There are many problems in putting the sea overpass bridge piers in extra or less superficial marine and coastal seawaters since as good as taking to endure the tidal and wave flows the piers of the bridge have to be steady on the seabed that might be changing constantly. One of the main problem experienced by the constructors is how to prevent, foresee scours of the seabed sediments nearby the sea crossing bridge piers. This research paper present the physical study model of the scour and the counter measurements of the scours for the sea crossing bridge piers. Bridge is the combination of many distinct highlighted bridges and main bridges comprise the continue tower of the ridge bridge. Scours is the normal occurrence initiated by the erosive act of the water flowing on the banks and beds of sedimentary waterway.
There is scour that take place at the coastal places caused by the passage of the currents and waves. Many recent scour related bridges catastrophes throughout the world have gotten attention and more bridges failed due to the extreme scours around the piers. The countermeasures of the local scours at the bridge piers can be divided into two groups namely; flow altering and armoring devices. The armoring devices comprise the riprap, tetrapod, and cable tied blocks. . Flow altering techniques can be used to protect the piers from the scours like the deflectors, sacrificial piles and submerged vanes.
The design of the south-west anchor block consist of the 45by 44by 21 deep cap of concrete supported by the grid of 1800mm concrete filled pile pipes. The bridge cap is hollow to accommodate the spray chamber where the cable of the bridge strands are anchored to the cap (Alton, 2012). The piles are battered at the slop of 4; 10 in the longitudinal direction of the bridge. The piles are driven through the overburden materials down to the bedrock. Providing the enough access to the foundation of marine is the primary consideration, considering the marine foundation for the bridge is sizeable fairly and will need more working area for the construction and the significant portion of the overall schedule for the construction of the bridge. Several options for the providing the needed amount of the construction access are the self-elevating platforms, temporary platforms of the working given support on the temporary piles, marine-based methods using the floating equipment and the temporary man-made islands (Association, 2013).
The jack barge comes equipped with the legs that can be lowered to the seabed and used to lift the barge up above the sea level giving the large fixed platform for the working not affected by the tides and swells. The barges can be fitted with large canes to support the anticipated driving and the foundation of concrete anticipated for the bridge marine foundation. The challenge of this site is the depth of weak structure above the bedrock. The bearing of the seabed may not be sufficient to support the concentrated loads from the spuds when the large barges are elevated making the barge spuds to sink in the mud. To resupply the work front and also to accommodate the tidal windows, the supply barges would transit daily between onshore area of staging and the site of work (Banks, 2015).
The temporary piles supported the platform for the working gives the fixed structure upon which the crane and the equipment can be put to install the foundation of the bridge. The platform would be supported on many additional temporary piles and would extend around the area of the foundation to give the adequate access for the foundation construction. The platform allows the work of construction to process independent of the tides (Bridge, 2013).
The use of the permanent bridge foundation piles for the support of the platform gives the advantage of not having to remove the piles after installing. The first few permanent piles are fitted through the marine-based methods using the equipment that float on water. Once the enough permanent piles are fitted the area of working can be erected and used to fit the balance of the permanent piles and foundation work from the platform that is fixed. As the pile rows are completed, the platform for working can be moved from one pile row to the next until all the foundation piles are completed (Bridge, 2014).
For the floating marine-based, method of construction, the material, cranes and equipment are all brought to the front work on the floating deck barges. The marine derrick that is a flat deck barge that has the duty cycle crawler crane mounted on it is normally needed (Centre, 2014).
Because of the depth of the water at the proposed foundation of the bridge the construction of the manmade island at every foundation site is considered to provide the uninterrupted process of construction. The amount of materials removed and the required final elevation of the island would depend on the intent of any offsetting measures like the creation or additional intertidal habitats or even planting the additional grass beds or riparian vegetation (Cook, 2014)
Regardless of the selected method to gain the access for the bridge foundation construction. There should be an impediment to the traffic of marine. The work faces occur in small areas in open waters away from the channels and will be surrounded by the cofferdam (Dayaratnam, 2014)
Once the equipment access and a working area at the location of foundation have been provided either through the use of a jack-up barge, platform and temporary work. The construction of every marine foundation is presumed to follow a similar process generally. This comprise the installation of the cofferdam. Installation of pile, work of concrete, and the pile cap and anchor block, concrete construction, removal of the cofferdam, and the placement of the scour protection (Dinar, 2016).
Cofferdam installation is required around every foundation of marine to allow dewatering and excavating to the depth of the concrete pile cap soffit to facilitate work of concrete and construction. It is anticipated the cofferdam would be fitted of steel sheet piles driven to the depth in the sediments that are soft and extending up beyond the high level of water. The internal bracing within the cofferdam would be used to support the sheet piles against the pressure from outside. If the size of foundation and the poor soil at the site preclude the use of single sheet pile cell. Utilizing a ring of the self-supporting shell cell piles may be an option. After the sheet pile installation a steel template is installed inside the cofferdam to correctly position the piles. The bottom of the foundation of the concrete will be situated to sit approximately at above the existing mud line to avoid the need for the any overburden excavation from inside the cofferdam. After the piles are installed (Duan, 2011). The template steel can be removed. Finally a concrete seal is constructed through the tremie pouring, at the bottom of the excavation to allow for the dewatering. After the cofferdam is dewatered the piles are cut off at the bottom of the anchor block (Erskine, 2010).
Pile installation commences after the cofferdam is excavated and the steel pile template has been installed. The proposed construction method for the pile installation involves the following steps; set the pile into the sediments by the gravity
Pile driving and the drilling comprise the clean out and socketing for the proposed diameter of the pipe piles. The difference between the anchor pile and the trestle pile is that the anchor piles are filled with the concrete after the rock socket is complete, the concrete pour will continue the pile is filled to the top. Since the operation of pile driving are within the confines of the cofferdam, the effects to the surrounding marine life is minimal. The pile will be of 65 long and will need the welded splices of field. The splices of the field can be done on the barge with the pile in the in situ of horizontal position depending on the crane size used (Geiger, 2017).
In the addition the rock socket, the anchors of the rock need to be installed for the tension pile. The rock anchors consist of the strands tendon that are embedded in the bedrock and anchored with the anchor block. After drilling for the rock socket a smaller diameter bit drill is used in the bedrock to the needed depth. The inner casing and the strand anchor are lowered to the bottom of the drilled shaft. Concreting for the rock socket is completed and the piles are filled with the concrete. The rock anchor are finished by injecting the grout from the bottom of the shaft upwards to the required depth to develop the anchor force (Gerwick, 2014). The strands are stressed from within the block and the remaining length of the shaft is grouted to protect the anchors from corrosion (Gerwick, 2013).
Concrete foundation construction would progress same to the onshore construction after the completion of the pipe fitting. The connection between the pile caps and the piles consists of a reinforced concrete plug inside every pile head with the reinforcement cage extending up into the mass concrete of the icecap. The building of the pile caps and other elements of the concrete in the series of the lifts separated by the joints of construction. Supply of large volume of concrete needed for the foundation will need to be done through the barge. Concrete placement will be affected by the restriction of tides and may impose longer times of construction (Hamed, 2016).
Considering the concrete volume needed at the foundation of bridge. There are two methods of supplying the concrete to the work face. One involve the concrete produced by the onshore batch plant and delivered to the work face through concrete trucks on the barge and the other one involve using the actual floating batch plant satiated adjacent to the work site. The floating batch is efficient to supply the concrete hence mere susceptible to the tidal and weather related to the down times (Hardyman, 2016).
The removal of cofferdam can start once the required foundation concreting work are above the high level of water. The material excavated can be placed within the cofferdam allowing the removal of internal bracing layer by layer. The steel sheet piles can be removed with the vibratory hammer. Consideration for the leaving the sheet piles in place below the top of the footing to help with the protection of the scour.
Placement of the scour protection around the perimeter if the anchor block would be conducted soon after removal of the cofferdam. Due to the shallow alter around the anchor block, the protection would be placed through the marine-based methods using the tidal windows and then flat deck barge fitted with the excavator or front-end loader and a stockpile of the riprap. The excavator or the front end loader would places the scour protection to the good thickness (House, 2013)s
Figure 1: scour protection
In the lieu using the approach of the traditional cofferdam as described above, an alternate method involve the use of the precast concrete caisson was considered too. this method uses the fabrication]ng a spatial depth precast concrete caisson in barge or the dry dock towing it to the site and the floating the caisson out to the anchor location where it will be ballasted down to the seabed floor and fixed in the position with the permanent steel pipes piles. The caisson form the outer; part of the anchor block and will be the part of the final structure. Once the caisson forms the outer part the rest of the construction is done in insitu. The piles are fitted using the floor of the caisson as the template to correctly position every pile. The installation of the pile states same as the cofferdam, once the piles are fitted, the caisson is dewatered and the construction of the mass concrete anchor block can be finished within the conifers of the caisson (Institution, 2013). This option limit the work that would be done by the equipment in the marine using the approach of the cofferdam (Joseph, 2013)
The main suspension of the cable are fabricated from many diameters and parallel wires that are galvanized. The cables clamps are used to compact the parallel wires into the light bundle of the circular shapes and the small diameter. The vertical hunger cables used to support the deck joined to the cable clamps. the vertical cable that support the bridge from the major suspension if the cable comprise high strength ropes and wires that connect to the clamp cable at the top and will use stressable socket anchor at the lower connection to the superstructure. The stressable anchor will give adjustability to address the fabrication and erection tolerances. The socket anchors are joined to the superstructure steel gilder by the pin steel with the adjustability coming from the threaded anchor socket itself (Leonard, 2013)
Driving the pile into the rock is not feasible unless the rock is very weak and soft. Hence the types of the rocks, equipment for the drilling and the techniques must be used to fit the piles into the rock. They can be fitted into the bedrock either as the rock doweled piles or the socketed piles. For the doweled rock pile, the pile is inserted down the entire length of the drilled hole in the bedrock. the pile can be grouted fully in the hole or advanced with the friction hence giving fixity at the bottom of the pile and the development of the full moment capacity if the pile. For installing the pile in the rock (Meissner, 2017). The pipe pile must be driven a certain distance in the bedrock to seal the hole and prevent the overburden materials from sloughing in as the hole is advanced past the pile pipe tip. Many drill bits can be used depending on the rock type being drilled and whether it is rock socketed pile or the foundation of the rock doweled (Michigan, 2010).
The pier are connected integrally to the deck bearing to reduce the cost of maintenance of the bridge in the service, but produce the issues of the design of pier. Expansion and contraction of the deck because of the changes in temperature. Produce the longitudinal forces at the piers as the piers defects. The size of this forces depend on the piers stiffness and the rigid ones restrain the deck from the changing length as hence [produce more forces at the pier top. during the construction of the bridge the most important stage for the piers will be the majority of the deck has been cast, but the two cantilevers have been connected by the stitch in the main span (Pesutich, 2017).
The designated foundation of the Kinmen Sea crossing bridge for the physical replication is situated at deepness of water fifteen meters with the severe gradient bottommost 1/200. The deposit around the in situ foundations is fine sand of the middle diameter of 0.2mm. The significant parameter of the seabed stability is the parameter of the shield. ?=t ({ps-p} gd50), where the t is the stress of the shear bed g is the gravitational speeding up, ps and p are the grain sediments and the concentrations of the water, and d50 is the medium size of the grain of the sediments by the mass (Rausand, 2013). The design life of the sea bridge is 50 years but to the contemplation of the severe stacking of waves specifically for the presently extreme worldwide climate the model has to be accomplished for around 1; 100 years return period typhoon water channels waves for the short period impact in the local scours around the sea crossing bridge and piers foundation (Publishers, 2011)
The series of the physical tests of the model was carried out in this research. The aim of the two was to examine the great degree of the scours and the latent capacity in the bed of sand around the sea bridge piers with no guard of the scours. the third one aim the level of the protection for the recommended mitigation of the scour under the design current and wave circumstances to the degree if scrubbing around the sea crossing bridge foundation with the scour protection. The wave flumes pass from the rightward to leftward and the production of currents flumes mix from the downside to the upside. The range with the foundation of the bridge is at the intersection of these two waterfalls. The physical modelling is performed in this basin of the current at the Taiwan hydraulic lab. The material of the bed used in this construction is light density coal of the middle grain size of d50=0.18mma d the typical gravel bed is 0.4 deep, 7m length and 3.0 wide. The equipment and dimension scheme used in this study comprise the unequal marker of a wave, the system that generates the current, wave gauge of the electrical capacitance. Ultrasonic bottom profiler, ADV meter currents.
Figure 2: experimental set up of scouring around the sea crossing bridge
The sonar devices were fixed in front of the pier bridge at the altitude that can be stretched by the flow. This technique is highly used and can give data of high quality about the stability of the seabed. However, the wave sound can be influenced by the great application of the sediments interpreting the hesitation in the data accurateness is the sediments that are adjourned are very high. The ADCP that measures the depth of the flow and 3-dimensional field speed can also give the info about the deepness of the scour. The FBG sensors were made to determine the temperatures in dissimilar constituents to categorize their interfaces. But since it is fitted in front of the pier it may be affected by the detached fragments and saltating stones and rocks if not protected appropriately (Shroder, 2011).
Measuring the general depth of the scour using the sonar sensor need dissimilar setups like the cable or the boats are needed to carry the tools to do the measurement. Another one is the named bricks which describe that the bricks that are named to be put beneath the river by the use of the shovels preceding to the occasion of floods. The site of the named bricks is identified accurately by the total station transit. After they are stable (Sinopoli, 2015). Excavators are deployed again to search the place of the preinstalled bricks to define the number of bricks that have been eroded away by the floods, currents and waves. To the end of this, one can assess the scour deepness based on the remaining bricks
This segment describes the investigational study of the native sours around the group of the sea bridge topic to the United currents and waves. The scours around the pier bridge is the main cause of the bridge catastrophe. The scour washes the material of the bed around the bridge foundation which reduces the weight capacity of the foundation. The dock groups are used broadly to support the stability of the bridge and the marine constructions. Scouring at the support is of the significance in association with the strength of the structures because the wide sours may lower the constancy of the structure leading to the letdown.
In the case of the Kinmen sea bridge, there are 28 piers for its foundation. The shape of the scours remain unchanged with the time and shape may be inverted cone with the circulate base and the deposition happen downstream the group of piers and the deposition area increase with time. The maximum depth of the scour about these 28 piers is S/D=1.88 for the current case only and for this test. The more scour occur in the gaps area among the second to the fourth row of the group piers from the side of the upcoming currents (Skinner, 2011). The scour depth more increases that that around one pier because of the vortices made around the pier interrelate with each other and also the flow enhanced due to the reduction made by the neighbouring pier. This results in the residue conveyance brought by the flow of the gap and henceforth contribute to the depth of the scour it is evident that when the bridge piers of the sea bridge under the joined currents and waves loading there will be additional scour created (Sturmey, 2011).
The scour defence for the bridge piers group of the sea groups; When putting the bridge piers groups of the sea crossing bridge on the seabed not protected with now consistent deposits in the coastal water that is shallow, the hole of the scour will occur because of the changes in the design of flow produced by the basis of the sea bridge. In order to prevent or solve this problematic, scour must be stopped by the means of the suitable scour safeguard. Most normally the rocks great sufficient and steady under this foundation are used as the defence of the scours around the monopole (Thompson, 2010).
Figure 3: proposed scour protection around the sea crossing bridge piers (Michigan, 2010)
To consider the serious bed cut and the scour holes around the 28 piers group of the sea crossing foundation of the bridge. The anticipated scour safeguard comprise three coats as followed the c block stone, filer stone and core stone. The initial bed level and the protection of the scours block stone level are crisscross with the bed profile occupied by the standardized bottom layer. Pre and post profiler tests are used to check the disbursement and the stability in every layer and the scour surrounding the seabed (University, 2010).
To confirm the essential geotechnical constancy of the piers, backfilling of the excavated pits was needed (Weintrit, 2014). The key reason for the protection of the scour was to cover the backfill in the excavation. The geotechnical circumstances vary along the arrangement of the bridge either the seabed having the hard non-erodible limestone enclosed by the clay layers of the sand and gravel. The viscosity of the erodible top coatings diverges among zeros to four along the alignment of the bridge. In the study, two kinds of the damages were experiential, direct and indirect. Direct is produced by the direct act of the currents and waves on the superficial of the protection while the indirect damages at the protection limits as a result of the scouring of the seabed just outdoor the safeguard causing the removal of the stones into the downstream scour holes by the action of waves (University, 2010).
Indirect impairment happened beside the downstream side and the end of the downstream of the protection. The direct ones happened in three main area, at the downstream end, the downstream side and cells upstream along the piers (aluminium, 2010). To stop the destruction from impacting the stones on the concrete it was identified to usage the bugger stones of every section in the cells upstream and to place these with abundant attentiveness. In addition to the stability test, the test to investigate the effects of the erodible substantial layer on top of the limestone was tested (Urquhart, 2013). This test shows the degree of the safeguard could be lowered for the piers sited in the areas where the limestone is concealed by the thin layer of the material that can erode. The investigation of the outcomes showed that the scour outside the protection would speedily develop of the seabed comprises the sand while it would be more than the 1.0m within ten years if the seabed has 30mm of the gravel (Watson, 2013). The significant modification in the proposal alarmed if the backfill that was foreseen that the caisson was to be backfilled with the complete resistance material recovered when excavating the pits and to place the filter layer among the scour protection and the backfill. This variation in the scheme has improved the care of the scour protection and when the protection has impaired the cost of maintaining us reduced (Watson, 2013)
Conclusion
A perfect water scours and the hydrodynamic stacking experiment was performed to examine the properties of the scour hovel around the sea crossing bridge piers and its load dynamics under the joined currents and wave filling. The consequences were analyzed and the conclusion made by them were; the average depth of the scour for the bridge pier groups increases around the one piers. This is because the vortices created around the piers interacted with others. And the flow enhanced by the reduction made by the neighbouring piers. The higher the transport of the sediments caused by the gap of the bridge piers contributes sustainably to the depth of the scours.
The shape of the scours around the sea bridge may be estimated by the reversed cone with a spherical base since the area of the removal downstream the pier group rises with the time. To reduce the problem of the scour, scour must be accessible as the suitable scour protection. To contemplate the bed shear stream and the scour holes around the 28 pier groups of the sea bridge foundation from the experimental results if the scours. The three layers protection of the scours is tested to be effective in the prevention of the scour around the 28 piers of the sea crossing bridge foundation and the stability of the seabed.
Alton, D., 2012. Building Bridges. Paris: Lion Books.
aluminium, A., 2010. Modern Railroads and Bridges. Chicago: Agency aluminium.
Association, C. a. C., 2013. Technical Report. Paris: The Association.
Banks, I., 2015. The Bridge. New York: Little, Brown Book.
Bridge, C., 2013. Sea-Power. Chicago: Cambridge University Press.
Bridge, I. A. o., 2014. Ironworker. California: International Association of Bridge.
Centre, N. M. I., 2014. Maritime Information Review. Perth: Netherlands Maritime Information Centre.
Cook, P., 2014. Concrete sea structures. Michigan: Fédération internationale de la précontrainte.
Dayaratnam, P., 2014. International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable-Stayed Bridges. Toledo: Universities Press.
Dinar, A., 2016. Bridges Over Water. Paris: World Scientific.
Duan, L., 2011. Bridge Engineering: Construction and Maintenance. Michigan: CRC Press.
Duan, L., 2016. Handbook of International Bridge Engineering. New York: CRC Press.
Erskine, L., 2010. Civil Engineering and Public Works Review. Michigan: the University of Michigan.
Geiger, B., 2017. Bridges. Toledo: Benchmark Education Company.
Gerwick, B., 2014. Construction of Prestressed Concrete Structures. Michigan: John Wiley & Sons.
Gerwick, C., 2013. Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures. Paris: CRC Press.
Gerwick, C., 2014. Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures. New York: CRC Press.
Hamed, K., 2016. Flood Frequency Analysis. Colorado: CRC Press.
Hardyman, R., 2016. Bridges. Melbourne: The Rosen Publishing Group.
House, D., 2013. Cargo Work. Toledo: Routledge.
The institution, T., 2013. Journal of the Institution of Engineers. Michigan: The Institution.
Joseph, H., 2013. Handbook of Environmental Fluid Dynamics. Colorado: CRC Press.
Joseph, H., 2013. Handbook of Environmental Fluid Dynamics. Toledo: CRC Press.
Leonard, W., 2013. Bay’s Signature Bridge and the Ma. Melbourne: University Press of Florida.
Meissner, S., 2017. A Bridge Across the Ocean. Melbourne: Berkley.
Michigan, t. U. o., 2010. The Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineers. Michigan: the University of Michigan.
Pesutich, J., 2017. Freezing Bridges Under Burning Skies. Toledo: AuthorHouse.
Publishers, M. N., 2011. International Organizations and the Law of the Sea. Sidney: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Rausand, M., 2013. Risk Assessment. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Shroder, T., 2011. Fire on the Horizon: The Untold Story of the Gulf Oil Disaster. Perth: HarperCollins.
Sinopoli, A., 2015. Arch Bridges. Michigan: CRC Press.
Skinner, S., 2011. Hydraulic Fluid Power. Perth: Lulu.com.
Sturmey, K., 2011. Greek Sea Bridges. Perth: Photohorus/Photography Circle publishing.
Thompson, G., 2010. Bridges. Colorado: Benchmark Education Company.
University, C., 2010. Surveyor. Melbourne: Cornell University.
University, N., 2010. Alaska Railroad Corporation Construction and Operation of a Rail Line Between the North Pole and Delta Junction. Toledo: Northwestern University.
University, N., 2010. Construction Into the Powder River Basin. Colorado: Northwestern University.
Urquhart, L. C., 2013. Civil engineering handbook. Madison: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Watson, B., 2013. London Bridge. Perth: Museum of London Archaeology Service.
Weintrit, A., 2014. Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. Paris: CRC Press.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download