Introduction
Main Body
Conclusion
There are people who are known as indigenous and they live in many countries across the world. These people include the Indians who live in US, the Aborigines who live in Australia, Maori in New Zealand and other people who also are spread all over the world. There are in total 5000 different indigenous and other people who belong to the tribes and in all they make a total of 300 million people together. It is known that approximately 4000 to 5000 languages are still spoken across the world which is spoken by the indigenous people. Indigenous people live in different environments in rural areas and mostly every one of them have their own identity, customs, economy and their own language and beliefs (Hanafi, 2009). The indigenous people’s education is diverse due to the cultures and the societies in which these people live. This report discusses about the education of the northern territory people who are also indigenous and the policies and the history of these people in terms of the bilingual languages (Government, 2015).
Indigenous people have always believed that they have got their own languages from their creators i.e. ancestors. It’s their belief that their ancestors have actually brought them to their homeland, gave those languages to speak and also the rules to abide and for looking after their land on which they live. There is often a term “lost” is given to such type of languages because they have extinct due to the policies of the government. This occurred due to the Government labeling done for the indigenous people and refers to as half caste or real aborigines. The plan was for full blood people. For going reverse they could eventually die and their children could be integrated into the White Australia.
The number of the Aboriginal languages is not certain but before colonization existed, the estimate gad gone over 150 – 650. There are many people who refer to the fact that there are many dialects. Soon when the colonization started, the languages for indigenous people stared declining and till today, these languages are declining very soon. Since English came into picture, these languages were taken as inferior language as it had no future in Australia. In the colonization process, the western education was considered to be very important (Freeman, 2017).
Though, the curriculum in Australia provides the three different pathways when the children who are from English speaking backdrop study the languages which differ from English. At the same time, it is also revealed that this twofold standard where the present educational policies have priority with the languages of trade like Chinese & accommodates the orators of such languages. While at the same time Aboriginal languages speaking, students are never given with the similar spaces.
The policies in Australian language went via three different stages of evolution altogether with the cultural policies. Those three stages are as follows:
The very first stage is known as the assimilation stage which happens to be in the time of 1901-1960’s. In this period, the Government of Australia always believed the immigrants and people who are indigenous too did harm to the identity and security of the nation(Zhou, 2017). That is the reason why the Government adopted the assimilation for the Non-English languages with this objective that they will be able to force Indigenous people and other nonnative people to give up on their native languages and learn the civilization of Australia. White Australia policy had prevailed in that era. These were the circumstances when actually English language failed and it did not get any respect(Cardenas, 1993).
Then comes the second stage which is known as Integration in 1960 – 1972’s. In the inception of this era, colonial and semi colonial nations did become independent. There were criticisms in the world on the White Australia policy and that is why this policy become hard to continue. Hence, the policy was given up.
The third stage which is known as Multiculturalism came after 1970’s. During this era, multiculturalism was introduced. Then Australian people actually learned the significance of the diverse culture and languages. Then things changed and the Government started to accept new policies for encouraging different languages. Finally, till 1987, the Commonwealth Department of Education issued the first official language policy in Australia and NPL. NPL consists of three policies: All Australian have equal rights for enjoying the Australian English. Then all Australians will enjoy bilingualism and third is that all Australians migrant languages and also aboriginal languages would be accepted as only one of its kind inheritances of Australia which is exceptional and worth (McConvell, 2001).
The state of the current indigenous languages is that it has decreased approximately 90% and these languages are not even spoken fluently and not even regularly by all ages since 1800. It from there continued to fall and it fell since 1986 to 1996. There were studies done that if the trend goes on like this, then by the year 2050 there will not be any kind of indigenous languages which will exist in Australia (Rmit, 2017). This prediction can easily be true since this trend is going to probably be last leaving strong languages which are still spoken for other generations or two but the scene is yet unwelcoming The revitalization of the languages has actually had a good impact in the increase of folks recognizing as the speakers of such indigenous language in at least one region. Out of the 20 language categories since 1990, 3 must be taken in danger of extinction. Age matters a lot as there would always be less young people who will be willing to speak these indigenous languages according to the trend. All this is because of the language shift. There has been a rise up in the quantity of recoding and the documents of the indigenous languages since past decade (Lattimore, 2017).
Employees and the bilingual skills are actually employed for reasons like linguistic ability or because of the generalist workers who skills in bilingual languages can be utilized by the firm for supporting the delivery of the services towards the people who have low English proficiency. When the agencies are acknowledging the benefits of having the bilingual staff, there is no standard that exists, training and nor the policies which can define such roles (Liddicoat, 2007). There have been improvements significantly for the standards of training and accreditation for the interpreters as the part of the national strategy surrounding the language services. This actually provided the boost of welcoming nature to the professionalism and also accountability of interpreting services and the skill levels of interpreter.
It is very significant that the workers of bilingual language are skilled in their job which they are capable of performing. There are many trained employees and professionals who actually can conduct their roles in LOTE just because they have the skills and at the same time have the connections in the community. It is really significant that the teachers of such languages should be familiar with both set of standards in their practice and also able to use them and respond to them as well. The AFMLTA standards as the standards which are aspirational (Fecca, 2017). They give the examples of the characteristics which languages and cultures the teachers must have in them in their careers. They have been developed for the language teachers and are certain to the language teaching in general. Their intention is to be used as a set of standards and a guide by an overarching standard incepting that accomplished languages and cultures teachers act in ethical way and also reflective way. They are committed for continuing as teachers for life long and are involved not it’s in teaching languages but also in teaching the values and respect themselves and others.
The actions of the National Indigenous Languages Policy are as follows:
Status quo is actually a Latin phrase which means that the state of affairs exists especially with respect to social and political matters. In sociological sense, they usually apply to manage the existing social structure and values.
It is explicit in the orientation dealing with the language issues as critical to a viable development strategy and is also aware of the potential for the in-depth empowerment via indigenous languages and in their offering of solution. Though it is really very contestable and critique is important for seeking the feasibility of the suggestions for the change and the growth via new language outlooks(King & Schielmann, 2004).
References
Apref. (2012). Indigenous languages policy . Retrieved September 11, 2018, from www.aphref.aph.gov.au_house_committee__atsia_languages2_report_chapter3.pdf
Cardenas, J. (1993). Current Problems in Bilingual Education: Part I. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://www.idra.org/resource-center/current-problems-in-bilingual-education-part-i/
Fecca. (2017). Australia’s Bilingual and Bicultural Workforce. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://fecca.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Australias-bilingual-and-bicultural-workforce-Report-2017.pdf
Freeman, L. A. (2017). The positioning of Aboriginal students and their languages within Australia’s education system: A human rights perspective. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 174-181.
Government, N. T. (2015). What Works: A discussion of languages Policy for Northern Territory Schools. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/229230/Languages-Policy-Discussion-Paper-280515.pdf
Hanafi, A. (2009). Indigenous languages as ‘developmentals. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/students/student-journal/adham-hanafi-summer-09.pdf
King, L., & Schielmann, S. (2004). The challenge of indigenous education: practice and perspectives. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001347/134773e.pdf
Lattimore, S. (2017). A comparative analysis of indigenous bilingual education policy and practice in Australia and Peru. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/143270/3/Lattimore%20Thesis%202017.pdf
Liddicoat, A. J. (2007). An Investigation of the State and Nature of Languages in Australian Schools . Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://www.unisa.edu.au/PageFiles/34831/Liddicoat%20-%20An%20investigation%20SNfinalreport3.pdf
McConvell, P. (2001). State of Indigenous languages in Australia – 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/34091/66504_00001559_01_indigenous-languages.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Rmit. (2017). Rebooting Indigenous language for the 21st century. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2017/jul/rebooting-indigenous-language-for-the-21st-century
Samantha’Disbray. (2012). At benchmark? Evaluating the Northern Territory bilingual education program. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/40960/Disbray.pdf?sequence=1
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download