Discuss about the Economic and Social Inequality Development.
Equality and liberty are two most valued fundamental rights of the citizens of any nation. The concepts of equality and liberty may be identified as the two basic pillars of democracy. Any democratic nation should not tolerate any discrimination of its citizens and should treat all the country equally. Social equality may be defined as a concept in which fairness and justice concepts are applied to social policies. The following report deals with the major global issues of the present days. This report critically discusses the policies, programs and strategies with regards to the equity and development around the globe. The report undertakes and critically examines some case studies of the Asia-Pacific region. The following report attempts to throw some light on the concepts of change and growth as related to development of the society on both national and international levels.
Social growth and development may be referred to as the process whereby the feelings, thoughts and behaviors of a person are affected by the presence of any other person. This also refers to the ways in which this process undergoes change with the passage of time. Lev Vygotsky, one of the main theorists of the theory of social growth, in the theory of social constructivism argues that a major factor in the development of a child is the culture that the child is exposed to. According to the famous theorist, development always moves to an individual level from social levels.
The social equality concepts may be traced back to the to the works by ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Though definitions of the concept may vary from person to person but the central idea of the definitions remain constant on the issue of fairness and justness. In modern times, equity involves the role of administers. These public administers are responsible for looking into the fact that the social services are being dispensed equably among all the members. In order to keep up to their responsibilities, global equality administers have resorted to certain policies, programs and strategies to address to the issue of global equality and development.
Social equality needs the legal enforcement of social classes or boundaries of caste to be absent. In order to execute the concept properly, all discrimination that is motivated by some inviolable part of the concerned person must be avoided. The citizens must not be discriminated based on their caste, creed, sex, religion, age, race, origin, sexual orientation, property, language, health, convictions, income and opinions. The major global issues that can be highlighted in the present day scenario are women empowerment, gender equality, aged population growth, medical issues in health care such as AIDS. There are issues regarding the rights of children, decolonization, hunger issues, human rights and population, refugees of various countries (Un.org, 2017).
The most raging issue at the present moment is the issue of women liberation and empowerment. Women empowerment has turned into an important topic of discussion worldwide. It points to approaches that hold good for other belittled genders as well. Women economic empowerment refers to women’s ability to enjoy controlling their rights and benefitting from their own resources. It further refers to the ability of women to improve their economic well-being and status.
There has been adopted many policies to address the issues of social development. In this particular issue of women empowerment and liberation, various methods towards tackling the issue are taken into account. Women, in many of the underdeveloped and developing countries, do not have the legal rights to own any piece of land. As a measure to empower women in those countries, they should be allowed to own a piece of land. There are policies that have been formulated on various other social issues that need immediate attention like the issue of gender equality and food-related issues.
Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment of people totally or partially on the basis of their gender. This issue stems from differences in the gender roles as defined by the society. It depends on the socially constructed or empirically grounded distinction on the basis of the gender of a person. Gender equality is a much needed founding ground for a peaceful, sustainable and prosperous world (Un.org, 2017). It is not only a basic human right. In case of gender related issues, there are policies of the UNICEF that deal with the issues of equality between boys and girls. These policies of the United Nations aim to provide for educational access to all the global citizens irrespective of their gender (UN, 2015). It also aims to provide equal access to all the citizens of the world with an equal access to health care, representations in economic and political processes involving decision making. Gender equality will boost sustainable economics and be beneficial to humanity and societies at large.
The Gender in Development Programme or GIDP advises, assists and facilitates the equality policies, practice and dialogue and helps in empowering women (Un.org, 2017). These programs are implemented in the countries around the world. In the eastern countries, there are found huge implementations of the women empowerment policies. The governing bodies of the countries try to ensure that all the citizens of the country have access to educational institutions irrespective of their gender and caste. These programs tend to look into the issue of women having lesser access to basic as well as higher education, greater risks on the field of health and safety issues and lower representation in the political issues. Women should be guaranteed rights and be given opportunities to achieve their ultimate potential. It is necessary for attaining the goals of global equality and wider ranges of international development.
The programs aim to provide a boost to a woman’s decision-making authority, sense of being self-worthy, access towards resources and opportunities, the authority and control over happenings both inside and outside the house. It also tries to make a change in a woman’s ability to affect the changes that take place around her. These programs focus mainly on educating the female members of the society. These programs are implemented mainly in the developing countries where there is a higher percentage of girls being out-of-school as compared to the number of boys. In the developing countries, the number of girls not attending schools is approximately a quarter of the population. Another raging issue is the health care issue of women. The issue of healthcare and safety has become a real concern in the present world. In most of the cases, women have been suffering from HIV or AIDS. This is due to lesser opportunities of education regarding health issues, inequality of power in the sexual relationships and the result of violence based on gender (Peacecorps.gov, 2017). In many of the developing countries, women have little access to services related to prenatal and newborn care. There is a much lesser percentage of women who have access to political and economic empowerment. Despite the world population of women being more than half of the total population, the wealth owned by them is a meagre one percent of the total wealth of the world. The women are mostly involved in non-paid work in the households. They even lack the right to own property in some parts of the world. There are many underdeveloped countries where women lack the right to inherit or own property, they do not have access to earning their own money or obtaining credit from any source. Women across the world are subjected to discrimination at their workplaces in case of moving up in their concerned organizations. The participation of women in politics all over the world is required to maintain and achieve true democracy and equality on the terms of gender (Bexell, 2012). Women have always been the decision-makers who remain underrepresented both in the public and domestic affairs.
The United Nations commission have outlined a powerful action set in order to help attain the set goals towards women empowerment and attaining global equality on global gender issues. The 60th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women will focus firmly on the implementation of the agreement. The key challenges that are to be addressed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are poverty, inequality and the change in climate. The goals of sustainable development that are undertaken can be achieved if the issue of gender equality and women empowerment are addressed.
The issues that are to be looked into constitute the main issues of the women empowerment. It aims to equalize the number of men and women in the labor markets. This would, in turn, affect the global economy thereby increasing the annual global GDP by the year 2025 (Unwomen.org, 2017; UN, 2015). The presence of women at the peace forums increase the probability of a long lasting peace agreement by considerable measures. The women need to be educated in order to help in the increase of the mortality rate of the newborns. There has been commendable progress on the issues of gender inequality and women rights since the Beijing Conference but there still remains scope for improvement (Haack, 2014). The commission has also undertaken strategies to help eradicate violence against women. The commission has undertaken steps and implemented measures so as to end the violence that keeps affecting women at large. These violent activities also come with huge amounts of economic costs that the society has to incur.
Asia-Pacific region is the region of the world that refers to the part of the world that is situated near the western part of the Pacific Ocean. This area varies in its size depending on the context based on which it is referred to. The region generally is inclusive of east, south and south Asia along with Oceania countries like Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia. Some other countries of the American coast of the eastern Pacific Ocean like Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, United States and Russia may also be referred to as inclusive of the region due to the inclusion of these countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
The main issue that these region faces in terms of global inequality is the issue of progress on the terms of economy (Adb.org, 2017). Though the economies of the Asia-Pacific have experienced a rise in the per capita income and have reduced the extreme poverty issues to almost half of what it was (Adb.org, 2017; Park & Mercado Jr, 2015). There are reports that suggest that the gap between the rich and poor have increased in many economies thereby worsening the situations. There are countries that include population with lowest the shares of the total national income or consumption belonged to the poorest sections of people (Eastasiaforum.org. 2017; Coady & Gupta, 2012). These countries have high Gini coefficients, a measure for inequality, like the People’s Republic of China (Adb.org, 2017; Woo & Sung, 2013). There has been observed a reduction in poverty, rates of mortality of children under five years, and in the average schooling years. There has been a decrement in the child mortality rate, though the reduction in the number of children that are underweight is yet to be witnessed. Studies suggest that the number of people under the poverty level have been over the number of total employed people in the country.
Conclusion
Thus, from the above report, it may be suggested that in order to attain global equality, many more hurdles are to be overcome. The issues that need much attention are the issues regarding women empowerment and gender equality. It may sound to be a Utopian concept but global equality is attainable if all the nations of the world come together to address the causes that prove to be hindrances to the attainment of equality in the world. The world will comprise of people from different races and cultures and in order to make living sustainable in this world, the diversifications have to be maintained. Developments and changes in the various regions of conflict may be brought about but not by compromising on the issues that deem a certain number of people to be separate from the rest of the world on the basis of their gender or race or religion.
References
Adb.org. (2017). Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.adb.org/features/inequality-asia-and-pacific-region-12-things-know
Adb.org. (2017). Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators 2013: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific Special Supplement. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.adb.org/publications/framework-inclusive-growth-indicators-2013-key-indicators-asia-and-pacific
Adb.org. (2017). Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2013?ref=data/publications
Bexell, M. (2012). Global governance, gains and gender: UN–business partnerships for women’s empowerment. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14(3), 389-407.
Coady, D., & Gupta, M. S. (2012). Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund.
Eastasiaforum.org. (2017). Inequality in Asia: the case for inclusive growth. East Asia Forum. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/07/22/inequality-in-asia-the-case-for-inclusive-growth/
Haack, K. (2014). Breaking barriers? Women’s representation and leadership at the United Nations. Global Governance, 20(1), 37-54.
Kanbur, R. (2014). Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, drivers, and policy implications. Routledge.
Park, C. Y., & Mercado Jr, R. V. (2015). Financial inclusion, poverty, and income inequality in developing Asia.
Peacecorps.gov. (2017). Www.peacecorps.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from .https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment/
UN, G. A. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. A/RES/70/1, 21 October.
Un.org. (2017). Policy – United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Un.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/policy/index.shtml
Un.org. (2017). WomenWatch: Directory of UN Resources on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women. Un.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/directory/programmes_funds_1002.htm
Un.org. (2017). www.un.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5_Why-it-Matters_GenderEquality_2p.pdf
Unwomen.org. (2017). Press release: Implementation of 2030 Agenda to be the focus at single largest forum on women and girls. UN Women. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/3/press-release-csw60
Woo, W. T., & Song, L. (2013). China’s dilemma: economic growth, the environment and climate change (p. 428). ANU Press.
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