Energy Efficiency, Solar And Wind Energy, And Electrical Power Systems

Monitoring Electrical Power with Wireless Sensor Networks

The use of less available physical resources to produce a useful input of the same amount is termed as energy efficiency, and it can be expressed as the energy output divided by the energy input. If the work output is equal to the work input then such a process will have an efficiency of a hundred percent.

• The main source of energy for Australia is fossil fuels.73 percent of coal and a small percentage of natural gas is used it to generate electricity. They also rely hydropower, wind and rooftop solar.

 

• According to the world ranking, Australia contributes about 2.4 per cent of total world energy and supplies it`s energy to many countries all over the world, summing up to three quarter of its’ own exports.
• Basing on the exports, coal is the main export and in this case, it accounts for half of the energy ‘exports. The other exports are uranium and liquefied natural gas and Australia is ranked one and sixth of the largest exporters respectively.
• According to energy consumption and per capita use, Australia is the world’s twentieth and fifteenth respectively. The estimated net carbon emissions was 556.4 million tonnes CO₂-equivalent and the main contributors of the same were electricity transport, stationary energy (excluding electricity), agriculture, fugitive emissions, industrial processes and waste. The electricity was largely used for manufacturing which wass about fourty nine million tonnes and was also used for commercial and construction.

Country	Emissions in 2017 (mt Co2)	% global emission Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper
China	9839	27.2
United states	5269	14.6
India	2467	6.8
Russia	1693	4.7
Japan	1205	3.3
Germany	799	2.2
Iran	672	1.9
Saudi Arabia	635	1.8
South korea	616	1.7
Canada	573	1.6
Australia	556	1.5
Mexico	490	1.4
Indonesia	487	1.3
Brazil	476	1.3
South Africa	456	1.3
Turkey	448	1.2

 

This was a law that was formed by the climate change council and was responsible for regulation of emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It brought many setbacks to undeveloped countries because most of the same depend on industries which emit high level greenhouse gases. Australia came into agreement with the protocol but they implemented it later after some years in regards to the fact that it was going to bring underdevelopment.

To strengthen the protocol, there was amendment of Doha agreement which was to ensure that the Kyoto protocol could be in place for many years and countries that signed it including Australia so as to curb the emission of greenhouse gases.

Due to rapid climate change there was the signing of the Paris Agreement and this mainly focused on temperature increase whereby they could limit the increase in global average temperature since it could cause global warming and it has many dangerous outcomes that could destroy mankind. The agreement was also bringing more negative repercussions on Australian economy and especially the market because industries were to import an unlimited number of cheap international carbon credits to meet their emissions caps.

• The shortcomings of Kyoto protocol was that it affected trade because industries were limited to certain number of emissions of greenhouse gases and it could no longer be able to manufacture many products and hence there was a shortage in the markets and in many undeveloped countries who signed the agreement. There was also a difficulty in working on energy efficient technologies.
• The protocol also caused many countries to have problems in using energy since the agreement came with several limits that affected cultural and behavioural organizations of various productive companies.
• The agreement forced many countries including Australia to use energy efficient technologies and machines that could emit less greenhouse gases but the problem is most of the underdeveloped countries could not get enough finance to facilitate such requirements.
• The newly required energy efficient machines that could emit less gas into the atmosphere needed more skills and more advanced technology to operate and this was a problem to many workers at Australia.

This is a state in Australia that consumes much energy and it comes at second according to the ranking of states in the country and most consumption goes to electricity generation, manufacturing, mining, transport and more commercial services. They have regulatory organizations that deal with promotion of energy efficient consumption as follows;

• They have a carbon pollution reduction scheme that ensures that industries and companies are restricted to certain amount of emissions for a better environment.
• The training of citizens on energy efficient machines and a better way of life is done by the department of environment and resource management
• There is also a clean energy sector that ensure that there is clean use of clean and less carbon resources that is used in manufacturing and production of various goods and products
• They have an energy efficient council that are in charge of offering and guiding people on the best resources that can be friendly to the environment ,they are also the agents of government who are allowed to organize various training programmes to different stakeholders.

The number of bedrooms= 4

Number of people=(2+6/2)=5

The total energy for electricity is ;( 50%/100%*70w+50%/100%)*20hr*365=160600watts/hr

1 unit=kwh;

Total units=160600/1000=160.6units

EF-QLD = 0.82

Co₂ Emission=160600*0.82=131692kg

For Car, the total energy is ;

150km, 8 + 6*0.4 Km/L=.km/l

Average cost is $1.2/L

Therefore,150/100=1.5*10.4=15.62*$1.2/L=$18.72*52.149=$976.12

For Gas,

3 months consumption; 3741-1885=1856MJ

Total usage annually=1856*9*67=16704c

CO₂ emission =16704*0.82=13697.28kg

Solar energy is a clean source of energy since it has no emission of greenhouse gases and it can be effectively used for many purposes such as generating electricity, heating water for various domestic uses and manufacturing various products. Electricity can be generated using two ways that is, concentrating solar power and using photovoltaic. Optics are used to concentrate beam radiation, which is the portion of the solar radiation not scattered by the atmosphere in concentrating solar power while in photovoltaic the cells are used to trap radiation energy that is converted to high-temperature heat that is converted to electrical energy that can be used for various purposes.

Protecting Electrical Power Systems

Wind energy is the use of fan or rather wind turbines whereby the wind turns the turbines, as result electricity is generated and there is no emission of any carbon gas, therefore is a clean source of energy though it is underutilized and people doesn’t depend much on it. The great advantage of this source of energy is that it is cost effective because it doesn’t need many expenses to establish a wind power plant. It has fewer effects on environment compared to other sources of energy

Based on the average bi-monthly electricity bill of $ 5000 paid, a yearly power cost of $30000 was used. An annual rate of increase in commercial electricity rates was estimated at 5%/yearly based on a recommended increase by the Regulated Industries Commission in 2011. Therefore, the present value of grid supplied power for the next 25 years was calculated as; (Gu et al., 2013)

Grid power cost = 30000/0.05 (1-(1/1.05)² =$ 444846

 Externality cost associated with power generation from natural gas using a combined cycle power plant include the cost of  health  care to  individuals  as well  as  the mitigation  cost  of the  major  pollutants of  power generation  processes including NOx,  SOx, PM  and  CO2.  Based on  the findings, an externality  cost of  $0.324/kWh of electricity  generated  and  used,  was  applied  to  the  annual  average  of  63000  kWh  used  at  the  Orange field  plant. Estimating the rate of increase in externality cost as 5% per year for the next 25 years, the present value was calculated as; (Little et al., 2013)

Externality cost = 20412/0.05 (1-(1/1.05)²⁵)=$ 28768

Estimating the rate of increase in waste water treatment cost as 5% per year for the next 25 years, the present value was calculated as;

Waste water treatment benefit = 701523/0.05 (1- (1/1.05)²⁵= $ 9887240

Conclusion

In relation to the energy sources, the best, efficient and a source of energy that is favourable to the environment is wind energy and it is a challenge that many countries should consider for a better tomorrow. It should consider because it is a clean source of a fuel and it is cost effective. The cost of building a wind power plant is less compared to building other sources of energy plants. The other best source of energy is solar energy because it is effective and efficient; the cost of building a solar firm is not costly as compared to other sources. Many states and countries should now consider the two sources of energy so as to have a better advancement in future and ensure that the environment will be clean and be cost effective.

Benefits of Solar and Wind Energy

Laws and regulations advocating for the use of wind and solar energy should be enacted so as to promote its’ use in all countries and also there should be sensitization around the world on the use of energy efficient resources and eco-friendly energy sources.

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