Contents (Jump to)
Introduction and Statement of Purpose
Review of Liturature
Hypothesis
Methodology
Data
Results
Conclusion
Works Cited
Acknowledgements
Appendix
Definitions of Technical Terms
Introduction and Statement of Purpose
The purpose of this project was to find which chemical, which would be released in a car crash, would be the worst for the surrounding plant and animal life. The inspiration for this project came when driving down the road and there was a construction crew that was tearing up the roadway and laying down new asphalt. When passing by the crew there was no barrier on the edge of the road and there were some fluids flowing off of the road and going down into the lake below. This led to thinking about fluids that are released by cars if they get into accidents. The intent of this experiment was to gather information on three different types of car fluids and graph the effects of the chemicals on the plants. The expectation of the experiment was to be able to find the chemical that had the worst effect on the plants.
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Review of Literature
Brake Fluid is a hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic brakes and hydraulic clutch mechanisms. There are three main types of brake fluid, DOT3, DOT4, and DOT5. DOT3 and DOT4 are made of a glycol base while DOT5 is silicon based. One of the Main differences is that DOT5 will not absorb water while DOT3 and DOT4 will. Brake Fluid has a very high boiling point, which means when its compressed it doesn’t turn into a gas. If the Brake Fluid turned into a gas there would be no pressure to activate the brakes. If water does get into the brake fluid reservoir containing DOT3 or DOT4 they will mix lowering the boiling point of the brake fluid. Water does not mix with DOT5 brake fluid so it will form pure water pockets in the reservoir causing corrosion and other problems. The brake fluid used in this experiment was DOT 3.
Antifreeze is chemical additive that lowers the freezing point of water-based liquids. Antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat-transfer applications. Its purpose is to prevent water from turning into ice in a rigid enclosure and causing damage. Antifreeze also has other implications. For example it is used to de-ice aircraft wings. Certain types of Antifreeze are also very poisonous. Ethylene glycol is one of the poisonous types and it is especially dangerous due to its sweet scent and taste. It is most commonly used in automobiles. If ingested it will induce severe vomiting and diarrhea and it can lead to death. Glycerol was used as an antifreeze agent but its freezing point was too high. It did have a major advantage though. Its non-toxic, and it is used in many fire sprinkler systems to keep the pipes from freezing. The antifreeze used in this experiment was Preystone 50/50.
Automatic Transmission Fluid is used in devices that have automatic shifters as a lubricant. The fluid is used to get rid of extra heat created in the transmission. It is also used to transmit power by using hydraulic pressure to open and close valves and other things. The automatic transmission fluid is typically colored with red or green dye to prevent an accidental mix up of fluids. Every company has their own specific ATF that coincides with their transmissions. Below is a list of a few different types of automatic transmission fluids.(ETE Reman) The automatic transmission fluid used in this experiment was DEXRON III.
DEXRON: Includes friction modifiers that are added to the fluid. Dexron II differs from the original fluid in that it has better viscosity control and it includes an oxidation inhibitor. Dexron IIE is designed for an electrically controlled transmission. Dexron III adds more corrosion and oxidation additives than the other Dexron fluids. This type is mainly used by GM vehicles.(ETE Reman)
MERCON: It includes friction modifiers that are added in like DEXRON. This type is primarily used in Ford vehicles. There is also MERCON V which is engineered to be used in Ford products built after 1997.(ETE Reman)
TYPE F: This type of automatic transmission fluid does not include friction modifiers. It is mainly used in Ford products built from 1967 to 1987.(ETE Reman)
Hypothesis
If chemicals are added from an automobile accident to newly sprouted plants, the plants growth will be stunted and they will slowly die off. The reasoning behind this hypothesis is that automobile chemicals have very volatile chemicals in them that could harm the environment. If the chemicals come into contact with the surrounding plant and animal life it could have major effects on the ecosystem.
Methodology
Many materials were used to make this experiment possible. The materials needed were four pipets, four 2 liter soda bottles, automatic transmission fluid, antifreeze, brake fluid, water, 48 16 oz. cups, four large trays, ruler, Wisconsin Fast Plants, dirt, and 4 cups that can be any size (preferably small). To prepare for the experiment set up the trays on to tables with a protective cover over the table to prevent damage if any of the chemical mix is spilled.
In this experiment four different solutions were tested each on their respective group of plants. There were twelve plants per group for a total of 48 plants. Before the amount of liquid to give the plants was chosen a test was done to determine the amount they would be given. Three cups were place into a tray and each was given different amounts of water. 25 mL, 50 mL, and 100 mL were the three different amounts. 25 mL was chosen because it did not flood the cup and it didn’t come spilling out the bottom.(When it was time to administer the chemical mixes it was decided to give them 9 mL to prevent drowning the plants). To make the chemical mix 1000 mL of water was put into a washed out coke bottle. Then 10 mL of the chemical was put into their respective coke bottles. This created a 1:100 ratio. The chemicals were administered this way to prevent one plant from getting more chemical than another plant.
Materials:
1 Ruler
48 16 oz. Cups
48 Wisconsin Fast Plant(Brassica rapa) seeds
4 pipettes
4 small cups
Automatic Transmission Fluid
Brake Fluid
Antifreeze
Water
Camera
4 Large trays
Soil
2 small tables
2 protective covers for the tables
*These numbers were only for one trial. Double the numbers listed if you want to have enough for two trials.
Experiment #1:
To make chemical mix: Fill a 2 liter coke bottle with 1000 mL of water
Then take 10 mL of the chemical and put it in the coke bottle and stir
Setup 48 sixteen ounce red Solo cups and poke a hole with a nail through the bottom
Poke 4 evenly spaced nails around the cup near the bottom
Put 2 1/2 cups of unfertilized gardening soil into the cup
Plant the Wisconsin Fast Plants in the cups with one seed in each cup
Water them with 25 mL of water every other a day for a total of 8 days
After the plants have been watered for 8 days split them into 4 groups of 12 and give them 9 mL of the chemical mix every other day
Group 1 is the control and will be given 9 mL of water and nothing else every other day
Group 2 will be given 9 mL of automatic transmission fluid mix every other day
Group 3 will be given 9 mL of antifreeze mix every other day
Group 4 will be given 9 mL of brake fluid mix every other day
After giving the plants their designated liquids measure the height of the plants
To measure the plants pull the plant vertically in the cup and measure from the rim of the cup to the highest point of the plant
Repeat steps 9-14 for 20 days every other day.
The data for this experiment was collected on the nights that the plants were watered. All groups would be watered and then each individual plant was measured. To measure them the tallest part of the plant was raised to the maximum height it would go and then the measurements were taken and recorded in the journal.
Data
In this experiment the data has shown that the Brake fluid is by far the worst substance for emerging plant life. Almost all the plants from that test group died within day 4 of journal entries. The brake fluid would turn the plants into a thin, almost spider web, string. The Antifreeze came in second for being the worst substance tested. It also had a very peculiar way of killing the plants. On the top of the soil a mold started to grow about halfway through both of the trials. The plants beat the mold during the first trial but they weren’t so fortunate in the second trial. The mold made the plants very brittle and they were difficult to measure. By the end of the second test the plants were so brittle that they would break if you touched them. The automatic transmission fluid was the third worst chemical and all it did was stunt the growth of the plants. Lastly, the water was the best for the plants and the plants grew normally.
Results
In the graph above is the average of each of the groups from the measurements of the first test. The water is the color green, automatic transmission fluid is grey brake fluid is light brown, and the antifreeze is light blue. The brake fluid rises a tiny bit then takes a gradual decline before sharply dropping to zero. Needs work. One of the sources of error was measuring the plants. Measuring the plants was really difficult and was not very precise due to the fact that the measurements changed at the tiniest movements. In an attempt to minimize this source of error a chair was brought in to help reduce any movements. Another source of error occurred when administering the automatic transmission fluid to the plants. The automatic transmission fluid is oil based so it does not mix well with water. This created some large clumps of automatic transmission fluid in the solution that were sometimes sucked up by the pipet and were squirted onto the plants. In an attempt to minimize this error the automatic transmission fluid was stirred until the clumps were minimal before each watering. The brake fluid was the worst for the plants because it killed every single one of them in both trials. The antifreeze is the second worst due to the fact that it killed almost every single plant during the second trial and stunted the growth of the plants in the first trial. The automatic transmission fluid was the third worst for the plants because it only stunted their growth a little bit. The water was the fourth worst for the plants because it did not affect their growth.
Conclusion
The hypothesis stated that the chemicals would stunt the growth of the plants and would slowly kill them off. The results from this experiment supported the hypothesis for this project. There were a few limitations with this experiment. First the measurements were not very accurate. It was very difficult to get accurate measurements because any minor movement of the head would change the measurement. Another limitation with the measuring was handling the plants so that they did not break while taking the measurements. This project could be applied to the real world in many different ways. It could be used to tell chemical manufacturers how to lessen their environmental footprint on the earth. It could also help emergency response team better understand the effects that these chemicals have on the surrounding environment and how they should deal with them. Other researcher’s findings support my hypothesis and the outcomes of this experiment. This project could be improved upon by getting more precise measurements of the plants. A height gauge would be a more effective tool at measuring the plants because has a platform that has a ruler on it with a digital interface that is very precise. To further study this topic a new set of chemicals should be tested to see if there is any that are worse than the brake fluid. If this hypothesis were to be studied further a better way to grow the plants should be used and a better way to give them the right amount of chemicals.
Works Cited
“Agriculture.”Home. Environmental Protection Agency, 9 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.
“Antifreeze, Common Wastes & Materials.”EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 19 Nov. 2012. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.
“Basic Information about Used Oil.”EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.
“Clean Water Education Partnership.”Did You Know?Clean Water Education Sponsorship, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.
“Facts About Automatic Transmission Fluid That Every Vehicle Owner Should Know.”ETE Reman RSS. ETE Reman, 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
“Fun Facts About the Watershed.”:: North and South Rivers Watershed Association. Massachusetts Bays National Estuaries Program, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.
“Household Safety.”Cleveland Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2014.
“Interesting Facts about Brake Fluid.”IPGallery Images RSS. N.p., 7 May 2010. Web. 26 Sept. 2013.
Perez, Eric, MD. “Windshield Washer Fluid: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.”U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Feb. 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2014.
“Polluted Urban Runoff.”Uwex.edu. University of Wisconsin, 1997. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.
“Wisconsin Fast Plants® Program.”Wisconsin Fast Plants® Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my grandparents who went out, in the middle of a snowstorm, to get some dirt for my project. I had miscalculated the amount I would need and didn’t have enough to start. I would like to that my dad who gave useful tips when using excel. I would like to thank my mom who proof read my paper.
Appendix
This project had many limitations that should be addressed. The first limitation of the project was the lighting of the plants. Grow lights are expensive so they were not used in this project. The location that was chosen had two windows so that all four trays could sit in front of them but it is uncertain whether they got equal amounts of light. The second limitation was measuring the plants. The measurements that are used in this project were not very accurate. The measurements were somewhat of an estimate due to the fact that if you moved a little bit the measurements would change. This made it very difficult to get accurate measurements. Lastly, it was assumed that all the plants were getting the same amount of chemical dosages each time. There may have been slight variations in the amount they were given. For example the automatic transmission fluid did not mix well with the water because it was oil based. This made it very difficult to tell how much each plant was getting due to some large blobs of the chemical.
Definitions of Technical Terms
DEXRON: is the trade name for a group of technical specifications of automatic transmission fluid created by General Motors (GM).
MERCON: is the trade name for a group of technical specifications of automatic transmission fluid created by Ford.
TYPE F: Ford vehicle designation for automatic transmission fluid, introduced in 1967 as a replacement for Type A Suffix A automatic transmission fluid and phased out in May 1980.
Wisconsin Fast Plants: (brassica rapa) are rapid-cycling Brassicas. They are members of the crucifer family of plants.
Raw Data
Automatic Transmission fluid: Test 1
Plant 1
Plant 2
Plant 3
Plant 4
Plant 5
Plant 6
Plant 7
Plant 8
Plant 9
Plant 10
Plant 11
Plant 12
average growth
Day 1
0
2
2.5
2
1
2
1.5
1.5
1
0
2
2
1.458333
Day 2
0
2
2
2
1
2.5
1
1
1
0
1.5
2
1.333333
Day 3
0
2
2.5
2
1.5
3
1
1
1
0
2
2.5
1.541667
Day 4
0
2
2.5
2.5
1.5
3
1
1.5
1
0
3
2.5
1.708333
Day 5
0
2
2.5
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2.5
2.5
1.708333
Day 6
0
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
1
1
1.5
1
2.5
2.5
1.875
Day 7
0
2.5
2.5
3
3
3
1
1
1.5
1
2.5
3
2
Day 8
0
2.5
3
3
3
3
1.5
1
1.5
2
3
3
2.208333
Day 9
0
2.5
3
3
3
3
2
1.5
1.5
2
3.5
3
2.333333
Day 10
0
3
4
3
0
3
2
1.5
2
2
3.5
3.5
2.291667
Water: Test 1
Plant 1
Plant 2
Plant 3
Plant 4
Plant 5
Plant 6
Plant 7
Plant 8
Plant 9
Plant 10
Plant 11
Plant 12
average growth
Day 1
0
1.5
0
1
0
0
1
0.5
0
2
3
1.5
0.875
Day 2
0
1.5
0
1.5
0
0
2
1
0
2
3
1.5
1.041667
Day 3
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
1.5
0
2
3
2
1.125
Day 4
0
1.5
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
2
4
2
1.291667
Day 5
0
1.5
0
2.5
0
0
2
2
0
2
4
3
1.416667
Day 6
0
1
0
2.5
0
0
2
2.5
0
2
4
3
1.416667
Day 7
0
1.5
0
2.5
0
0
2.5
3
0
2
5
3
1.625
Day 8
1
2.5
0
2.5
0
0
2.5
3.5
0
2
5
3
1.833333
Day 9
1
2.5
0
2.5
0
0
2.5
4
0
2
5
3.5
1.916667
Day 10
1
2.5
0
3
0
0
2.5
4
0
2
5.5
3.5
2
Brake Fluid: Test 1
Plant 1
Plant 2
Plant 3
Plant 4
Plant 5
Plant 6
Plant 7
Plant 8
Plant 9
Plant 10
Plant 11
Plant 12
average growth
Day 1
3
0
0
0
1.5
1.5
1
1
0
3
0
0.5
0.958333
Day 2
3
0
0
0
2
1.5
1
1
0
3.5
0
0.5
1.041667
Day 3
dead
0
dead
0
2
1
1
1
0
4
0
1
1
Day 4
dead
0
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
Day 5
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
Day 6
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
Day 7
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
Day 8
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
Day 9
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
Day 10
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
0
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