There exists various type of algorithms which has been proposed in order to authenticate the IoT devices. Yang, Hao, and Zhang (2013), was associated with proposing an enhanced model for mutual authentication that is to be used by the IoT environment. The authors also proposed some kind of improvements as well to the algorithms of authentication related to the challenges-response based RFID authentication protocol which are used in the distributed database environment. Besides this the authors of this paper were also associated with making this protocol suitable for the environment of IoT based control system. The paper depicted three major steps which includes the following:
The paper by Porambage et al., (2014), was associated with providing a Two-phased Authentication protocol which is to be used by the Wireless Sensor Networks while operating with a Distributed IoT Application that has been proposed in this paper. The authentication protocol proposed in this paper is considered to be a certificate based authentication approach which is associated with allowing the IoT devices as well as the control based station to authenticate each other along with recognizing each other. Besides this a secure connection is also established which helps in secure transfer of the data. In addition to this the protocol is also associated with supporting the limitations of the resources at the sensor nodes along with taking into account the scalability and heterogeneity of the network. Usage of the Certificate authority has helped a lot in issuing the certificates. Once the existing nodes receive their own certificate they become capable of moving and changing their location. This CA are in turn responsible for validation of the sensors identity along with communicating the other entities which appears in the network. Initialization of the connection can be done by connecting the CA at the first stage so as to confirm the destinations identity. This type of approach can be sated to be an end-to-end application layer authentication approach that is entirely based upon the different security features of the lower layer.
Kalra and Sood (2015), in their paper was associated with proposing a secure authentication scheme that is to be used by the IoT as well as the cloud servers. The proposed schema is entirely dependent upon the ECC or the Elliptic Curve Cryptography based algorithm that is responsible for providing support to other security solution whenever it is compared with any of the other Public Key Cryptography or the PKC algorithm. The major reason lying behind this is that the size that the keys are having are very small. Along with this the authentication protocol is associated with the usage of the EEC. This is generally done for the devices that are embedded and are associated with the usage of the HTTP protocol. All the devices are configured by making use of the TCP/IP. The authentication protocol that has been proposed is designed in such a way that it would be using the HTTP cookies that are implemented for the purpose of getting fitted to the embedded devices, which generally consists of a constrained environment and is controlled by the cloud servers. The protocol can be classified into three different phases which mainly includes the Registration phase, Pre-computed and login phase and authentication phase. Registration of the embedded devices are done with the cloud servers in the registration phase which is responsible for sending back of the cookies present in the embedded devices. Whereas in the Pre-computation and login phase, there is a need of sending a login request before a connection is created between the device and the server. In the last phase or the authentication phase the embedded device along with the cloud servers needs to authenticate each other mutually. This authentication is to be done by usage of the EEC algorithm. Despite of the fact that the EEC algorithm consists of small encryption keys this is responsible for making the size of the encrypted messages to grow more and more.
Mahalle, Prasad, and Prasad (2014), was associated with proposing a Threshold Cryptography-based Authentication Schema that is to be used by the IoT devices. The model proposed in this paper is associated with providing authentication to the differnt IoT devices that entirely depends on the group communication model. This TCGA is mainly designed in order to implement this in a Wi-Fi environment. Besides there occurs the creation of a secret channel or a session key for each of the group authentication which can also be utilized for the group applications as well. There would exist a group head for each of the group who would be associated with the generation of the key and whenever the keys are distributed to a new group member when they are added to the group which helps in preservation of the group keys by preventing any kind of leakage. There modules can be categorized into five major sections and this mainly includes the key distribution, key update, group credit generation, authentication listener and message decryption.
Moosavi et al., (2015), was associated with proposing SEA. SEA is considered to be one of the secure and efficient Authentication and Authorization architecture that are to be used by the IoT technology mainly for the IoT devices operating in Healthcare sector. This is generally done by making use of Smart Gateways. This is the architecture that is entirely dependent upon the certificate based DTLS handshake protocol.
Jan et al., (2015), has been associated with putting forward a lightweight mutual authentication schema which as associated with validating the identities of the IoT devices that are taking part before they are associated with taking part in a particular network. In addition to the above mentioned authentication schema the authors also proposed a decreased communication overhead. Beisdes this the CoAP or the Constrained Application Protocol is chosen as the under layer protocol which is associated with providing a link of communication between the IoT devices. Completion of the authentication is done by utilization of 128-bit AES or the Advanced Encryption Standard. Firstly client identification is done along with identification of the server. This is initially followed by the providing of various kind of resources to the clients that is generally dependent upon the specific conditions which are determined in accordance to the request. Besides this there is a minimization of the transmitted packet number by the conditional specific data transmission and this initially results in the reduction of the consumption and computation of energy. Along with this there is also decrease in the bandwidth utilization while communicating.
Mietz, Abraham, and Romer, (2014) was associated with proposing a new CoAP option. The CoAP is seen to be operational in the application layer and is responsible for providing the ability related to the retrieval of the data from various devices and this type of data might be including the metadata and its sensor measurements and many more. Along with this different kind of real time applications are associated with the utilization of the information. However in some cases it is seen that not retrieving of the raw communication data is a security requirement. The proposed option is also associated with reducing the number of messages whenever the sensor resources are observed and this is also responsible for reduction in the consumption of energy. This is also responsible for increase in the lifespan of a device.
Mietz, R., Abraham, P., & Romer, K. (2014, April). High-level states with CoAP: Giving meaning to raw sensor values to support IoT applications. In Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
This paper has been associated with discussing about the numerous sensors that are being used in our daily life. This sensors are in turn associated with helping in the process of measuring the state of an entity. All this informatins can be accessed by making use of the internet which helps in representation of the real-world objects in the virtual world. The paper has also been associated with the usage of the CoAP in the application layer which helps in retrieving of the data from various sensors and devices. This informations can be used on different real-time applications. The paper helps in understanding the basic principles of IoT and the various constrained application protocol as well. High level state option is also depicted in brief which helps in creation of the new resources on the CoAP server. The major pros of this paper is that it helps in better understanding of CoAP and how this can be used so as to improve the health conditions.
Batina, L., Guajardo, J., Kerins, T., Mentens, N., Tuyls, P., & Verbauwhede, I. (2007, March). Public-key cryptography for RFID-tags. In null (pp. 217-222). IEEE.
This paper is associated with providing a brief overview of the RFID tags which is a new generation of the bar codes that consists of some additional functionality. RFID tags are generally used for the purpose of anti-counterfeiting which is an emerging application and is generally by embedding of the RFID in a product. This paper also discusses about the PKC or the public key cryptography which is associated with offering various kind of attractive solutions in order to tackle the various problems. The main aim of this paper includes the investigation regarding the choosing of an appropriate PKC identification protocol that would be used by the anti-counterfeiting devices. The paper also provides a brief overview of the feasibility related to the identification protocols that is dependent upon the ECC or the Elliptical Curve Cryptography. The major pros of this paper is that it helps in understanding the basic concept of RFID along with understanding the way how it operates as well as its feasibility. Whereas the paper consists of lot of technical portions that acts as a major drawback and besides this the paper does not provide a clear view if the PKC can be implemented upon the RFID tags or not.
Mahalle, P. N., Prasad, N. R., & Prasad, R. (2014). Novel Threshold Cryptography-based Group Authentication (TCGA) Scheme for the Internet of Things (IoT).
This paper is associated with providing a clear overview of the basic concepts of the RFID which are being used in our daily life. The major aim of this paper is to put forward the concept f authentication that is to be used by the IoT devices. The paper has also been associated with reviewing different works related to the authentication in the IoT devices. The report has also been associated with proposing a TCGA Scheme which is an extended work of the Paillier Threshold Cryptography. This proposed Scheme is associated with generation of the secret session keys whenever an authentication is completed. The major pros of this paper is that it helps in obtaining a clear understanding of the essential need of authentication. The paper also helps in understanding the various challenges as well that might be faced by the IoT technology regarding their authentication. Whereas the major drawback of this paper is that no such clear mechanisms has been provided that can be used for the purpose of elimination of the various problems.
Jan, M. A., Nanda, P., He, X., Tan, Z., & Liu, R. P. (2014, September). A robust authentication scheme for observing resources in the internet of things environment. In Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on (pp. 205-211). IEEE.
The major working principle of the IoT has been described in this paper along with discussing about the broadness of the scope that the internet is having while they are incorporated with the physical objects so as to make them identifiable to the other participating entities. Besides this the paper also depicts the fact that most of this are vendor specific and are lacking in some unified standards which is responsible for rendering of the seamless integration and interoperable operations of the IoT. The paper has been associated with proposing with a light weight mutual authentication scheme that is associated with validating the identities of the devices taking part before they are engaged with the communication needed for observing the resources. The major advantage of this paper is that it provides an appropriate mechanism need for authentication along with a robust defence solution so as to protect the system from any kind of attacks.
Liu, J., Xiao, Y., & Chen, C. P. (2012, June). Authentication and access control in the internet of things. In Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2012 32nd International Conference on (pp. 588-592). IEEE.
This paper is associated with putting forward an system which would be helping in the authentication and controlling the access of the IoT devices. The authors of this report has been associated with considering the various inherent vulnerabilities regarding the security and privacy issues that are faced by the IoT devices that are deployed on a wide basis. The existing authentication and access control methods have been analysed in this paper which is followed by the designing of a feasible system for the IoT. Major security and privacy related issues have been discussed in brief.
References:
Batina, L., Guajardo, J., Kerins, T., Mentens, N., Tuyls, P., & Verbauwhede, I. (2007, March). Public-key cryptography for RFID-tags. In null (pp. 217-222). IEEE.
Jan, M. A., Nanda, P., He, X., Tan, Z., & Liu, R. P. (2014, September). A robust authentication scheme for observing resources in the internet of things environment. In Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on (pp. 205-211). IEEE.
Kalra, S., & Sood, S. K. (2015). Secure authentication scheme for IoT and cloud servers. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 24, 210-223.
Liu, J., Xiao, Y., & Chen, C. P. (2012, June). Authentication and access control in the internet of things. In Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2012 32nd International Conference on (pp. 588-592). IEEE.
Mahalle, P. N., Prasad, N. R., & Prasad, R. (2014). Novel Threshold Cryptography-based Group Authentication (TCGA) Scheme for the Internet of Things (IoT).
Mietz, R., Abraham, P., & Romer, K. (2014, April). High-level states with CoAP: Giving meaning to raw sensor values to support IoT applications. In Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Moosavi, S. R., Gia, T. N., Rahmani, A. M., Nigussie, E., Virtanen, S., Isoaho, J., & Tenhunen, H. (2015). SEA: a secure and efficient authentication and authorization architecture for IoT-based healthcare using smart gateways. Procedia Computer Science, 52, 452-459.
Porambage, P., Schmitt, C., Kumar, P., Gurtov, A., & Ylianttila, M. (2014, April). Two-phase authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks in distributed IoT applications. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2014 IEEE (pp. 2728-2733). IEEE.
Rhee, K., Kwak, J., Kim, S., & Won, D. (2005, April). Challenge-response based RFID authentication protocol for distributed database environment. In International Conference on Security in Pervasive Computing (pp. 70-84). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
YANG, J. C., Hao, P. A. N. G., & ZHANG, X. (2013). Enhanced mutual authentication model of IoT. The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 20, 69-74.
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