Effective Interventions To Prevent Smoking Among Young People In The UK

Background

Tobacco smoking has been a major public health problem; its prevalence has been increasing daily globally. In UK smoking rates have been increasing over the years despite the government policies and initiatives like the implementation of plain packaging legislation with key objective of reducing smoking and other relevant government legislations, have yielded lower impact, (Tobacco ACT,.2011). According to ASH organization UK (2017), smoking among the adults 1 in 5 adults are smokers of this 19% of men and 15 % are women. Approximately there are 9.1 million smokers in UK. Although smoking rates have been halved since 1974 at the rates of 51 % for men and 41 % for women, prevalence is still significant among the young people. Prevalence of the young aged 25-34 was found to be 24 years and it is lower in the age group of above 60. Surveys have shown that a good proportion of smokers would like to initiate change to stop smoking but are not able to do so, it is estimate that 30%-40% attempt to quit smoking every year. Among the young people, two thirds of them start smoking before age 14 years, of this between one third and one half are likely to take up smoking to adulthood, (Jamrozik, 2005). Government initiatives have bored fewer benefits in that huge amounts of resources have been put on mass media campaigns but smaller effect has been felt among the younger generation. This review will analyse literature to determine effective interventions which are more effective in preventive the increasing prevalence of smoking among the young people in UK.

The search of literature was conducted based on the research problem under study , it was done using the online based databases namely Medline, and Google scholar. The inclusion criteria for studies was based on the year of publication in this cases not more than 10 years old and the studies conducted followed randomised control design only. Exclusion criteria was those articles that were following different methodological approach and nor focusing on smoking intervention programs.

The search terms for the review will be ; ‘‘randomised control studies’’ AND ‘‘smoking prevalence’’ OR ‘‘smoking interventions studies’’ AND ‘’smoking programs for the young’’. Further study criteria were studies done in English and those involving humans The data quality of the articles will be based on the validity of answering the hypothesis proposed in the introductory section with an aimed of getting the right type of data needed for evaluation of effective intervention. The comprehensive literature review was guided by the Cochrane. The search yielded 17 articles of which 10 articles were selected which met the review criteria in terms of the content ii had.

Methodology

Basic characteristics of the studies found..

Authors, year, study design Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper
Stopped smoking (n)	Continued smoking (n)	RR (95% CIs)	%/ RR)	M-H weight
Campbell et al, 2008, RCT	9	6	–	60%	47.3
An Lawrence et al, 2008, RCT	105	152	P<0.001	41%
Ybarra et al, 2013	39	62		OR 3.33 CI 1.48, 7.45
Campbell et al, 2008	87566	3561	1.01	OR 0.75
Jayakrishnanaet al, 2009	50% both samples	50%		1.85
Eades et al., 2012	Similar	Similar	P=0.212	0.93
Marley et al., 2013	6	49	P=0.131
Powell et al., 2016	Similar outcomes	Similar Outcomes
Burford, 2012	22	58	P=0.005
Pechmann et al, 2016	26	14	P=0.17	OR 2.67

Table 2

Summary of studies reporting smoking interventions which have been undertaken

Source	Type of study	Study population	Sample Size	Intervention	Comparator	Length of follow-up	Quit Intention	Key findings	Comments
Whittaker et al, 2008	RCT	The indigenous population of New Zealand	180	Multimedia mobile based intervention	Observation learning	4 weeks	Intending to quit	Mobile based intervention is feasible for smoking cessation	Sample don’t representative of adult population in New Zealnd.
An Lawrence et al, 2008,	RCT	College smokers at the University of Minnesota	500	Cessation messages and peer email support	None	30 weeks		Providing personalized smoking cessation messages increased 30-day abstinence by 41 % compared to control 23 %	Sample representative of population

Ybarra et al, 2013	Randomised Controlled Trial	Members of public responding – Youth	164	Text messaging–based smoking cessation program	Improving sleep and physical activity	30 days		SMS USA program affected smoking cessation rates at 4 weeks postquit identified profiles of users for whom the program may be particularly beneficial also will be important.	Recruitment limited
Campbell et al, 2008	Prospective Cohort	Students aged 12–13 years in 59 schools in England and Wales.	10,730	Effectiveness of a peer-led intervention that aimed to prevent smoking uptake in secondary schools.	Training activity	2 years	Mixed intentions	The ASSIST intervention could lead to a reduction in adolescent smoking prevalence of public-health importance	Adequate representation of population
Jayakrishnanaet al, 2009	RCT	Smoking resident males in the age group 18-60 years from four community development blocks in rural Kerala		Effectiveness of a cessation intervention in rural Kerala state, India	Mix of activities	12 months	Smoke cessation intention	Various approaches for smoking cessation programmes can enhance quit rates in smoking in rural areas of India.	Adaptable study and applicable to be utilised
Marley et al., 2013	RCT	Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples	163	Efficacy of a locally-tailored, intensive, multidimensional smoking cessation program	Type of care applied	12 months	Intentions evident	Cultural based interventions if successful implemented can initiate smoke cessation	Justifiable and applicable approach to many community set ups
Eades et al., 2012	RCT		303	Determining the effectiveness of an intensive quit-smoking intervention on smoking rates at 36 weeks’ gestation among pregnant Aboriginal and Torres				Intensive quit-smoking intervention was no more effective than usual care in assisting pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women to quit smoking during pregnancy
Powell et al., 2016	RCT	Eligible smokers from two English regions entered into the trial and given access to their allocated website		Feasibility of a randomized trial assessing the effects of a novel, experience-based website as a smoking cessation intervention	None	2 weeks		Online sharing of information was a feasible tool in the sharing experiences smoking patients	Had slower rate of recruiting samples
Pechmann et al, 2016	RCT	Participant who used Facebook daily, texted weekly, and had mobile phones with unlimited texting.	160	novel Twitter-delivered intervention for smoking cessation for online based social sites	None	7 days	Sustained quit sustenance	weet2 Quit was engaging and doubled sustained abstinence. Its low cost and scalability makes it viable as a global cessation treatment	Applicable technology for smoke cessation and a cost effective approach
Burford, 2012	RCT	Young smokers, aged 18 – 30 years who randomly entered the pharmacy		digital ageing intervention to promote smoking cessation among young adult smokers within a community pharmacy setting	Quit attempts	6 month follow-up	Positive attempts to quit	Providing a link between the intervention on personalised level is an effective tool to imitate motivation to persuade to quit.	Multi sectoail approach is an effective tool

Based from the literature review, the best intervention to counteract the influence of smoking among the youth is by the use of community based interventions for promoting cessation of smoking as advocated in Jaykrishnan study of 2013. In this random control study, different approaches was utilised in achieving the outcome. Approaches which are applicable are the use of facial interviews and telephone counselling and providing the young youth in UK with pamphlets with education content on smoking. It is with evidence of the study that 41.3 % and 13.6% in the control group had reduced smoking in the period of 12 months. At a confidence level of 95% with P- Value of 1.05 and odds ratio of 3.25, the intervention can be applied to the general population and achieve significant results.

The intervention selected is that it demands for heavy supply and of human resource who are dedicated in following up the subjects and guiding them throughout the process of change. The close contact of the patients with the health care practitioners is essential and an important parameter in initiating change among the young smokers in UK.. the role of public health officers will be crucial in enrolling this intervention.

References

An, L. C., Klatt, C., Perry, C. L., Lein, E. B., Hennrikus, D. J., Pallonen, U. E., … & Ehlinger, E. P. (2008). The RealU online cessation intervention for college smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Preventive medicine, 47(2), 194-199.

Ash Fact Sheet. Accessed online 20/05/2017.https://ash.org.uk/category/information-and-resources/fact-sheets/

Burford, O. J. (2012). Delivering a personalised smoking cessation intervention by community pharmacists in Western Australia: a randomised controlled trial (Doctoral dissertation).

Campbell, R., Starkey, F., Holliday, J., Audrey, S., Bloor, M., Parry-Langdon, N., … & Moore, L. (2008). An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet, 371(9624), 1595-1602.

Eades, S. J., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., Wenitong, M., Panaretto, K., D’Este, C., Gilligan, C., & Stewart, J. (2012). An intensive smoking intervention for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia, 197(1), 42.

Jamrozik, K. (2005). Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults: database analysis. bmj, 330(7495), 812.

Jayakrishnan, R., Uutela, A., Mathew, A., Auvinen, A., Mathew, P. S., & Sebastian, P. (2013). Smoking cessation intervention in rural Kerala, India: findings of a randomised controlled trial. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(11), 6797-6802.

Marley, J. V., Atkinson, D., Kitaura, T., Nelson, C., Gray, D., Metcalf, S., & Maguire, G. P. (2014). The Be Our Ally Beat Smoking (BOABS) study, a randomised controlled trial of an intensive smoking cessation intervention in a remote aboriginal Australian health care setting. BMC public health, 14(1), 32.

Pechmann, C., Delucchi, K., Lakon, C. M., & Prochaska, J. J. (2016). Randomised controlled trial evaluation of Tweet2Quit: a social network quit-smoking intervention. Tobacco control, tobaccocontrol-2015.

Powell, J., Newhouse, N., Martin, A., Jawad, S., Yu, L. M., Davoudianfar, M., … & Ziebland, S. (2016). A novel experience-based internet intervention for smoking cessation: feasibility randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1156.

Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011, No. 148, 2011, An Act to discourage the use of tobacco products, and for related purposes.

Whittaker, R., Maddison, R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Denny, S., Dorey, E., … & Rodgers, A. (2008). A multimedia mobile phone–based youth smoking cessation intervention: findings from content development and piloting studies. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10(5), e49.

Ybarra, M. L., Holtrop, J. S., Prescott, T. L., Rahbar, M. H., & Strong, D. (2013). Pilot RCT results of stop my smoking USA: a text messaging–based smoking cessation program for young adults. nicotine & tobacco research, 15(8), 1388-1399.

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