory chose as a topic of study. Additionally, a case study investigation strategy allows a researcher to pick up top to bottom information and illustrate the aspects of a proposed research topic. For the given research project it is suitable as the investigation Automatic Street Light Control system. Further, the case studies are set to determine the up to date natural experience (Bishop, 2013, p. 43). By considering the above aspects, the research proposed undertakes the case study as the research strategy, which permits the researcher to accommodate this advanced practice on a building confined to a specific topographical area.
The proposed research will be conducted with a qualitative approach. In a quantitative approach, the authentic information is gathered from research executed previously executed beforehand from the auxiliary sources. In a qualitative approach, the exploration will attempt to examine on perspectives, encounters, and suppositions of the people. In this manner, for the given proposed research that is an investigation of the Automatic Street Light Control system for a particular case study building, qualitative and quantitative approaches will be appropriate for the research proposed (Bikshalu, 2015, p. 65).
The aim of the proposed project is to design and implement a system of control of street light that is automatic using light dependent resistor and relay. The objectives were set in order to assist in achieving the main aim of the study .Due to that, it was essential to have an overview of the Automatic Street Light Control system. It was of great importance to understand the main features of the topic of project. Hence qualitative project method together with the literature review and quantitative approaches were employed for the project. This project methodology is appropriate to carry out this project because the literature reviews offer information that is detailed about the Automatic Street Light Control system (Bikshalu, 2015).
An exploration into the existing literature will be made so as to enable an in-depth comprehension of the current street light controls systems. The literature will be analyzed to come up with the limitations of the existing street night control systems that will also form the basis of the need for their elimination.
Various computer programs and simulations will be carried out to determine the aspects of Automatic Street Light Control system .The computer simulation to be used include MULTISIM simulations. Also, various mathematical models will be used during the project. Mathematical models regarding the Automatic Street Light Control system (Bedford, 2014)
Conclusion
In conclusion, Coming up with automatic street lights is the only way to solve the challenges of high electricity bills for the councils. The efficient design of the street lights can cut down the lighting costs greatly by approximately 25 to 60 percent. The best way of achieving the efficient lighting of the streets is through the automation of the entire street lights systems. The automation of the street lights can significantly help in reducing the amount of the power consumption with the aid of intelligent systems.
There should be proper monitoring of the street lights. Updated information about the street lights needs to be submitted to the control center of the street light so as to ensure that there is proper monitoring of the street lights. Lighting can account for 10–38 percent of the total energy bill in typical cities in various parts of the world. Street lighting is a most serious concern for public authorities in developing countries due to its strategic position for social and economic stability. Ineffective lighting wastes important financial resources annually, and poor lighting generates unsafe environments. Energy efficient tools and design mechanism can cut the cost of the street lighting significantly. Physical control is inclined to faults and leads to energy wastages and physically dimming during midnight is unviable. Also, vigorously tracking the light level is manually unviable. The current tendency is the introduction of automation and remote management solutions to control of street lighting systems.
The system of the automatic lighting is designed in such a way to detect the changes between light and darkness, and with that, it can be able to initiate the turn on and turn off of the street lights. Sensors will be used in this system which will be able to able to sense light and control the light emitted from the streetlight according to the intensity of light which is available.
The intensity of light is usually kept highest when it is very dark, and the intensity of light continue to decrease as the amount of lightness continue decreasing until it shutdowns when it is very clear in the morning. The lights usually turn on, and the intensity of the light continues to increase as the number of darkness increases.
A relay refers to an electromagnetic switch which is usually operated by a small amount of electric current which can turn off or on a larger electric current. The key component of the relay is the electromagnet. The relay is very important in the sensors as they are essential pieces of electronic equipment and they usually produce a very small amount of electric current but they are used in equipment which uses large current. The relay can work both as a switch or an amplifier.
This report expounds the design and implementation of the automatic street control system. The automatic system works accurately to turn street lights ON/OFF. Once the design of the circuit which controls the light of the street as illustrated in the above sections. Light-dependent resistors sensor and the photoelectric sensors are the two key components of the working automatic street light system. If the two components together with a relays and a controller have been fulfilled the system will do the anticipated work as per the detailed program. Each sensor controls the turning ON and OFF of the lighting system. The street lamps have been effectively controlled by the microcontroller. With orders from the controller, the lights will turn ON in the areas of movement during dark hours. In addition, the disadvantage of the street light system using timer controller has been solved, where the system depends on photoelectric sensor. Lastly, this control circuit can be used in a long roadway between the cities.
Various methods will be used to carry out the project such as reviewing the secondary sources which contain the data regarding the design and Implementation of automatic street light systems. Carrying out various practical sessions regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street lights. Computer simulations also will be carried out regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street light systems and also mathematical models of the project topic were developed.
With the automatic street lights system reducing the amount of power being consumed other benefits of this systems is that. There is the low cost of paying bills due to the reduced amount of power consumed by the street lights. The operations are automated which makes the working of the street lights to be very efficient. The street lights systems become very flexible in that the lamps turn on depending on the amount of daylight available. The system is easy to be manufactured and at the same time cheap.
The project gave introduction regarding the automatic street lights. How they can be designed and greatly help in solving the energy problems which are witnessed in many cities in different parts of the world. There are a lot of financial resources which are wasted as a result of the inefficient lighting on the streets. In most developing countries the insecurity levels have increased in the cities because of the poorly lighted streets. The efficient design of the street lights can cut down the lighting costs greatly by approximately 25 to 60 percent. The best way of achieving the efficient lighting of the streets is through the automation of the entire street lights systems. The automation of the street lights can significantly help in reducing the amount of the power consumption with the aid of intelligent systems
This project paper has some limitations due to the time constraint during the project period and due to that future studies can be conducted on this topic. The limitations which were experienced in this paper can be solved in the following way;
Further research to be carried out regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street lights in order to obtain in-depth information regarding the on how an effective automatic streetlights system can be achieved. Further research can be conducted by use of different types of projects.
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