Effect Of Nano Alumina On Concrete’s Mechanical Properties

The Problem of Concrete Cracking

Behfarnia and Salemi (2013, p.102) states that concrete is an uncommonly various material made by mix of finely powdered bond, sums of various measurements and water with trademark physical, substance and mechanical properties. An effect between the security and water results to calcium silicate hydrate, which in turn produces a strong quality and other appealing  features of concrete, and also a few outcomes counting calcium hydroxide [CH], ‘gel pores’ et cetera (Behfarnia & Salemi 2013, p.120). Regardless of the hydrated security and their reaction, materials are available wherever in the strong, the reactions inside the strong as it sets and sustains are difficult to control and this is a constant issue in the strong business.

The genuine worry in the strong at cemented state is the break and its consequent issues. The breaks in strong structures and less than ideal deterioration are predominantly a result of solvent base silica reaction, which is a blend reaction that causes holes in the strong. Moreover, permeability of gasses through pores and scaled down scale softens up the strong, which prompts utilization issue in the fortress of strong expedites extra weakening. In addition, Gan study (1997) shows that the improvement and decrease is strong, which are [also purpose behind] breaking up of concrete as it ages. This occurrence happens as a result sulfate strike, which causes decay in strong, substance depleting and both the events are in a general sense because of the wealth calcium hydroxide [CH], the outcome in the midst of bond hydration as indicated by the engineered conditions.

2C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3CH

2C2S + 4H C3S2H3 + CH

[Cement science documentation: C = CaO; S = SiO2; H = H2O]. Considering the above conditions, we can conclude that the C-S-H is the quality stage, however the outcome, CH is not having any cementitious properties, easily be sifted through, and slanted to substance assault (Bittnar & Nemecek 2009). With the extension of proper cementitious materials, generally siliceous or aluminous, with bond which causes a reaction with wealth CH and convey supplementary C-S-H with the substitution of porous CH and filter the pore structure and declines vulnerability of gasses and water in concrete (Patel 2009, p.55). The lessening of the CH content in the midst of bond hydration related with the potential results of sulfate ambush and mixture depleting can be decreased further, which will deal with to remediate the strong breaking to some degree. Bouodudina’s study (cited in Mohamed 2014) indicated that researchers worldwide have attempted to deal with the above issue with various methodologies, for instance, pozzolanic reactions of cement using cementitious materials, by strategies for compound reactions of the symptom CH to get additional C-S-H materials or by pore filling framework by using cementitious materials (Bououdina and Mohamed, 2014). The supplementary cementitious materials, for instance, pounded fly powder, ground granulated effect warmer slag, thick little scale silica seethe, rice husk searing garbage, metakaoline et cetera have been examined comprehensively in concrete as pozzolanic materials to allow the CH and get the additional C-S-H (Bittnar & Nemecek 2009, p.65). The development of going with cementitious materials in the strong will not upgrade the mechanized properties of concrete, yet also its workability, change in setting times and strength (Brito and Saikia 2012, p.53).

The Role of Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Sanchez (Sobolev 2010, p.245) states that [experts] are abusing nanotechnology to propel another period of strong materials that overcome the above drawbacks and endeavoring to finish the sparing strong structures. Improvement of materials require the day for upgrade or better execution for excellent building utilizes and changing the state of materials to the extent combination or microstructure or nanostructure has been the set up course to blend new materials.

The present resources can moreover be found by smart and intermixing of existing materials at part level. With the progress of nano development, nano materials have been created that can be linked with well-built mix frameworks to consider the physical, engineered and enhanced mechanical properties of cement (Sanchez and Sobolev 2010, p.312). Among the distinctive made or manufactured nano materials, incorporate, nano silica, nano alumina, nanotitania, nano zirconia, nano Fe2O3. The extension of nanoalumina (NA) redesigns the probability for the response with calcium hydroxide (CH) to develop greater quality passing on structure of security: calcium silica hydrates (C-S-H) and besides pore filling effect of nano silica in the solid (Gopalakrishnan et al. 2011, 95).

Subsequently, in this paper, a fundamental study on the affecting components of nano alumina in concrete in detail and the investigation action towards the above endeavor later on have been given. Utilizing depiction instruments, the ability to get a predominant cognizance of the materials under scrutiny for their size, shape and morphology of crystalline or undefined property of those materials have been discussed.

Furthermore, nano materials vary from those with the same material with approximately mm- scale dimensions. The use of nano materials lies under nanotechnology, which aims at manipulating these building blocks to fit to a particular application. Nano materials can be organic or in organic which are categorized based on the chemical class (Bittnar & Nemecek 2009, p.79). In organic nano, particles are further grouped either as nano powders or as nano particles. As mentioned earlier, this paper narrows down into looking into nano alumina as a component in concrete. It will go deep into answering on issues that are directly to nano alumina.

Bond and mortar are compounds whose general mechanical highlights are exaggerated by features and strategy of each fixing (solid, add up to) it. By combining nano-materials (alumina) into network to advance, mechanical properties ascended as a hopeful examination field of nano-compounds (Chee et al. 2012, p.118). Differentiated and the occasion of thick structure matrix, for instance, polymer, the condition is exceptionally special in the scope of cement matrix composites, since bond grid has comparatively free structure. Connecting the bond and the aggregate are nano-sized air spaces, which may have immense consequence on the nanoparticles mechanical properties (Chee et al. 2012, p.118).

Nanotechnology and Nano Materials

Generally, there is an incredible arrangement space for change of bond composites by joining nanomaterial into the bond cross section. Very tiny inorganic materials together with dynamic composite, Al2O3, for example, slag, zeolite and coal red hot flotsam and jetsam were ended up being fundamental component of some excellent cement (Brito & Saikia 2012, p.85). Just to think about alumina and silica, silica smoke is noteworthy for advancing mechanical features, and increasing the freeze– defrost quality, the vibrant damping limit, the scratched region security, the bond quality with steel rebars, the substance strike assurance and the disintegration insurance of steel rebars.

In addition, silica seethe lessens the acid neutralizer silica reaction ability, the drying contraction, vulnerability, creep rate, and warm extension (Sanchez & Sobolev 2010, p.412). There have been an extensive measure of investigation on silica enhanced mortars, however the condition is differing in the zone of nano-alumina joined bond, where little or no research  have been made on this up to now. Therefore, this paper aims at shading some light on this.

[Request to arrive into substantial conclusion] on the impacts of nanoalumina on concrete an investigation is important to look at different variables (Sanchez and Sobolev 2010, p.102).

The following is the investigation. In the test sand, bond from the Portland and alumina are to be utilized. The examination goes for taking a gander at the impact caused by nanoalumina on cement and thus to delineate diagrams and in addition tables are important to bring a reasonable picture.

Remembering the true objective to reliably disseminate nanoalumina into mortars, the typical sand and the nanoalumina were uniformly mixed by quick blender for 5 min, by then the mix was blended with water for 10 min (Sanchez and Sobolev 2010, p.202).. by hand and molded over a vibration machine. The dissect used tube molded cases (Φ20×40 mm) with 3%, 5%, 7% nanoalumina of solid cast by the extent of water/cement=0.4, concrete/sand=1:1 (mass proportion)(Behfarnia and Salemi 2013, p.270). These cases were remolded in the wake of being cured in saturated air at 20 °C for 1 day, by then the cases were treated in water at 20 °C to each age and a while later their quality to compress and adaptable modulus were attempted (Behfarnia and Salemi 2013, p.272).

Having a given ultimate objective to throw away effect of load decantation, the end surface of all illustrations was planished, and the center point was vertically placed before break down, and to discard result of rubbing constrain between end surface of cases and establishment of test machine, oils were secured (Qing et al. 2007, p.333). In choosing the versatile modulus of the mortars, two essential electric strain gages (gage length=10 mm) were escalated on the limiting sides of the case and acquainted in game plan with evaluate the compressive strains(Qing et al. 2007, p.336). The ability to was straightforwardly through use of WDW-100 10-ton general testing machine with predictable expulsion test speed of 0.1 mm/min. following the above research led the accompanying were the conclusions and examination of nanomaterial on nature of cement;

Investigating the Effect of Nano Alumina on Concrete’s Mechanical Properties

From the investigation, it is true beyond doubts that the effects of nanoalumina amount on mortar’s compressive quality were not verifiable as adaptable modulus. The ability to compress for mortars with the segment of 3%, 5%, 7% were fairly higher than plain mortars at age of 3 days and 7 days(Campillo et al. 2007, p.700). Then again, the compressive nature of mortars with 3%, 5% Nanoalumina was relatively lower with that of 7% nanoalumina being some degree privileged than plain mortars at age of 28 days. This clarification was spoken to in the diagram beneath; 

 

The graph is obtained from improved of initial mechanical strength by nanoalumina in belite cements (Campillo et al. 2007, p.720)

Compressive test done 7, 28 and 120 days respectively indicate almost the same and positive results as that of article 1. In this experiment, it was noted that the compressive ability of concrete after 28 days increased with a 22.71% when compared with normal concrete (ZhenhuaLi et al. 2006, p.201). The increase of compressive ability in concrete can be attributed to addition of nanoalumina, which can act as nuclei for cement phases (ZhenhuaLi et al. 2006, p.203). Nanoalumina was established to increase the cement hydration because of the high reactivity.  From this experiment, it was also concluded that nanoalumina would fill pores, which in turn would increase the compressive strength of the concrete. The table below justifies the above explanation: 

		Compressive Strength      (7days)	28 days	120 days
Mixture no.	Target(Mpa)	Enhanced extent %	Target (Mpa)	Enhanced extent (%)	Target (Mpa)	Enhanced Extent (%)
PC(plain concrete)	27.10	0.00	42.11	0.00	47.15	0.00
NTC( (Nano titanium)	30.35	12.00	51.67	22.71	59.88	27.00
NAC(nanoalumina)	29.27	8.00	47.43	12.63	54.70	16.01
NFC(Nano iron)	28.45	5.00	46.48	10.07	53.90	14.31
NZC(Nano zinc)	29.81	10.00	49.74	18.13	58.04	23.11

 
The table is obtained from Investigations on the preparation and mechanical properties of the nano-alumina reinforced cement composite (ZhenhuaLi et al., 2006)

 

Comparing the two articles, the results seem to be somehow related. It can be concluded that the effect of nanoalumina on compressive ability of concrete is adverse. From both articles, it was discovered that it increased the compressive ability through reducing the pores hence increasing the binding ability of concrete. However, it is advisable to adjust the amount of water depending on the amount of nanoalumina used. Moreover, the quantity for the first articles were 3%, 5% and 7% of nanoparticles while in the second a constant proportion of 2% was used but in either case, the results obtained were nearly but the effects on concrete varied according to the quantity (ZhenhuaLi et al. 2006, p.175).  Still on the same note, it was discovered from both experiments that increase in the number of days lead to a corresponding increase in the compressive ability. 

When different quantities of nanoalumina are used, the corresponding elasticity differed in a great deal. The versatile modulus of the mortars with 3% nano-alumina at age of 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days is 135%, 133%, 139% of that for plain mortars, individually (Muhammad & Waliuddin 1996, p.426). For instance, using a 5% nanoalumina the flexibility of modulus of mortars attained its most extreme what’s more, was 154%, 241%, 243% of that for plain mortars at age of 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, separately. The modulus of mortars with the division of 7% nano-alumina was somewhat underneath plain mortars at period of 3 days, and was 209%, 208% of plain mortars at 7 days, 28 days, individually (Muhammad & Waliuddin 1996, p.429). This explanation was presented in the graph as shown;

 

The graph is obtained from improved of initial mechanical strength by nanoalumina in belite cements (Campillo et al. 2007, p.1223) 

Various researches have been done to look into the importance of adding Nano alumina on concrete (Bjornstrom et al. 2004, p.1384). Some hold the idea that on-alumina causes little impact on concrete by reducing the cracking or formation of pores on concrete. Other researches completely support the idea of adding nano alumina as the solution to improving the quality of concrete. As mentioned earlier, numerous measures tried by scientists to improve the quality of concrete have not been successful and therefore this one proves effective to many scientists.

Constructing my contention with respect to the past research on this I have a tendency to accept and bolster expansion of nano alumina into concrete affects the nature of cement. At the point when the level of nano alumina on concrete is low, the impact caused is close to nothing, and then again, when the level is high, the effect is noteworthy. These can be defended by the above experiment. Having developed nano-alumina extension, the adaptable modulus of mortars extended in the same way. As the substance of nano-alumina is 7%, the adaptable modulus of mortars is not as much as that for 5% division (Zhenhua et al. 2006, p.288). The outstanding reason is that nano-alumina would more have the capacity to easily add up to with the augmentation of nano-alumina divide, and consequently, the thickness of ITZ lessens, and the flexible modulus of mortars reduces.

Aspects that can affect nature of mortars are according to the accompanying: piece and substance of stone in mortars; water bond extent and hydration level of bond; size, number and dispersal of slim (Bjornstrom et al. 2004, p.183). In this paper, nano-alumina got was 150 nm α-arrange alumina, which has stable structure, and higher hardness and size. Exactly when nano-alumina was combined into mortar, it may very well impact the amount of 150 nm hairs-like (ZhenhuaLi et al. 2006, p.214). At test provisions of this paper, the aggregate was included by nano-alumina, so the compressive nature of mortar with nano-alumina was not through and through redesigned. Having developed of nano-alumina extension, the compressive nature of mortar in the first place time in the same way extended. In this way, from this examination it can be reasoned that Nano alumina has consequences for the solid however this relies upon the amount utilized.

Basing arguments on the two articles provided on effect of nanoalumina on concrete, we can prove that the compressive ability will increase depending on the amount used. In the first article where a 5% of nanoalumina is used the results are slightly higher than when a 2% is used in article 2 hence the content used affects the compressive ability. On the same note the number days given for the experiment also affect the results in that more days increase the efficiency of the results. However, nanoalumina has no diverse effects on the health of humans. In fact it ranks among substances that are less toxic to health.

Method 1

The dispersion of alumina is mostly studied in ceramic processing. This is a common practice in the ceramic substrate. It is important to note that the study of dispersed nano ceramic material is yet to be reported (Shan et al. 2008, p.126). In order to investigate on the dispersion of nanoalumina an experiment is vital. Therefore, in the study, nanoparticles of alumina were dispersed into water and ethylene glycol using mechanical method. At this first stage no dispersant is used. The primary goal was to investigate the possibility of nano alumina particles in the used solvent without the dispersant.

The experiment

Alumina (99%, N and A Materials Co. Inc., USA) was chosen in beginning material. The molecule size of business powder was 10 nm and barely amassed. For the scattering solvents were D.I. water and ethylene glycol (99.7%, J.T. Cook Co. Ltd., USA) (Bououdina & Mohamed 2014, p.98). Alumina and dissolvable were blended by the proportion of 1: 1. The slurry put into shake with zirconia granulating media. Scattering process was conveyed by ball processing for 24 hours pulverizing hard agglomerate. Thereafter, for extra scattering, ultrasonic homogenizer (HU H- 200, Han-Tech, Korea) was utilized for 10 min. To characterize the impact of the fixation, the focus of alumina was changed from 50 wt. percentage to 0.5 wt. %. In water, the slurry was re-scattered by ultrasonic homogenizer after coagulation for 1 week (NimaFarzadnia et al. 2013, p.121). The high vitality processing by whittling down plant for 5hrs, the pre-scattering by ethanol for 24 hrs and dispersant expansion were conveyed for the upgraded scattering in the instance of ethylene glycol (Patel 2009, p.88). For the perception of scattering steadiness, business scattering operator blended with scattered slurry utilizing ultrasonic homogenizer for 10 min. BYK-111, BYK-180, BYK-184, and BYK-190 were utilized by scattering operator (NimaFarzadnia et al. 2013, p.222). To assess the scattering of slurry, molecule measure appropriations of all scattered slurry were measured amid short keeping time and long keeping time separately. Molecule estimate dissemination was measured by molecule measure analyzer. Powder morphology was seen by examining electron microscopy.

From the experiment, it was concluded that Mechanical scattering of alumina powder was watched in D.I. water and ethylene glycol as dissolvable. In the D.I. water, scattering of alumina was identified with alumina fixation and re-scattering was too conceivable by ultrasonic homogenizer (Shan et al. 2008, p.118). In the instance of ethylene glycol, the mean molecule measure was not changed by focus and the upgraded scattering strategies were not compelling in scattering. After the scattering, the mean molecule estimate was changed essentially amid the short keeping time. In general, the mechanical scattering of alumina in ethylene glycol was conceivable in a moment however; the strength was not adequate in quite a while. In the scattering dependability, likewise D.I. water was valuable dissolvable for nano alumina molecule yet ethylene glycol was not steady notwithstanding for a couple of moment (Shan et al. 2008, p.188). This can be summarized at put down in graph as shown below;

 

 Fig : Particle size distribution of Al2O3-ethylene glycol slurries

With keeping time after mechanical dispersion

Method 2

Another method includes dispersion of sol-derived nano-alumina in an organic solvent mixture which contains a 1, 2 with a precise agitation. This resulting mixture is known to be so stable and it is mixed with imide coating to give birth to a wire coating. This innovation identifies with scattering of a nano-alumina; and, all the more especially, to an enhanced nano-alumina scattering for coatings, for example, wire coatings. Nano-alumina scatterings are utilized as a part of many covering applications. In electrical protection applications, nano-alumina scatterings that are thyrotrophic have been found to create an even edge develop on a formed wire.

It has likewise been discovered that low-stacking levels in a polyamideimide jacket for the wire brings down the coefficient of contact, and enhances scraped area protection of the wire covering (Bhatnagar et al. 2010, p.288). It has additionally been discovered that high stacking levels (−20% on gum solids) in polyester, polyesterimide, polyamideimide, polyimide or polyurethane coatings accomplish an extremely worthy crown protection in inverter obligation engines. Alumina is regularly accessible in a powder frame. However, scattering of the powder in a tar framework, or dissolvable, presents issues. This is because alumina shapes insoluble totals that require outrageous sheer powers to separate into singular particles (Bhatnagar et al. 2010, p.288). Run of the mill methods for finishing this incorporate ultrasound, ball processing, sand processing, and high weight homogenization, for instance. An issue with these and comparative methods, in any case, is that the subsequent scattering is regularly conflicting with the outcome that the alumina particles settle or re-agglomerate in the gum or dissolvable framework. This prompts covering non-consistencies and quality issues for the end client.

I agree with the second method of dispersion of alumina, as it seems effective and the results as well tend to be reliable (Bhatnagar et al. 2010, p.132). It is important to know that this method employs use of scattered nano alumina as covering material. These scattering are also effective in coming up with even edge develop on a formed wire as mentioned above. This method can be improved through using more reagents in the experiments as increase would lead to a corresponding quality of results.

Different experiments are conducted where different amounts of nano alumina are used. However, results obtained from such experiments vary and this can be attributed to the difference in the quantities of nanoalumina used. It is therefore advisable to use the recommended or the most appropriate quantity to get the most appropriate results (Bhatnagar et al. 2010, p.214).  According to the above experiments, increase in amount used lead to accurate results hence it is advisable to use 2% to 5% ratio of nanoalumina in concrete. Nano alumina is surrounded from alumina itself. There is minimal research conducted on the percentage of alumina in concrete (Bhatnagar et al. 2010, p.214). The extension of nano alumina in concrete especially UHPC (ultrahigh Performance concrete) can gigantically affect strong features as it pedals the setting time of bond.

The limit of nano alumina in concrete is to quicken the fundamental setting time for UHPC. This in turn reduces separation what’s more, flocculation. Intrusion in solid will make non-homogeneity in UHPC mixes, and thusly the execution of UHPC (ultrahigh performance concrete) will be changed. Nano alumina in UHPC goes about as disseminating master in bond particles [61– 64]. Additionally, since the size is fit as a fiddle, nano alumina in like manner gets rid of the voids in the hydration gel hence acting as filler (Lina et al. 2008, p.126).

Since solid substance in accessible UHPC degree is elevated, disseminating of solid grains in UHPC have to happen all the while with silica movement in the hydration strategy. In the absence of nanoalumina, the strategy of hydration would be slower since the inner structure of hydration gel cannot be entered by silica part. By including nano alumina, the way will be made and silica or confining materials will be with no trouble imbued into the microstructure of hydration gel and the refining system will begin (Lina et al. 2008, p.133). However there is no much research completed to learn the right extents of reagents to be utilized yet researchers have attempted to decide the right proportion of reagents to be utilized which is approximated to bipolar proportion of nanoalumina for getting ready sol is around 1.81 (20wt.%) (Lina et al. 2008, p.133).This is done when sol-gel strategy is utilized.

There is little or no research done on effects of specific nanomaterial, however, Nanoalumina can advance the conjugative exchange of the plasmid from Escherichia coli to Salmonella spp. by up to 200-overlay contrasted and untreated cells (Bhatnagar et al. 2010, p.312). Further investigation shows that the systems behind this marvel and show that nanoalumina can initiate oxidative anxiety, harm bacterial cell films, improve the statement of mating pair arrangement qualities and DNA exchange and replication qualities, and discourage the outflow of worldwide administrative qualities that manage the conjugative exchange of plasmid. Nature might be presented to ENPs (environmental nanoparticles) amid all phases of their life cycles: crude material creation, transport, and capacity, mechanical utilize (incl. handling as well as exchange), buyer utilize, squander transfer (incl. squander treatment, landfill and recuperation)

The outcome of ENPs perceptible all around is directed by three standard factors: the timeframe particles remain airborne, their relationship with various particles in the air and the detachment they can go recognizable all around (Shan et al. 2008, p.225). These techniques are for the most part without a doubt known from focus the air-filled with ultrafine particles and that data can be connected with ENPs moreover. From time to time, regardless, there can be broad complexities in lead among ENPs and ultra-small particles, particularly when the last cannot agglomerate since they are secured.

Concerning term of time ENPs (environmental nanoparticles) stay perceptible surrounding, it is seen as that they may take after the laws of vaporous scattering. It is generally viewed as that particles in the nano scale (d < 100 nm) have shorter residence time discernible all around, diverged from medium-sized particles (100 nm < d < 2,000 nm), since they speedily agglomerate into extensively greater particles and settle on the ground (Shan et al. 2008, p. 234). Here again ENPs (environmental nanoparticles) with unfriendly to agglomerate coatings impact an extraordinary case and their living course of action to time cannot be anticipated (Shan et al. 2008, p.236).  

Various nano-sized particles are photoactive, nevertheless it is yet dark whether they are defenseless to photo degradation in the space. Regardless, no information is by and by open on the coordinated efforts among ENPs and the chemicals they hold, and how this correspondence may affect climatic science in a great deal.

The fate of ENPs (environmental nanoparticles), released in nature is controlled by their compactness in the assorted media (i.e., soil, water, air), and by their ability to encounter compound change.

The fate of ENPs in water is directed by a couple of factors: watery dissolvability, reactivity of the ENPs with the substance condition and their coordinated effort with particular common techniques. Due to their relatively lower mass, ENPs usually settle more bit by bit to the base than greater particles of a comparative material. In any case, owing to their high surface-region to-mass extents, ENPs (environmental nanoparticles), instantly ingest to soil and residue particles and in this way are more in danger to exclusion from the water segment (Management Association, 2017). Some ENPs might be obligated to biotic and abiotic corruption, which can remove them from the water section too. Abiotic debasement shapes what may happen consolidate hydrolysis and photograph catalysis. Near the surface ENPs (environmental nanoparticles), are exhibited to light. It is likely that light-started photoreactions can speak to the removal of certain ENPs and for changing the engineered properties of others.

Impact on soil

 The direct of ENPs (environmental nanoparticles) in soil media can exceptionally move, dependent upon the physical and manufactured properties of the material. On the other hand, if ENPs do not absorb to the earth grid, they may show substantially more important adaptability than greater particles, in light of the way that their little size may empower them to diffuse easily through the pore spaces between the soil particles. The probability to retain to soil and the different sorption nature of ENPs is affected by their size, compound combination, and surface characteristics.

Tsai (2008, p.155) exhibited broad variability in mutability of some insoluble ENPs in porous media. The characteristics of the soil, for instance, porosity and grain measure, moreover affect the transportability of the particles. Much the same as the mineral colloids, the movability of ENPs, agglomerated in colloid-like structures might be solidly impacted by electrical charge differentiates in soils and sediment. Reactions on the surface may activate photochemical changes on the earth surface.

Cost

It is important to note that despite high quality of nanoalumina, we have to consider the cost that is incurred in its manufacturing as well compare it with the cost met in the making of concrete without nanoalumina materials. Generally making nanomaterials proves expensive than the normal concrete and hence the cost of purchasing concrete with nanolumina materials is costly than the normal concrete. I tend to believe and support the saying that “cheap is expensive,” this implies that it is advisable to buy concrete with nanoalumina materials as it guarantees construction of strong structures. In addition, the quality of concrete modified with nanoalumina is far much better than normal concrete and hence it is wise to invest in it as it is promising in its end product.

Conclusion

Form the literature review it vivid that there exist a gap in that scientists have not come up with the most appropriate way of dispersing nano alumina and therefore this remains an open chance for further research to be conducted (Tsai et al. 2008, p.160).In addition, there is no much comparison done to investigate the effect of nano alumina particles on the quality of concrete. In addition, there has been a debate on the correct amounts of alumina to use in order to get the best results.

However, already done research, has it that nanoalumina has a immense impact on the quality of concrete. It can be justified that concrete used without nano alumina particles has a higher probability of cracking or making pores. Therefore, it is advisable to mix nanoalumina in order to improve the quality of concrete (Tsai et al. 2008, p.180).Nano materials generally have adverse effects to the environment namely the soil, water and the air. When these particles are absorbed into the soil they change the chemical composition of the soil hence causing a threat to plants. Similarly, the production process releases harmful gases to the atmosphere, which result to airborne infections. Numerous methods are employed in the dispersion process but above all, sol-gel proves efficient and cost effective hence preferred.

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