The essay brings about the discussion on the topic, ‘environmental health and communicable diseases, and the related aspects. Environmental health and communicable disease, is one of the major concern in today’s scenario that impacts on the health of the environment and the society. Environmental health is the branch of the public health which includes the natural and built environmental aspects affecting the human health. Therefore, with context to the essay, it can be stated that the communicable diseases are spread from one person to other or from an animal to the person. There are a number of factors which influence the spread of the communicable disease leading to the epidemics. Therefore, one of the communicable disease or Flu is taken under research i.e. Avian Influenza, which is a bird Flu and the related aspects and concepts determining the level of health and disease (Ding et al, 2016).
Avian Influenza was recorded for the first time, in Italy 1878, and the disease at that time was known as Fowl Plague. The continuous spread of this disease led to the situation of outbreaks in poultry, consisting of two in the United States. It has been found that the virus leading to Fowl Plague is an influenza virus. In the year 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), was discovered. H5N1 was found in the humans in Hong Kong which received a great publicity (Yu et al, 2014).
The virus had been reported and held responsible for a number of confirmed bird flu infections in the humans and their impact. It killed 60 people in the year 1997, when the virus was first detected in humans. Avian influenza spreads sporadically throughout the world, and the diseases had severe impact on the poultry industry, harming millions of chickens, and geese. The virus is similar to the other viruses acting as illness caused due to the strains of influenza virus, which adapts itself to a particular host. Amongst all three types of virus, i.e. (A, B, and C), virus A refers to the zoonotic infection that contains a natural reservoir in birds, and specifically Avian influenza is referred to the influenza ‘A’ virus (Chan et al., 2015).
Discussing about the pathways or the transmission of the influenza virus includes that the influenza ‘A’ virus is adapted to the birds, but it affects the humans as well. It is spread or transmitted to humans by contact with the infected birds or the contaminated surfaces. It has been found that transmission from person to person to rare, and risk of infections in humans is low. The contact with the infected birds usually takes place during the home slaughter and plucking of infected poultry. Therefore, avian influenza viruses rarely affect the health of the humans, and such cases have been rarely reported (Ip et al, 2015).
Subtypes of Avian influenza virus
Avian influenza has many subtypes or sub-categories, but not all affect humans, i.e. there are only 5 subtypes or strains of the virus which are considered affecting humans. These are H5N1, H7N3, H7N9, and H9N2. Most cases of the human illness due to this virus is due to the handling of the infected birds. There have been 4 types of influenza virus, i.e. A, B, C, and D; the influenza virus of ‘A’ types is then divided into other sub-categories based on the two proteins on the surface of the virus. It has been found that there are 18 known HA virus and 11 known NA subtypes virus. There are distinct types of combinations of the HA and NA proteins, for an instance an “H7N2” is the influenza virus that designates an influenza A virus subtype that contains HA7 protein and NA2 protein. Each subtype of the influenza ‘A’ virus can affect the birds except H17N10, and H18N11, as it is found affecting bats. Currently, it has been analysed that only two types of viruses i.e. H1N1, and H3N2 are prevailing amongst people. Moreover, avian influenza virus is denoted as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI). It is based on the capability of the virus to cause diseases with high mortality rate (Chen et al, 2014).
There are some clinically diagnosed signs and symptoms of the avian influenza virus, which ranges from mild to the severe conjunctivitis, and the other symptoms. The person experiencing the H5N1virus is identified with the symptoms or the influenza type illness, such as fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. It sometimes also includes nausea, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. These symptoms also lead to the serious illness when not taken care of properly, i.e. respiratory issues; short of breath, difficulty in breathing, pneumonia, and the respiratory failure. The virus has the symptoms over the neurology system of the person such as the mental status, seizures, and the involvement of other organs as well. The virus has some of the particular complications such as pneumonia, sepsis i.e. a possible inflammatory response to the bacteria, and other germs, also the organ failure, and acute respiratory distress (Li, et.al, 2014).
The Avian influenza ‘A’ type virus has severely caused human infections since the time first case was reported in the year 1997. The number of countries that were affected increased between from the year 2003 to 2008, along with the expansion from the Asia to south-east Asia. Then it has led to the west Asia and West Africa and the countries such as Egypt. It was found that since the year 2014, November, highest number of cases was reported. Discussing about the prevailing disease rates of the disease in Australia, it can be recommended that there is a low risk of Australians getting infected by the avian influenza being in direct contact with the birds. Australia is well prepared to deal with the influenza virus, but there were few minor incidents of the highly pathogenic avian influenza reported in Australia in the year 2013 (Pan et al, 2016).
According to the World Organisation for Animal Health, avian influenza has been identified as one of the major disease which significantly impacts the animal and human health. The identified role of the wild birds and the waterfowl is the reason behind infections caused by the HPAI strains only describes the Asian HPAI virus i.e. H5N1. Discussing the prevention of the AI is stated by the use of vaccination. It can be used as powerful tool to eradicate the problem, as vaccines has reduced the shedding levels in the vaccinated birds and the transmission of the virus (Yang et al, 2015).
Amongst these methods, prophylactic vaccines for the virus of the subtypes H5 and H7 was considered as completely innovative. It must be remembered that the organisations with the high risk employees must focus on the development of an avian influenza virus plan, also they need to ensure bio-security of the poultry flocks as prevention. Other strategies or control measures include culling which is used to reduce the threat from the diseases through killing infected birds (Ibrahim et al, 2016).
There has been a major impact on the avian influenza virus of the climatic conditions, as the climate change would alter the bird’s migration, and influence the AI transmission cycle and ultimately and directly affecting the survival of the virus outside the host. Moreover, these changes in the migration of birds and resources are the response to the environmental clues as a result of the different geographical locations. It is considered as the predicted heterogeneous impact of the climate change (Siegers et al, 2016). The evaluation of the current control measures, includes the emergency vaccination and prophylactic vaccination, as the preventive and control methods to reduce the health issues arising out of the influenza virus (Morin et al, 2018).
The influenza virus has been spread across many countries, and has been considered as major public health concern. The influenza virus does not easily affect humans, and there has been the most remote possibility of the virus in Australia as a result of the birds migrating, carrying the avian influenza virus to Australia. Thus, to analyse the risk and the impact on the Australia, there has been a low rate of risk for the disease as they practice good personal hygiene to handle the birds. The chicken meat and the egg industry in the Australia have now implemented strict bio-security systems, which included provisions to keep the wild birds separated from the production birds (Jhung & Nelson, 2015).
Conclusion
To conclude the above discussion, it has been analysed that the influenza virus has been affecting the human race; it has the potential to cause serious illness and death in humans. The avian influenza is also known by the name of bird flu or avian flu that is caused due to the contact with the infected birds. The essay represented numerous subtypes of avian influenza virus, and there are some signs and symptoms of the influenza virus which has long-lasting impact on humans. The essay also included about the disease rate in Australia, which has been found to be very low. Thus, effective prevention control measures should be taken to improve the health condition.
References
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Chen, H., Yuan, H., Gao, R., Zhang, J., Wang, D., Xiong, Y., & Zou, S. (2014). Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 383(9918), 714-721.
Ding, D., Lawson, K. D., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Finkelstein, E. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Van Mechelen, W., & Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committee. (2016). The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1311-1324.
Ibrahim, N., Akhter, M., Al Mamun, S., Chowdhury, E. H., & Das, P. M. (2016). Bio-security in small scale poultry farms against avian influenza: knowledge, attitude, and practices. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 1(3), 670-676.
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Jhung, M. A., Nelson, D. I., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2015). Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N2), (H5N8), and (H5N1) among birds—United States, December 2014–January 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 64(4), 111.
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Morin, C. W., Stoner-Duncan, B., Winker, K., Scotch, M., Hess, J. J., Meschke, J. S., & Rabinowitz, P. M. (2018). Avian influenza virus ecology and evolution through a climatic lens. Environment international, 119, 241-249.
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