Presently, the problem of breast cancer among is on the rise. The research will mainly study the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening test to diagnose breast cancer among the women in the United Kingdom. The main research question that would be considered by the researcher is:
Are the present tests effective to diagnose threats cancer of women aged between fifty to seventy years of age in the United Kingdom?
To carry out the research, the researcher will mainly concentrate on the target population of women who are within the age group of fifty to seventy years of age.
The issues of cancer are suddenly increased in the society (Ferlay et al. 2013). The change in the climate, the rise in the global warming and the intake of adulterated food has contributed towards the rise of cancer. At times, some of patients lose their life due to the delay in detection of the disease (Lee et al. 2013). Thus, a proper and effective screening is required to save the life of the women. The research will be carried out to measure the fruitfulness of the screening test in determining the cancer at an early stage. The research is necessary to prevent the growth of cancer and help the individuals to lead a better life.
As per the data in the year 2013, there have been 53, 696 invasive cases of breast cancer in the United Kingdom (Cancer Research UK 2015). Eleven Thousand, Seven Hundred and Sixteen numbers of deaths have happened in the country in the year, 2011. It has been seen that 78% of the women who have been affected with breast cancer have survived for ten or more years. The data for survival was for the year 2010-2011 and accounted for England and Wales. It has been seen 27% of the cases of breast cancer have been prevented in the United Kingdom.
However, to prevent breast cancer and reduce the numbers of death due to breast cancer, a proper screening of the breast cancer is necessary. ‘Two-week wait’ is the common route to diagnose breast cancer among women (Cancer Research UK 2015). Fifty-one percent of the female with breast cancer have been diagnosed with the disease within the two weeks waiting time. Thirty-one percent of the cases of breast cancer have been detected with the help of the screening.
Figure 1: the graph showing the percentage of cases against the route to detect breast cancer
(Source: Cancer Research UK 2015)
It can be seen from the graph that most of the cases have been diagnosed through the ‘two-week wait’.
Diagnosis should be done in the proper manner and the person who is carrying out the diagnosis should not be biased regarding the presence of the disease. In an article, ‘Over diagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review’, the authors found that negative effects of over diagnosis. The authors did the research by dividing the type and presence of adjustment for the risks of breast cancer (Pulit et al. 2012). The classifications are based on model, data and covariates used. The other main classification is based on lead-time. The lead-time is being classified is based on compensatory drop and the statistical adjustment. It has been found that around 1% to 10% of cases of over diagnosis have been found (Pulit et al. 2012). The main reasons of the over diagnosis are the lack of adjustment of lead-time and the breast cancer risks. At times, over diagnosis can be harmful as it can cause other problems in the body.
The advantages and disadvantages of breast cancer screening was discussed in the article, ‘The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review’. The women who are within the age if fifty to seventy years were invited for screening every three years. A full report was published after the completion of three years, which showed a metal-analysis of eleven randomized trials. The relative risk of the death due to breast cancer was 0.80. The result showed a fall in the risk of breast cancer by 20% (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening 2012). The authors carried out further research works and interpreted the actual figures based on the percentages. It has been found that for every 10,000 women who are aged 50 years are invited for the test for the coming 20 years. Out of the 129 cases, 43 deaths were prevented due to the screening. One breast cancer was prevented out of three cases of over diagnosis of breast cancer. However, it was seen that the women supported the screening of breast cancer as it helped them to prevent the disease.
The main aim of the project is to find out whether the tests are successful in diagnosing the presence of breast cancer among the women who are aged between fifty to seventy years. The objectives of the project are:
The literature will be searched online mainly. The online library will be helpful for the researcher as it has the list of articles, books and other academic sources (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013). The past researchers works by the previous authors will be helpful to reach the desired result. In addition to this, the online statistics that showed the prevalence of the disease will help the researcher to keep a track on the changing trends of the disease in the country. The main keywords that will be used while searching are breast cancer, breast cancer in the United Kingdom, screening of breast cancer, breast cancer in women between fifty-seventy. The prevalence of the disease in other countries will be excluded from the search. The prevalence of the disease among other age-groups will be taken into consideration within the United Kingdom.
The researcher will do the research with the sole purpose of helping the patients who are suffering from breast cancer. The effectiveness of the screening will help in determining the presence of tumor in the breast (Faden et al. 2013). However, the researcher will take into consideration the environment where the primary data will be collected. The participants are patients of breast cancer and the degree of illness cannot by judged by the researcher. Hence, a constant medical help will be present when the researcher will be carrying out the interview. The researcher will not reveal the names of the participants if they do not wish to be mentioned (Zikmund et al. 2013). Many of the participants might not want to share their experience regarding the disease, the researcher will not force any of the participants to take part in the research. If the researcher needs to publish any of the information of the participants, then the researcher will take the permission from the participant before publishing the research (Zikmund et al. 2013).
As far as the secondary data is concerned, the researcher will not hack any website or use any unethical methods to retrieve any data that are available online (Faden et al. 2013). The researcher will pay for the papers if the website asks the researcher to pay for them. The researcher will use up-to-date data in the research work (Silverman 2013).
The project will be divided into four chapters. The first chapter consists of the introduction, the background on which the research will based, the project outline and the ethical consideration. The first chapter acts as the proposal of the research as it gives an overview of the main factors that will be evaluated in the project (Creswell 2013). The chapter two will be the literature review and evaluate the main objectives of the topic. Chapter 3 will evaluate the theories and apply them on the research, the fourth chapter is the conclusion chapter where the results will be evaluate and the reflection of the researcher about the project. After the conclusion, the reflection of the researcher will be given. The reflection will contain the topics the author had learned in the course (Fowler 2013). In addition to this, the author will speak about the way the research was helpful for the author (Ritchie et al. 2013).
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Main activities |
1st week |
2nd week |
3rd week |
4th+5th week |
6th week |
7th week |
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Selection of the topic and frame the research question, aim and objective |
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Literature review and study of existing theories |
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Framing the methodology of the research |
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Interview of the target population (primary data) |
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Analysis of the quantitative data and qualitative data and interpretation |
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Findings |
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Drawing the conclusion |
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Doing the final work and submit the project |
References
Cancer Research UK. (2015). Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/breast-cancer/diagnosis-and-treatment#heading-Zero [Accessed 22 Jun. 2016].
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013. Research methods in education. Routledge.
Creswell, J.W., 2013. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Faden, R.R., Kass, N.E., Goodman, S.N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S. and Beauchamp, T.L., 2013. An ethics framework for a learning health care system: a departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics.Hastings Center Report, 43(s1), pp.S16-S27.
Ferlay, J., Steliarova-Foucher, E., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Rosso, S., Coebergh, J.W.W., Comber, H., Forman, D. and Bray, F., 2013. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. European journal of cancer, 49(6), pp.1374-1403.
Fowler Jr, F.J., 2013. Survey research methods. Sage publications.
Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. The Lancet,380(9855), pp.1778-1786.
Lee, S.J., Boscardin, W.J., Stijacic-Cenzer, I., Conell-Price, J., O’Brien, S. and Walter, L.C., 2013. Time lag to benefit after screening for breast and colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of survival data from the United States, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Denmark. Bmj, 346, p.e8441.
Puliti, D., Duffy, S.W., Miccinesi, G., De Koning, H., Lynge, E., Zappa, M. and Paci, E., 2012. Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review. Journal of medical screening, 19(suppl 1), pp.42-56.
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.
Silverman, D., 2013. Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited.
Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013. Business research methods. Cengage Learning.
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