Question:
Discuss About The National Security Capacity Individual State?
The explanation is about the international efforts done to control the infectious diseases with the function of globalization and transformation in the international commerce. The contemporary global health is understood with exploring the health organizations and regulations which dedicate to stem the tide of infectious epidemics. [1]The review is based on claiming the conquest with the infectious diseases that are set according to the World Health Organization. Through the framing approaches, the control is over the new emerging and the re-emerging infectious diseases in terms of the globalization and transformation with human migration. The assertions are based on illustrating the travel and trading which includes how the microorganisms and the other infectious diseases have harbored with them. As per the United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs has estimated that there are more than one billion migrants recorded in the year 2010 that were living outside their country. [2] With the international health endeavors, there is propelling by the technological developments and the new modes set for the transportation and for the railroad steamship lines. The focus is on handling the articulation and the demonstration of the germ theory where the organizational structures with the contemporary public health administration are granted today with encountering the formation of national health agencies.
The concept of national security can be defined as the capacity of the state that addresses the ability to deal with the protection as well as defense of the people. The definition of security is limited to be the part of national security and international security on the contrary have evolved over a period and it extended from the need that nature and many other similar functions specifically globalization. [3]There is a need that no kind of national security can deal on its own and as such it also calls for the cooperation at state level. The international level of interconnection as well as interdependence among the state that the world has thought and constantly experienced because of the end of cold war, has make it important for the state to constantly contribute more and work at one place. The challenge is that the area of international security must consist with the overall concept of security which can be defined by a situation where security concerns are closely connected. [4] It is connected to a point where the security of the state and their needs cannot be considered on realistic level without focusing on the security needs of the other states. The overall fear as well as threat of security based complex is based on rivalry among states. The solution for this kind of rivalry lies in cooperating which can only be found on global agenda of security based initiatives. As per the UN office for coordination of Humanitarian Affairs also called as OCHA, security on human level has taken a wide dimension since they usually go beyond any military protection and get engaged in number of threats for human dignity.[5] As such it also has become crucial for the state to take some conscious level of efforts for building a strong link with other countries and intentionally engage in international level of security based initiatives. [6]
The global health has been able to receive an important attention for the international relations. There is a growth in the public awareness with the re-emerging infectious diseases that are affecting the population in the world. With this, there is a major focus on the prominence of HIV/AIDS which continue to spread and devastate the communities. The diseases like the tuberculosis and malaria are increasing and so 2002/2003 SARS Pandemic has provided the visible vulnerability to the communities with the rapid movement of the people and the goods. The explanation is about the increased prevalence with broad understanding of the connections mainly in between the globalization and health. The lifestyle focusses on the changing trends that have directly affected the public health and the health systems. [7]The development is through properly understanding the non-medical/health sciences which are acquainted with the mechanism of transmission. The change in the biospheres is to accelerate with the emergence of pathogens and then they alter the infectiousness and lethality of the micro-organisms. The causal chain has been described with the Health of Nations where the climatic conditions alter the range and prevalence of the different infections. The concept of Pandemics is based on disease outbreaks that can be widespread as an outcome of the spread of infection at human level. It also goes beyond the weakening which can be fatal sometimes, the results for those can directly affect and in addition, pandemics also have a range of negativity on social, economic and political results. [8]This further tends to be big situation when pandemic become a crucial part of pathogen and has high rate of mortality and hospitalization and can also spread easily.
The outbreaks of the infectious diseases or the increase rate of the lifestyle disease are controlled through the collective action and the political priorities. The globalization has been undoubtedly handle and address the international or the global level issues. Here, the global action on malaria is documented through the exemplary standards where in 1970, there has been a wide-spread of the malaria and the other water borne diseases. [9]The closure of the public health programs is mainly to deal with the ongoing conditions of malaria with the eradication programs that are reversed or eliminated. The discovery is about handling the comprehensive applications of the antibiotics and chemotherapy treatments in the higher income countries. This leads to the perception that the disease is under control with the political declination.
With the infectious disease world view, in 9/11, bioterrorism, SARS and H5N1 Avin Influenzas are some of the contexts and the major security threats. The event of 9/11 on New York and Washington had a major impact where the anthrax has been mainly pushing along with process of securitization of the emerging infectious diseases by blurring the distinctions mainly between the naturally occurring infectious diseases or the deliberate act of bioterrorism. The placing is with the response with the security framework, which is then set for the US Secretary of Navy, with notification after the anthrax attacks through the new union of the public health. The concern is about the reflections at the global level, where the anthrax attacks clearly demonstrated about the security features that have been raised mainly due to the bioterrorists events. SARS epidemics are set to manage and cripple the dynamic cities in the world with loss in the global economic output. In historical times, there were number of infectious diseases that have been most crucial part of human mortality and morbidity. There are cases of migration and on one hand it has been a blessing with free movement of products, money and labor between the nations. On the contrary it can be taken as a curse which is in disguise with rise level vulnerabilities toward some of the bad and life-threatening diseases. The quick spread of these many infectious diseases like HIV, Ebola, SARS and many more have been constantly creating terror in the present international population.[10] There is presence of international level of realization of the level or heights of devastation for human health and wellbeing for so many infectious diseases that can also bring some worry. SAR has a real impact with the sensitizing the world for the future infectious disease threats with demonstrating the dangers that people had. The next threat has been about the capturing of global attention with H5N1 avian influenza virus which needs to be taken seriously.[11] The virus tends to outbreak where it did not attract much attention out of the world of the animal health till May. H5N1virus has a major infection on the human and cause diseases. The infectious diseases and the flu experts tend to express the greater certainty about the dangers which are posed by H5N1 virus. Here, the major influence is through the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Julie Gerberding, who warned the world with impact of the influenza pandemic that is caused by H5N1 virus.
The terrorist attacks by the organizations like Al-Qaeda have a major impact on the activities with the surrounding biological terrorism. There are issues related to the terrorists’ activities with the collection of intelligence on the state program. The terror groups are the defectors who have a daunting task than collecting intelligence on the state program. The offers for the six policy prescriptions are for reducing the dangers which are posed by the biological weapons with the increased transparency and oversight of civilian and biological activities. [12]
The Interpol is one of the world’s biggest biological threats where the recognition is not mainly on the criminal threat but also on the potential dangers to the different countries, regions and the people in the world. Interpol in CBRNE Terrorism Prevention Program includes the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and the explosives, in 2010. It combats the relevant threats with the development of the analysis of intelligence and evaluation of the risks and threats in collaboration to the law enforcement agencies and experts. The assessment is based on the data gathering from the different open sources in the media. The government is slowly becoming more and more aware about the overall threat that is widely infectious disease that can be a threat for the health of people and for the country’s economic and stability on political level. As an outcome, there are multiple responses to the diseases based on diverse threats initiated to appear in national strategies for security. [13]As per the securitization theory, an issue can be taken as an important as well as existential threat to a given base of referent object like state, community or the economic system. It is also anticipated that this kind of framing also produces the needed level of policies that are responding to national level of protection. [14]Scrutiny of number of infectious diseases, has contributed in setting the priority based reforms internal to country as well as at global platform such as declaring a disease like AIDS as international threat by UN in 2000. Similarly, in the year 2014, the UN Security Council has taken number of resolution which states that there are many as well as unprecedented level of outbreak in disease like Ebola in countries like Africa consist it as a threat to global peace as well as security and it further lead to the formation of mission by UN by forming Ebola Emergency Response. There are number of other cases which include communities like Organization of African Unity also called OAU and government came together against HIV. The other trouble development is the terrorist groups in the networks or the virtual networks. [15] It focuses on the law enforcement detection and working over the international terrorists’ organization who tend to form loose affiliations that operate based on the national boundaries and the systems. The identification, penetration is mainly through the success of the U.S. operations in Afghanistan against Taliban which induced the Al-Qaeda operatives to strengthen their ties with robust groups.
This includes the trading and the moving of the people, with cross border business that has enabled the faster pace with planes where the people are able to take weeks in countries and maritime navigation. With the increased poverty and the strong correlations between the poverty and the poor health, there is a major question about the following of the effects on the economic globalization. [16]It is important to focus on the different mainstream views about how the health is prioritized with the references based on the global politics and the economy. The check is mainly on the references and how the widening of the gap is set between the wealthy and the poor people. The unequal access to the different resources is mainly for the good health. The example is related to the adjustments with the fundamental social changes. There is a need to introduce the aid community factory with the structural adjustments and the liberalization methods without any consideration for the social impacts. The elaboration of the neutral description of WTO policies include the different views and how the inherent tension is between the trade and the health interests. The evidence is mainly to support the critical viewpoints and the dominance behind the trade liberalization. [17]The links are related to the dominance of neo-liberal trading policies which include the adjustments of the programs and the intellectual properties. The facilitation with the rapid translational movements of the goods, services and capital is based on the policies which has a diversified impact on the capacity which adheres to the comprehensive health practices. The powerful control is to understand the internal financial institutions with encouraging the development of the countries to undertake the drastic cuts with the public-sector spending, including health as well. Here, the health and the state has a major effect on the capacity where the negative effects of the epidemics is considered the major focus for the Health of Nations. One need to seek for the potential risks which are by the poor health functioning of the states. This directly affect the economic productivity with the reduced growth rate of gross domestic products. [18]The cuts are depending upon the government expenditure on the social programs with shrinking labor pools. The quantitative analysis is selected with leading effects of the cyclical negative effects that tend to reduce the state capacity to govern. There are different approaches which work on the growth and the power to handle the expansion of the public interests. [19]The basic requirements are also based on the facts where the political science focus on the effects of the population health. The economic conditions have led to the increase in the health inequalities and how the health impacts the different indicators of the state capacity. The contribution in the Globalization and Health fits in the approach which begins with the ethical governance standards. It also includes the role of actors and demonstration of the ethics of the cosmopolitan democracy provided under the normative underpinnings. The standards are set with the Pandemics which include the risks to the economic growth and stability. The intrinsic dynamics of the infectious disease breaks with the behavioral and the policy response that has a major economic impact. The globalization drives the economic growth with facilitation to the spread of contagion where the rate of emergence of the new infectious disease appears to be increasing. [20]With this, there is an increased population with the wildlife interaction and increased livestock production that has a zoonotic transmission. From the economic risks perspectives, there are investments in the smaller fraction to what is spent to prevent the financial crises. Example, the latest regulations are for the total loss absorbing capacity which will cost the estimated amount of $17 billion per year for making the big banks safer.
Conclusion
Initially, connected health policy commitment with security can raise the level of priority provided with an issue and provide outcomes. There are some other areas as well of international governance that can further boast the same level of dedication as well as compliance and there are some that still based on core national abilities as well as structures that are concerned for the same. [21]
Secondly there is health security that cannot be taken as a distorted policy by drawing proper attention far away from the crises of health that impact the world’s population at many levels. In fact, there is rise in international and national level of interest in saving the pandemic and results has assisted to raise the objectives of universal level of health care and overall coverage. It is further has been recognized widely that is effective for saving and responding to a specific pandemic needs national health structure that can be accessible as well as equitable.
References
Abraham, Thomas. “The chronicle of a disease foretold: pandemic H1N1 and the construction of a global health security threat.” Political Studies 59, no. 4 (2011): 797-812.
ASSISTANTS, SENIOR. “EDITORIAL OFFICE: 400 Elliott Hall, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH 43015. TELEPHONE: 740-368-3642. FACSIMILE: 740-368-3643. E-mail: [email protected] owu. edu Web: https://www. owu. edu/~ brhistor.”
Comas, Iñaki, Mireia Coscolla, Tao Luo, Sonia Borrell, Kathryn E. Holt, Midori Kato-Maeda, Julian Parkhill et al. “Out-of-Africa migration and Neolithic coexpansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with modern humans.” Nature genetics 45, no. 10 (2013): 1176-1182.
Curley, Melissa, and Nicholas Thomas. “Human security and public health in Southeast Asia: the SARS outbreak.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 1 (2004): 17-32.
Dheda, Keertan, and Giovanni B. Migliori. “The global rise of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: is the time to bring back sanatoria now overdue?.” The Lancet 379, no. 9817 (2012): 773-775.
Elbe, Stefan. “Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and security.” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 1 (2006): 119-144.
Fellner, Fritz. “William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples.” Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Mitteilungen 87 (1979): 495.
Franco, Crystal, and Tara Kirk Sell. “Federal agency biodefense funding, FY2012-FY2013.” Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science 10, no.
Huckel Schneider, Carmen. “Global public health and international relations: pressing issues–Evolving governance.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 62, no. 1 (2008): 94-106.
Koblentz, Gregory D. Living weapons: Biological warfare and international security. Cornell University Press, 2009.
Martínez, María Esther Coronado. “The Mexican Experience of the NAPAPI Revision Process.” Contexto Internacional 38, no. 1 (2016): 203-239.
Morens, David M., Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci. “Emerging infections: a perpetual challenge.” The Lancet infectious diseases 8, no. 11 (2008): 710-719.
Noble, Ronald K. “Keeping science in the right hands: Policing the new biological frontier.” Foreign Aff. 92 (2013): 47.
Sands, Peter, Carmen Mundaca-Shah, and Victor J. Dzau. “The neglected dimension of global security—a framework for countering infectious-disease crises.” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 13 (2016): 1281-1287.
Stern, Alexandra Minna, and Howard Markel. “International efforts to control infectious diseases, 1851 to the present.” JAMA 292, no. 12 (2004): 1474-1479.
Stern, Jessica. “Dreaded risks and the control of biological weapons.” (2006).
[1] Abraham, Thomas. “The chronicle of a disease foretold: pandemic H1N1 and the construction of a global health security threat.” Political Studies 59, no. 4 (2011): 797-812.
[2] ASSISTANTS, SENIOR. “EDITORIAL OFFICE: 400 Elliott Hall, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH 43015. TELEPHONE: 740-368-3642. FACSIMILE: 740-368-3643. E-mail: [email protected] owu. edu Web: https://www. owu. edu/~ brhistor.”
[3] Comas, Iñaki, Mireia Coscolla, Tao Luo, Sonia Borrell, Kathryn E. Holt, Midori Kato-Maeda, Julian Parkhill et al. “Out-of-Africa migration and Neolithic coexpansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with modern humans.” Nature genetics 45, no. 10 (2013): 1176-1182.
[4] Morens, David M., Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci. “Emerging infections: a perpetual challenge.” The Lancet infectious diseases 8, no. 11 (2008): 710-719.
[6] Morens, David M., Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci. “Emerging infections: a perpetual challenge.” The Lancet infectious diseases 8, no. 11 (2008): 710-719.
[7] Martínez, María Esther Coronado. “The Mexican Experience of the NAPAPI Revision Process.” Contexto Internacional 38, no. 1 (2016): 203-239.
[8] Fellner, Fritz. “William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples.” Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Mitteilungen 87 (1979): 495.
[9] Koblentz, Gregory D. Living weapons: Biological warfare and international security. Cornell University Press, 2009.
[10] Noble, Ronald K. “Keeping science in the right hands: Policing the new biological frontier.” Foreign Aff. 92 (2013): 47.
[11] Stern, Alexandra Minna, and Howard Markel. “International efforts to control infectious diseases, 1851 to the present.” JAMA 292, no. 12 (2004): 1474-1479.
[12] Sands, Peter, Carmen Mundaca-Shah, and Victor J. Dzau. “The neglected dimension of global security—a framework for countering infectious-disease crises.” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 13 (2016): 1281-1287.
[13] Curley, Melissa, and Nicholas Thomas. “Human security and public health in Southeast Asia: the SARS outbreak.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 1 (2004): 17-32.
[14] Huckel Schneider, Carmen. “Global public health and international relations: pressing issues–Evolving governance.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 62, no. 1 (2008): 94-106.
[15] Franco, Crystal, and Tara Kirk Sell. “Federal agency biodefense funding, FY2012-FY2013.” Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science 10, no.
[16] Elbe, Stefan. “Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and security.” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 1 (2006): 119-144.
[17] Stern, Jessica. “Dreaded risks and the control of biological weapons.” (2006).
[18] Elbe, Stefan. “Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and security.” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 1 (2006): 119-144.
[19] Sands, Peter, Carmen Mundaca-Shah, and Victor J. Dzau. “The neglected dimension of global security—a framework for countering infectious-disease crises.” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 13 (2016): 1281-1287.
[20] Koblentz, Gregory D. Living weapons: Biological warfare and international security. Cornell University Press, 2009.
[21] Dheda, Keertan, and Giovanni B. Migliori. “The global rise of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: is the time to bring back sanatoria now overdue?.” The Lancet 379, no. 9817 (2012): 773-775.
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