Economic And Non-Economic Costs Of Crime And Homicide Victimization

Overview of economic and non-economic costs of crime

Question 1

Crime victim’s experiences economics and non-economics cost which is tangible and non-tangible. Both non-economic and economic damages are viewed as medical malpractice claim since they arise from victim’s compensation (De Fronzo, 122). Economics cost is directly associated to the injury of the victim such as rehab expenses, future wage loss and expenses on out-of-pocket. Non-economic cost involves intangible loss incurred by the crime victim. These costs of crime involve suffering and pain, permanent impairments, and imprisonment. Criminal actions generate some social and individual cost (Benson, 211). Empirical estimations of costs on crime are analyzed through theoretical paradigm on national estimates. Many criminal acts result to social harms which are measured as operational costs. Therefore, criminal acts in society impose some extra cost in the GDP of a country.

Society endures different types of crime which are related to cost and damages. Costs of violent crime in society leads to economic loss especially in the estimate of criminal offense accounted in the government’s budget (Benson, 218). Gun violence is another crime in the social system that leads to increased estimations of the state budget. Economic development activities are delayed by possesses of the gun in society. Work and medical costs in the social system are increased by domestic violence that results from the substantial possession of a gun. Drug abuse is another crime that is endured in the social system (Howsen, 448). Criminal victims of drug and substances subject society to low development pace. This is because many potential young people are not able to engage in community development since they are under the influence of drug abuse.

Question 2

The victim is used in the criminal justice to refer to a casualty or sufferer. In most cases, an event or action happens after a victim is injured or harmed especially through criminal activity. The term twice victimized is used when a person is injured or damaged by a man and later by the system (Yates, 96). For example, the phrase of twice victimized can be used when an immigrant or foreigner is sexually assaulted in the new country, and the reporter is trying to take some reports, but there are inconveniences due language barrier. In that case, a person is referred to as twice victimized. Cost benefits analysis uses limited resources in making probation, correction, and enforcement in justice policymakers of the victim (Long, 12). In most case, it promotes public safety through critical analysis on most significant benefits of the victim. Therefore, we can say that a twice victimized crime victim suffers double victimization in a criminal incident.

These concepts are much related to the safety occurrence of the non-reporting incident. A victim depends on people to speak on human performances issues, incident procedures and any unreliable equipment in the non-reporting process (Yates, 96). In such a case, human performances concern the cost benefits analysis reduce the trouble encountered during the investigation process. Non-reporting cases in an event can be hard to detect since they disconnect people from a system barrier. The humanistic system is built to provide motivation of the twice victimized person in the crime. The cost-benefit analysis explores some non-reporting environmental reports to the sustainability of double victimized person (Long, 12). As such, non-problem reporting provides a prompt response of an event to avoid double victimization.

Types of crime-related costs endured by society

Question 3

Social categories factor are much related to homicide victimization in several ways. Violent victimization is established in the foundation of gender disparity, ethnicity, age, and racism. The contemporary risk of victimization is demonstrated by a contemporary illustration of the sophisticated features and patterns (Jenkins, pp). The explanation of the homicide victimization is addressed across age, genders, race, and ethnicity. The need to explore victimization risk provides well-established social factors that happen on a daily basis. Homicide victimization can be analyzed based on gender disparity in different dimensions. Gender-related victimization involves intimate partner violence, sexual assaults, sexual exploitation trafficking, and genital mutilation (Davies, npp). Many of these crimes are directed to female gender since they are much viable to potential victimizers. Sexually oriented victimization involves bisexual parallels, lesbian, and gays. In most cases, these groups of people are harmed or harassed when they fail to meet the sexual expectations of their partner.

Ethnicity studies that examine victimization of different classes of people in the community incorporate various behaviors of a victim (Jenkins, npp). In many cases, these behaviors are primarily viewed as community-level effects on social deprivation, political and economic intersections. In most cases, a youth group in society is victimized due to their habits of associating with a gang. The complexity of age in every society presents a certain group of people with social experiences in gang life (Davies, npp). The social identity of many people in the social system is patterned with socialization differences in the understanding of masculinity of society’s classes. As such, homicide victimization is integrated into different categories of classes in the social system.

Question 4

The most stressful moments of life is when one is departed by a loved associate. The method of providing death notification should be done with a lot of care to avoid hurting the grieving people more (Brace 367). In most cases, death notification is done when a person has been confirmed the death. The initial notification of death is mainly done by a law enforcement body, medical personnel, and volunteers. The manner in which news is passed to the departed members can intensify effects in the grieving process. Death notification which is delayed makes grievers develop contrary notion on the victim thus increasing depression effects (Yudkin, 1601). Mistaken death nonfiction makes grievers establish enormous trauma since they are not sure of the death. Making notification before the substantial information is gathered makes grievers depressed since they want to know much about their loved one.

The law enforcement body provides five crucial steps of making a death notification. The first stage involves immediate steps. When an unexpected death occurs, it is advisable to call 911 in your home (Brace 371). You need to call the doctor when expected death happens primarily in the nursing home. Family members should be notified as soon as death occurs. The next step is to locate an vital paper such as bank documents to make sure the safety deposit box is not accessed by any person. This step helps in finding out the will from the deceased. The third stage involves practical steps and information,  where the unpaid bill is submitted to the personal representative (Yudkin, 1601). The fourth step requires notification of death starting with close family and friends. This step involves providing social security to the insurance companies, landlord and nursing home. The final step is to see Death Chapter Handbook where deceased taxes, bills, and debts are transferred.

Impact of gender, race, and age on homicide victimization

Question 5

Homicide survivor passes through four stages of grieving when they are left by a loved one. These process of grieving involves the following factors as survivors try to express outward emotions. The first stage of grieving is denial and isolation (Robben, npp). The first reaction after death notification will be self-denial upon learning about lost cherished love with the deceased person. Overwhelming responses find a person in a standard and rationalized situation. The common mechanism of the homicide survivor will be numb emotions and the immediate shock of the loss (Shepherd, 594). The second stage is uncontrolled anger when survivors are masking the effects of isolation and denial in the intense emotions. The anger is directed to the deceased one with a notion of blaming everyone.

The next step is depression which is associated with the period of mourning. The first implication that leads to depression is the fact of losing a loved one. In this case, a person is full of regrets and sad in the predominant depression (Robben, npp). The survivor equally worries about the cost and expenses of the held burial ceremony. In this case, a person needs reassurance and simple clarification in a few words to cooperate in any event. Depression stage is more private and is viewed as preparation to bid a farewell to the loved one. The last step is acceptance and resisting any negative emotion (Shepherd, 597). In this stage, one can make peace and remain calm after the depression.

Question 6

Homicide survivors have a certain pattern of expressing their griefs to the departed loved one. Homicide survivors are exposed much risk, and they experience unexpected sudden death now and then. They have different patterns of dealing with death situations (Leenaars, npp). The common reaction patterns involve evaluation of the intensity of the death event to avoid extraordinary trauma. This process helps them to have a good illusion especially to the immortality of the murdered person. The second pattern is to evaluate the event of sadness where subjected factors of acute feeling, helplessness, distrust, and injustices are lowered ( Baliko, 31). The third pattern involves analyzing whether the event of death was anticipated to avoid long-term effects. The ability to understand the death event helps one to visualize impossible happenings. With this feeling, one is able to reconstruct devastated life without long-term struggling with negative emotions.

The fourth pattern involves mindset prior to the event of death. They learn to understand the normal events of death, reduces shock and much suffering. Many survivors are able to overcome death events physically and emotionally after a short period of time (Baliko, 28). The last homicide pattern involves comprehending rush sensory reactions to avoid collapsing due to physical exhaustion and stunning effects. This affects individual feeling in expectation of horror events in daily preoccupations (Leenaars, npp). These patterns of homicide survivor differ from the response of any event because they are developed through behaviors, feelings and thinking of a person. They design a excellent preoccupation factor of the survivor reactions especially in the case of concentration.

Stages of the grief process experienced by homicide survivors

Question 7

Mass-marketing fraud is a form of communication that uses mass media platforms like personal contact, radio, television, mass mailing, internet, and telephones. The scheme is used for soliciting, funding, contracting, and obtaining money for the jurisdiction of multiple victims (Button, 37). It is a form of fraud where the victim are promised prizes and money to do services, especially in the investment. In many cases, it is referred to as scams and has the following characteristics. Consumers’ frauds are grouped in categories such as acting like you are selling something you do not have and taking the money of the potential buyers (Barnes, 53). The next category involves services or supplying goods of low quality given that you were paid for high-quality goods. The other category involves marketing technique of convincing clients to buy a good which they do not want. Finally, it can lead to perpetrating fraud by disguising one’s identity.

Department of justice has highlighted different types of mass marketing fraud that happens in our daily life. The first type involves a fraud scheme of advance-fee where the victim is promised on substantial benefits of cash (Barnes, 57). In many cases, this type of fraud involves benefits such as considerable inheritance, lottery winnings, a million dollar prize, and some valuable items. The fees are paid in advance before the victim is awarded the benefit. Financial and bank account schemes is another type of fraud that involves tricking a potential victim to disclosure bank or financial data so as to be included in an individual scheme. In this case, unauthorized accesses of financial account siphon available funds from the victim’s accounts. It is typically regarded as identity theft. The last category of the fraud as highlighted by the department of justices is investment opportunity scheme where the prospected investor involves in solicitation activities through phone contact or email. Potential victims are promised of the scheme for investments (Button, 47). Then the person disappears unexpectedly after recruiting multiple victims.

Question 8

Cybercrime is outlined as the network or computer oriented crime. The computer system is used as the potential target for the commissioning of a crime (Keyser, 141). The prime motive of groups of people or individual is meant to harm or cause physical and mental injury to the potential victim. Modern telecommunication devices are used indirectly in reputation. In many cases, a victim of cybercrime is threatened on financial health to commit specific harm (Miquelon-Weismann, 192). They are equally a threat to national security. Victim and offenders of the cybercrime are involved in activities of child grooming, child pornography, extortion, unwarranted mass surveillance, copyright infringement and hacking.

Cybercrime is growing very fast in the modern society where victims are exploited by potential criminals. The extent of cybercrime causes physical and mental harm to an individual (Bossler, npp). Victims of cybercriminal experiences different types of torture in the range of criminal activities. Law enforcement provides that advanced cybercrime and cyber-enabled crime as internet related harm. The advanced cybercrime involves high-tech and sophisticated attacks through a computer system. The cyber-enabled crime involves traditional ways of advents, turning the internet into a criminal venture. The new trends of the cybercrime require internet users to be more cautious of potential threats from any network (Keyser, 148). Widespread online crime requires one to take online safety to protect personal devices from a potential threat.    

References

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