Developing A Smart City: Autonomous Transportation

Critical Appraisal and Analysis

The modern transportation system will be autonomous, it means it will be free from drivers and the emission of harmful gases and particles will also expected to be reduced from the old situation.

This report depicts the importance of developing an older city into smart city by improving its vehicles and transportation system.

A critical appraisal and analysis, aiming the project objectives, high level requirements, internal and external consulting and the project outsourcing are also elaborated in this project. In addition to this, in order to prepare this project and to reduce the work burden the list of the available stakeholders are prepared and the roles and responsibility of the stakeholders are also illustrated in this report. A project schedule will also be prepared and with the changing technology the process can be easily implemented considering the public policies.

The aim of the project is to change an older city into a smart city in terms developing its transportation system only. It will show that, the clean diesel is not as much clean as it is expected and the way through which the VW will use effective deception to hide this issue. In addition to this, how the vehicles will be changed from the traditional model to the newly designed model which can be driven only with the help of software and hardware.  After the successful implementation of the project, the struggle faced by government will be reduced completely.

• To develop the traditional feature of the vehicles in terms of technology and security as well.
• To omit the drivers from the diesel emission
• To identify the risk associated to it and to develop a risk register for reducing the issues of autonomous vehicles

From huge investigation it has been found that, in order to develop such project the project manager is required to focus on the shared networks and on the project development steps. In order to develop the existing situation the overall infrastructure is also needed to be improved accordingly. Autonomous cars are major challenges to the cities and to the government also. The high level requirement for implementing the project is divided into two parts such as functional and non functional requirements. Both the functional and the non functional requirements are as follows:

Functional requirements	Role
Business rules	In order to complete the project certain rules and business policies should be developed. The project manager should consider the environmental condition first because in autonomous cars the rate of harmful gases emission is higher than the normal cars. On the other hand, the political, social and economical rules should also be considered.
Transaction corrections, adjustment and cancellations	project manager should contact to the accurate projects sponsors
Administrative function	From the project initiation up to its implementation the administrative authority should monitor the progress report accurately.
Authentication	The project should be authorized by the government
Audit tracking	During the processing phase the finance management must track the economical condition of the project.

1. Scalability
2. Availability
3. Reliability
4. Recoverability
5. Manageability
6. Data integrity

In order to maximize the social benefits by minimizing the risks the project policies should search for the leverage existing information. The possible benefits of the project can be hindered if over regulation is adapted for the project. Before initiating the project practically certain assumptions are undertaken by the project manager to governance the project. For this project triple project constrains has been considered. These are as follows:

Time: The major roadblocks of the project that are strictly required to be minimized, include a very well publicized system that might fail to meet the requirement of the project, with special interest an anti autonomous campaign session and for safety improvement the bold legislative and regulatory changes that should be undertaken. After considering all these factors the project manager has divided the work load between the team members and it is measured that in order to complete the project successfully after testing it requires at least 8 months.

Scope: From analysis it has been found that, after successful completion of the project the government will be able to avoid large range societal challenges in terms of safety. It will also able to provide efficient traffic flow, potential reduction in new parking and road infrastructure requirement, reduction in harmful gases emission, travel inclusivity, increased driving experiences etc. The scope of the project is to develop a prototype model for the government as a first step of implementing a smart city.

Objectives

Budget: As the project is based on advanced technologies, thus the budget allotted for the project is very high. After considering the functional and non functional requirements it has been measured that in order to complete the project successfully AUD $800,000 is needed.

In order to reduce the rate of harmful gas and particle emission, the government is willing to convert the traditional city into a smart city. The initial stage undertaken for changing the city is to implement autonomous rather self driving cars. There will be no driver and the technical operations are completely tele-operated. The cars will be driven by the viewing video and operated with the help of the feedback videos. It will be driven by on board computers with the help of sensors and automatic controllers. In many cities ongoing investment is identified, that highlights the autonomous technologies for the disruptive players. The new characteristics are introduced initially in the high end automobiles before the eventual trickle down of the maintenance models. Based on the general technologies a 3D prototype will be designed in this project however along with the changing requirements and demands of both the consumers and government the prototype model will be developed accordingly. In this model no drivers are required and with the help of electronic stability and video feedback the users will be able to reach to their desired location easily.  The features of the system are as follows:

1. The system will have a distance monitoring approach, for adjacent of the vehicles. Additionally there will be an adjusting traffic flow and speed control technology also.
2. A tracking system will be there that helps to track the current position of the car in street. If it is found that the car is leaving the track then automatically a warning will be generated.
3. There will be parking assists system
4. The monitoring approach is focused on risk mitigation strategies.
5. With the help of a blind spot monitoring system the objects will be detected to avoid collision.
6. The technologies used in this prototype are self streeting, GPS, DGPS, digital maps and LIDAR.
7. The positive impacts of the system are possible entry adaptors, efficiency in fuel and infrastructure and reduced commute.

Figure 1: Architecture for self driving car

(Source: Poczter and Jankovic 2014, pp-7)

From the considered features it has been determined that afet5r successful completion of the project the project prototype will be able to provide safe and eco friendly system to the consumers that helps to carry a traditional city into smart city.

The centre for automated research publication implies that the connected vehicles uses different communication technology and similarly for this project also the technologies those are required to be gathered by the resource gathering team of the project include:

1. Crash elimination technology
2. New infrastructure developing technology
3. Dependable travel time technology
4. Productivity improvement technology
5. Improved energy efficient technology
6. Control and monitoring technology
7. GPS and DGPS for tracking the location of the cars.

In order to complete the project the project manager should break down the project responsibilities in small parts to reduce the work burden from the team members of the project. Particularly, for this project the list of identified stakeholders and the communication approach among themselves are as follows:

Name of the stakeholder	Roles	Responsibility	Communication process	Communication frequency
Project sponsor	Internal stakeholder	The project sponsor is responsible for managing the sponsors for the project. Mainly it helps to support the project team financially by collecting group of sponsors.	Emails, meeting	Monthly
Finance manager	Internal	The finance manager is responsible for estimating the project budget. With the help of the budgeting the project manager will be able to understand the actual amount that is needed to complete the project. Even, they should also allot certain extra budget, so that for future resources also the budget can be estimated.	Emails, meeting	Weekly
IS manager	internal	The Information system manager is responsible to focus on different technological components. As in self driving cars technology is one of the most factors.	Emails, meeting	Weekly
IT analyst	Internal	The IT analyst will look after the design, modeling, coding required for integrating the system. The design approach is completely new and in order to avoid the risks differs risk mitigation strategies are also needed to be considered by the IT analyst.	Emails, meeting	Weekly
Project team members	Internal	The members working for the project team are responsible to play their allotted role till the completion of the project.	Emails, meeting	Weekly
Project vendor	External	The project vendor should help the project sponsor and project manager by offering the required components in terms of technology.	Emails, meeting	Weekly
Technology and business user group	External	They are responsible to develop rather improve the blueprint of the autonomous cars. Before real world implementation the prototype is needed to be used by the group of internal consumers and based upon their requirements the prototype must be changed accordingly.	Emails, meeting	Daily

Exploration into air contamination was being directed in the United States and to a lesser degree in Europe. The burning of coal-created sulfur dioxide and extensive smoky particles had decreased, and the contamination levels fell enormously.

However, rather another type of contamination produced by vehicles was apparent. This also included the transcendently nitrogen dioxide and minuscule tar particles known as PM10 or “particulate matter under 10 micron in measurement” and PM 2.5 that has been under 2.5 micron (Suresh and Manivannan 2014).

These most small particles are not noticeable to the exposed eye. They have been small to the point that they are breathed in to the furthermost spans of the lungs. These can go over membranes of lungs t into the circulatory system. Inhaling falter particles into the blood has been unappealing to the vast majority. The research in the course of the most recent three decades has affirmed that they are bad for wellbeing. They have been bringing on unfavorable impacts in the capacity of lungs, blood and veins. Nitrogen dioxide or NO2, in the mean time, is a gas which can disturb the aviation routes, intensifying asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory conditions (Barbieri et al. 206).

High-level requirements or Target outcomes

Current contamination at levels found in the urban areas never brings about death specifically. The wellbeing impact on a particular individual relies on upon their inborn defenselessness or hereditary determinants. This also includes their exposing levels and lengths to the environment, so has been difficult to anticipate. Notwithstanding, various epidemiological reviews researched about comparing the matching populations just by their levels of contamination. They demonstrate that life expectancy is lessened for those staying in the dirtied zones.

It is difficult to extend these reviews on to living populaces. Yet the agreement is that in Britain every year around 40,000 individuals’ lives are reduced by a normal of somewhere in the range of six to twelve months. Out of these expiries, 30,000 are credited to particulates and about 10,000 to the NO2 (Lang, Schmied and Del Re 2014). A few lives may be reduced by just a couple days or weeks, and some might be decreased by quite a long while.

It has been known ideal from the beginning that diesel motors created more lung-stopping up ash and disturbing nitrogen oxides. In any case, it was trusted that those issues could be killed. The approach need was environmental change. However, it was suspected that air contamination controls on vehicles might work. The people said ‘beyond any doubt that diesels have been emanating more particulates and the nitrogen oxides NOx (Ma et al. 2015). However there have been truly stringent controls. A quarter century after, mankind has discovered that they were not been right.

Everybody has anticipated that the new norms would convey upgrades in air quality. Be that as it may, the engine producers discovered approaches to evade the tests. However, the small polluting particles pumped out of the diesel depletes have for some time been indicated as extremely destructive to wellbeing. They have been working their path profound into lungs and prompting heart assaults, strokes and tumors. Channels that turned plainly compulsory in debilitates in 2010 have vigorously lessened that issue. Albeit some deceitful garages have been still offering to evacuate them and give vehicle’s execution a little lift.

In any case, NOx were hiding in among the ash. Individuals have known that NOx has been unsafe. There have been reports backpedaling to 90s. They claimed that NOx were related with the asthma (Ramasamy et al. 2014). Yet it wasn’t as clear as the wellbeing perils of particulates. What has been clear today is that the NOx has in any event as dangerous in impact as the particulates.

Diesel motors might do nothing to moderate a dangerous atmospheric deviation in spite of being the foundation of to diminish auto outflows.

Tailpipe emanations of ‘dark carbon’ might be as much as twenty-five to fifty percent larger than the gauges for vehicles made before 2005.

On this investigation, exactly twenty millions vehicles being used since 90s have delivered 40 to 80 gm of the CO2 proportional for each kilometer more than already suspected (Kang et al. 2015).

Be that as it may, the finding was addressed by the auto business and different specialists.

Assumptions and Constraints and Governance

Diesel motors created after 2005 possess particulate channels introduced. Yet some review refers to the research finding that 75% of the gadgets tried were not working legitimately.

Diesel autos have been increasing as opposed to relieving a worldwide temperature alteration. Several approaches have created the inverse outcome to what it proposed. They have further presented its populace to a greater number of pollutants than has been essential.

Diesel fuel possesses higher vitality content for each liter than the other fuels.  In addition, diesel motors change over a greater amount of the energy into helpful work. With the help of these two elements, diesel autos may devour around 20 to 25% lesser fuel by volume than the equivalent cars run by petrol (Smith, 2016).

Evacuating any filter has not been illicit. Driving a vehicle without any “diesel particulate channel” has been illegal. So researches have been in the absurd circumstance where organizations could promote to do this. Further they could acquire cash through doing it.  Afterward a while later, the vehicle is unlawful to drive. However it has been difficult to distinguish what has been done on the grounds that they mess with the product that could identify it.

The “risk management” is used to undertake the entire procedure of recognizing and evaluating hazard. It has been setting objectives and making and working frameworks for control. The bio-fuel fabricating industries frequently never go under significant mishap peril directions (Vagg et al. 2013). Despite that fact it is reasonable that the hazard from the bio-fuel business is evaluated and overseen considering the way of dangers and the partners included. The profundity of hazard appraisal ought to be corresponding to the degree of hazard required all the while and facilities. Viable hazard administration can help the bio-fuel business in the avoidance of cataclysmic occasions. It can likewise upgrade administrative or representative learning of operations. It could also enhance specialized methodology, keep up precise process security data and increment general profitability of facilities. A hefty portion of the current bio-fuel makers has been only “small operations” (Grisi 2015). An arrangement of rules enveloping the “process safety management”, yet less thorough, should be created for such offices.

All in all, the inclination for important control measures ought to be:

• Preventive over mitigation.
• Detached over dynamic.
• Designed over authoritative.
• Controls with the most elevated unwavering quality.

For the limit extension, various temporary workers might be at site.  And considerable measure of development exercises including hot works might be in advance close to risky ranges. This must be potential unstable zones. The risk decrease measures proposed are to build up and execute an allow-to-work framework (Alberini et al. 2016). This should also include migrating rest rooms like port cabins. There should be workshops including welding and the cutting and so forth. All these must be to the most distant point far from the procedure unit and the storage area. Likewise, enhancing the consciousness of the procedure dangers and crisis methodology is recommended.

Further research on projects has been needed to identify the relative impact on the given project:

Developing project on the detailed “traffic and vehicle emission modeling” ability:

High-level Project Description and Outputs

This is to be done to help outline and give enhanced, solid evaluations various action plans. It is presently viable to couple the traffic micro-simulations, which display the development of the individual vehicles through the all around indicated road network. This is done with the IEM or “Instantaneous Vehicle Emission Model” that gives second-by-second of fuel utilization and tail-pipe outflow forecasts (Ma et al. 2015). The demonstrating methodology is a stage towards a moment by-second “virtual” portrayal of the “genuine” traffic network. Hence it normally embodies numerous occasions and procedures that impact vehicle discharges. Urban Busses for instance need to make extra stops-and-begins to get travelers on their planned courses.

Remote sensing measurements of emission:

Techniques to utilize the remote detecting discharge estimations as an ongoing “high-emitting” vehicle screening instrument could be investigated. The vehicles that have been characterized continuously as the “high emitters” could be pulled in for consequent testing at a close by “Authorized Testing Office”. They have been trying to lessen discharges from the most exceedingly awful culpable vehicles. It is prescribed to recognize and evaluate the centrality of DPF evacuation. This is a need for such an activity.

There are a number of regulations and guidance for designing, constructing, manufacturing, storage and distribution of hazardous materials and processes involving hazardous operations. Much of the guidance is applicable or relevant for managing process risk associated to the bio-fuel industry (Ma et al. 2015).

There are various controls and direction for outlining, developing, assembling, stockpiling and conveyance of perilous materials and procedures including unsafe operations. A significant part of the direction is appropriate or important for overseeing process hazard related to the bio-fuel industry. Some of them are as following:

 “ATEX Directives (EU)”:

• Directive 99/92/EC: This is also known as the ‘ATEX 137’ or the ‘ATEX Workplace
• Directive’. This is to be done on minimal needs to improve the health and the security protection of the employees potentially at risk from the explosive atmospheres.
• Directive 94/9/EC: This is also known as the ‘ATEX 95’ or ‘ATEX Equipment (Alberini et al. 2016).
• Directive’. This is done over approximation of laws of the “Members States”. The states have been concerned about the equipment and the protective systems. The systems are intended to use in atmosphere that are potentially explosive.

 “A series of guidance from UK HSE”:

• Safe usage and handling the flammable liquid (HSG140).
• The design and operation of safe processes of chemical reaction (HSG143).

“The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974”:

This is fundamental portion of legislation. It has been covering “Occupational Health and Safety” in UK.

Controls nearest to the danger:

Projects including bio-fuel fabricating, capacity as well as transport ought to be dealt with as a procedure including dangerous materials and unsafe operations. All important ventures for hazard administration ought to be completed at each phase of the venture, to build up a “risk management” framework and guarantee the adequacy of the framework by review, support and reviewing. A portion of the contemplations and furthermore control measures proposed for the “risk management” of the bio-fuel business are given beneath:

Utilize reasonable materials that are inalienably protected for the development of vessels, reactors and pipe work:

Steel over plastic for the biodiesel reactors has to be chosen. A strategic distance from breaks from fittings because of operational cycles like temperature changes is to be maintained. Furthermore some assurance against flames like from the methanol discharge adjacent is to be given (Ma et al. 2015). Utilization of plastic channeling for the vehicle of any liquid having methanol, particularly downstream of a pump is to be avoided.

 These adjusts are to be meant for required directions for touchy ranges. It might contain methanol vapor. The methanol vapor is hazardous at only 5% fixation with air.  A different vessel for warming vegetable oil and don’t to introduce electrical warming components in biodiesel reactors could be utilized. Elegantly composed directions and standard working systems to maintain a strategic distance from mishaps from wrong blend or wrong formula might be used. Setting up of general operational rules is advising not to add methanol to hot oil. Adding water to corrosive or methanol to harsh pop should not be done (Alberini et al. 2016). Continuously great ventilation and lighting in the workspace should be there. Bio-fuel in house or in any carport bordering, or some portion of, a home must not be there. Scopes must be there to be worked by appropriately prepared and qualified dependable individuals. Guaranteeing of great housekeeping and building up a crisis arrange must be there.  

Conclusion: 

With the increasing population, the demand for smart city in terms of water pipes, sewers and utility cables are also increasing. In order to meet the requirements of the consumer, the project is desired to be implemented within an estimated budget and time phase as well. Before real world implementation a blueprint of the project is needed to be prepared by the project manager. Though, the management is willing to implement a smart city but as the cost of the required technology is very high thus, the authority needs to focus only on the autonomous vehicles. With the help of this system the citizens of the smart city will be able to access the system freely. The implementation can bring measurable change in terms of regulation and tax reduction.

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