Designing A Solar Rooftop For Heating And Cooling: A Proposal

Literature Review

Sunlight can easily provide given ample amount of heat, light and shade. It can easily induce proper kind of ventilation into well design home (Lechner 2014). Passive solar design is considered to be helpful in reducing heat and cooling for energy bills, increasing vitality and lastly comfort. Flexible passive solar design principles can easily provide benefits which come with low maintenance of risk over the life of the building (Cremers et al. 2015).

There are many ways which can be used for design or modifying the home for achieving comfort by Passive cooling. It can be aimed for providing some hybrid approach for utilizing some of mechanical cooling system. Some of the best passive cooling strategies in home are orientation, ventilation, insulation and lastly thermal mass. Design of energy efficient solar building is totally based on solar path, humidity, climate and last flow of wind.

Passive design of solar helps in combination of building features which are needed for reducing and eliminating the requirement for mechanical cooling and heating (Kalkan and Da?tekin 2015). The design needs to be simple and it does not require solar geometry, window technology and lastly local climate. In comparison to active solar system, passive solar system is considered to be much simple and does not require use of any mechanical and electrical device like fans and pumps.

In the coming pages of the report a literature review has been done on solar rooftop design for household cooling and heating. After that various aims and objective of research has been discussed in details. All the theoretical content of solar rooftop design has been discussed in details. The last section of the report mainly deals with experimental setup, outcome, project planning, and Gantt chart.

1.  State-of-the-art/Literature Review

According to Sharifi and Yamagata (2015), the goal of the passive heating system is all about capturing the sun heat within the elements of the building. The captured heat is released at the absence of sun. Passive solar heating mainly falls under three categories that are direct gain, isolated gain and lastly indirect gain. Direct gain is known to be solar radiation which can penetrate and can be easily stored in the living space. Indirect gain is all collecting, storing and distribution of solar radiation by making use of materials of thermal storage. Three methods of heat transfer that is conduction, convection and last radiation can be used for heat transfer. Isolated gain helps in collecting solar radiation in such a zone where it can be closed off or opened up for rest of the system.

Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals

According to Karimpour et al. (2015), the ultimate aim of solar heating system is all about capture the heat of the sun in the provided building system elements. It aims in releasing heat at the time of when there is absence of sun, along with keeping a comfortable temperature of room. There are mainly two parts of passive solar heating of south facing house and thermal for absorbing, storing and lastly heat distribution. There is large number of elements which are needed for implementing these approaches like direct gain and indirect gain.

Indirect gain, living space is considered to be a solar collector, distribution system and lastly absorber of heat. Various glass at south facing can easily check the fact that solar energy can easily enter the house where it can strike the floor and walls. It can easily absorb and collect or store the solar heat which is given out of the room at the time of night. The thermal materials are known to be dark in color which is required for absorbing the heat. Thermal mass is very helpful in increasing the intensity of heat at the time of day.

Water which is contained in living space can be easily used for storing heat. Direct design system makes use of 60-75% of the whole solar energy which strikes the window. A direct gain system should work in proper way and the thermal mass should be insulated from the given outside temperature. It is mainly done for preventing the collected heat from any kind of dissipation. Heat loss is mainly encountered when the given thermal mass is in proper contact with the ground.

According to Monghasemi and Vadiee (2017), In indirect gain, thermal mass is mainly situated in between living space and sun. Thermal space can easily absorb the sunlight which is strike and transferred to living space by the method of conduction. Indirect gain comes into picture at it makes use of 30-45% of solar energy which will strikes the adjoining glass of the given thermal mass. The indirect system is Trombe wall. Its thermal mass is considered to be 6-18-inch masonry wall which is located behind the south-facing glass. It comes up with single and double layer which is kept mounted on 1 inch or even less in the wall surface. Solar heat is mainly absorbed dark color outside surface which is stored outside the wall mass. It can be easily radiated into the living space (Chong et al. 2016). Solar heat can easily migrate through wall, reaching the near surface in the given afternoon or even early evening.

Theoretical Content/Methodology

2.  Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals

In order to improve the market, the share of the solar conversion in a direct way, building integration is considered to be an important part (Dabaieh, Makhlouf and Hosny 2016). The whole idea of building integration of solar energy does not come up with any kind of clear definition. It is mainly required for understanding the motives, design criteria and various kind of obstacles which is required for building integration. The following report is all about exploring the current and upcoming technologies which are required for acceptance of solar energy in the given environment.

Research question

• How does the research help in reducing waste?
• Does the research help in water conservation?
• How does the research help in reducing the production of greenhouse gases?

A list of recommendation of the future design and projects in the outcome of the first part. The target group for a such a given result is architects who are interested in implementing solar energy system in design of building.  

The aim of this research is to develop a solar roof top design which can be used for heating and cooling purpose.

3.  Theoretical Content/Methodology

Study of integration of solar energy is needed for research on architecture which is a complex character. Solar energy and the system has been integrated as a part of the socio-technical system (Anvari-Moghaddam, Monsef and Rahimi-Kian 2015). The combined approach is used in system theory which is needed for filling the gaps in between the given poles. System theory is considered to be framework which is needed for architectural research. It is mainly used for building connection with the man use and building experiences. System analysis is a well-known system theory which is a choice of methodology for design challenge (Baljit, Chan and Sopian 2016). A system approach between the studies helps in building proper relationship between them.

4.  Experimental Set-up

The experiment has been carried out by the help of five solar collectors which is tested under various condition (Wu et al. 2017). It mainly helps in having a direct comparison of collection performance. The output of thermal power of the given collector can be easily calculated by understanding rate of flow and the change between outlet temperature and inlet. Both the speed of wind and its radiation are calculated in plane of collector. There is measurement of horizontal diffusion radiation which is also there (Halawa et al. 2018). A station is there which can be for analyzing the wind speed and direction, pressure of barometric, proper and ambient temperature and lastly humidity. Inlet temperature can be easily controlled by the help of reversible chiller which is capable maintaining temperature with the range of +0.2 K to -0.2 K.

Experimental Set-up

The international standard is inclusive of test methods which are needed for thermal performance characteristics (Qawasmeh et al. 2017). It is also applicable to various hybrid PVT collector. While comparing heating application, efficiency for cooling curve which increases with difference in temperature. The difference in temperature can be calculated between mean temperature and ambient temperature. Heating case can be calculated due to higher wind speed which results in better efficiency (Irshad et al. 2017). The temperature of transfer liquid is under the given ambient temperature then the speed of wind negatively affects the overall efficiency.

So, the efficiency is considered to be higher or better for low wind speed because of the collector can absorb in spite of losing it. Transfer of heat is much better if the winds are at much higher speed. Cooling of transfer fluid is under the given temperature emphasize on the low collector which is around 0.5 in all the cases (Fumo and Bortone 2016). As soon below the heating is shielded collector which shows unexpected behavior. It mainly occurs due to low value of C3. The cooling efficiency mainly drops which increases the given speed in much positive difference in temperature. The crossing point is not considered to be zero at the given difference in temperature.

5.  Results, Outcome and Relevance

Two different kinds of PVT collector design can be easily measured and analyzed by two mounting solutions(Subramanian, Ramachandran and KUMAR 2017). A proper kind of curve is plotted which comes up with varying speed of wind. Building integration solution can easily influence the performance of collector which is around 20-30% of the given value. The result highlighted the face shield can be easily used for heating and cooling application (Hassanien, Li and Lin 2016).

In the matter of heating efficiency can easily rises and same amount of heat loss coefficient (C1) which can increase as a result of stack effect. It is used also used for cooling purpose. The final thing which can be analyzed that better bonding is needed for absorbing the PV modules (Eon, Morrison and Byrne 2018). It is concluded that PV module can improve the efficiency of collector at both the ends that are cooling and heating.

6.  Project Planning and Gantt Chart

WBS	Task Name	Duration	Start	Finish	Predecessors
0	Solar Roof Design for Household Cooling and Heating	514 days	Wed 17-01-18	Mon 06-01-20
1	Project initiation phase	74 days	Wed 17-01-18	Mon 30-04-18
1.1	Development of business case	25 days	Wed 17-01-18	Tue 20-02-18
1.2	Undertaking feasibility study	30 days	Wed 21-02-18	Tue 03-04-18	2
1.3	Establishing project charter	22 days	Wed 21-02-18	Thu 22-03-18	2
1.4	Team members appointment	19 days	Wed 04-04-18	Mon 30-04-18	3
1.5	Milestone 1: Completion of project initiation phase	0 days	Thu 22-03-18	Thu 22-03-18	4
2	Planning phase	61 days	Fri 23-03-18	Fri 15-06-18
2.1	Creating project plan	17 days	Tue 01-05-18	Wed 23-05-18	5
2.2	Creating financial plan	15 days	Tue 01-05-18	Mon 21-05-18	5
2.3	Developing resource plan	13 days	Fri 23-03-18	Tue 10-04-18	6
2.4	Creating quality plan	17 days	Thu 24-05-18	Fri 15-06-18	8
2.5	Creating risk plan	19 days	Tue 22-05-18	Fri 15-06-18	9
2.6	Creating procurement plan	20 days	Wed 11-04-18	Tue 08-05-18	10
2.7	Creation of acceptance plan	19 days	Wed 11-04-18	Mon 07-05-18	10
2.8	Milestone 2: Completion of planning phase	0 days	Fri 15-06-18	Fri 15-06-18	11
3	Site evaluation phase	93 days	Mon 18-06-18	Wed 24-10-18
3.1	Detailed land survey	45 days	Mon 18-06-18	Fri 17-08-18	15
3.2	Hydrology and floodplain mapping	40 days	Mon 18-06-18	Fri 10-08-18	15
3.3	understanding of solar collectors	37 days	Mon 20-08-18	Tue 09-10-18	17
3.4	Development of impoundments for well drilling fluid	40 days	Mon 13-08-18	Fri 05-10-18	18
3.5	Placement of solar monitoring equipment	48 days	Mon 20-08-18	Wed 24-10-18	17
3.6	Milestone 3: Completion of site evaluation phase	0 days	Tue 09-10-18	Tue 09-10-18	19
4	Construction phase	170 days	Wed 10-10-18	Tue 04-06-19
4.1	Preparation and use of materials	40 days	Wed 10-10-18	Tue 04-12-18	22
4.2	Construction of electrical substation	45 days	Wed 10-10-18	Tue 11-12-18	22
4.3	Concreting ingredients	37 days	Wed 05-12-18	Thu 24-01-19	24
4.4	Refueling station	43 days	Fri 25-01-19	Tue 26-03-19	26
4.5	Construction of transmission line	50 days	Wed 27-03-19	Tue 04-06-19	27
4.6	Milestone 4: Completion of construction phase	0 days	Tue 04-06-19	Tue 04-06-19	28
5	Decommissioning and Reclamation phase	81 days	Wed 05-06-19	Wed 25-09-19
5.1	Decommissioning plan	44 days	Wed 05-06-19	Mon 05-08-19	29
5.2	Removing underground components	47 days	Wed 05-06-19	Thu 08-08-19	29
5.3	Removing site components	37 days	Tue 06-08-19	Wed 25-09-19	31
5.4	Site reclamation	29 days	Fri 09-08-19	Wed 18-09-19	32
5.5	Milestone 5: Completion of Decommissioning and Reclamation phase	0 days	Wed 25-09-19	Wed 25-09-19	33
6	Closure phase	73 days	Thu 26-09-19	Mon 06-01-20
6.1	Review of Post project	22 days	Thu 26-09-19	Fri 25-10-19	35
6.2	Stakeholder sign off	24 days	Mon 28-10-19	Thu 28-11-19	37
6.3	Documentation	27 days	Fri 29-11-19	Mon 06-01-20	38
6.4	Milestone 6: Completion of closure phase	0 days	Mon 06-01-20	Mon 06-01-20	39

Conclusions

From the above pages of the report, it can be concluded that this report is all about solar rooftop for household cooling and heating. In the above report, an idea has been provided regarding hybrid PVT (Photovoltaic-thermal) solar collector which was developed by Martin Wolf in 70s. The concept of combined technology is considered to be useful in roof areas of a building. It can be used for both the purpose that is heating and generation of electricity. It can be also be used for improving the electric performance of the given PV modules cooling which is noticed by heat transfer fluid. Both of the given uncovered PVT collectors is easily used for electricity generation along with providing support for hot water system.

In the last few years, one or more application of this is being used researched. PVT collectors are used for cooling space which is being used for longwave radiation. Uncovered PVT collectors are being used for cooling which mainly results in heat losses. The loss is much greater in comparison to PVT collector which is covered. Covered collector is able to obtain much higher value of temperature which is due to glazing and more suitable for purpose of heating purpose. Solution of integrated building collectors is being used for covering energy demand of building which is done by making use of local renewable energies. Solution of PVT collector mainly depends on integration solution. It mainly makes use of sense which is needed for building integration point of view. The roof can easily influence the performance of various application which is required for heating and cooling.

References

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Baljit, S.S.S., Chan, H.Y. and Sopian, K., 2016. Review of building integrated applications of photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. Journal of cleaner production, 137, pp.677-689.

Chong, W.T., Wang, X.H., Wong, K.H., Mojumder, J.C., Poh, S.C., Saw, L.H. and Lai, S.H., 2016. Performance assessment of a hybrid solar-wind-rain eco-roof system for buildings. Energy and Buildings, 127, pp.1028-1042.

Cremers, J., Mitina, I., Palla, N., Klotz, F., Jobard, X. and Eicker, U., 2015. Experimental analyses of different PVT collector designs for heating and cooling applications in buildings. Energy Procedia, 78(Nov), pp.1889-1894.

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