The European council have set out directives, Council directive 98/83 EC of November 1998 on the quality of water intended for Human consumption and The Nitrates directive (91/676/EEC).
Both of which outline the standards for water quality across the entire region. These directives set out guidelines for the minimum requirements for water quality to ensure the public health is protected (Eur -lex.europa.eu, 2019) . It is up to each memberstate to monitor water quality by sampling throughout the year, this obligation also requires that all sterilization techniques are valid (Eur -lex.europa.eu, 2019) . As for the Nitrates directive, this directive also defines the parameters for the use of fertilizers at during certain periods of the year (Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government, 2019) .
According to Howard Perlman of the USGS water science school, improper timing and use of fertilizers/slurry can cause severe algal b looms, which contribute to fish kills and the degradation of ecosystems (H. Perlman, 2019).
The water samples taken in Ireland are usually carried out by the EPA and report findings back to county councils and group water schemes, these reports must includу concentrations and account for each of the following;
Apparatus used:
250ml graduated cylinders, 250ml conical flasks, 250ml Beakers, 50ml Burettes, filter paper, oven, pipettes, pH meter, Analytical balance, Top -pan balance, tongs, funnel.
Chemicals used:
pH buffer solutions 7&10, Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange indicator, 0.02M HCL solution, deionized water, St Johns river sample.
2HCl + CaCO3 — CaCL 2 + H 2O + CO 2
MaVa/n1 = MbVb/n2
a = CaCO 3 b = HCl
Ma = ? Mb = 0.02M
Va = 50ml Vb = 11.6ml
n1= 1 b1 = 1
(? x 50)/1 = (0.02 x 11.6)/1
? = (0.02 x 11.6)/50
= 0.00464
0.00464 x 100 = 0.464 g/L
= 464 mg/L
When considering water quality, guidelines provided by the EC in the Council directive 98/83 EC of November 1998 on the quality of water intended for Human consumption and the EEC, No.L229 of July,1980 must be considered, although these experiments were no testing for human consumption.
The outlined total suspended solids (dry residues) must be under 1500mg/dm 3 (Eur -lex.europa.eu, 2019). Measurements of 0.07g can be seen in table (B) and this measurement is within the standards set out by the EC &EEC.
As with current standards on pH, the Freshwater Fish directive (78/659/EEC) of 1978 on the quality of fresh waters needing protection, co mments on the recommended pH being from 6 to 9 for both Salmoid and Cyprinid waters. Test results obtained were 6.86pH and are within the parameters set out.
The current directive also outlines for suspended solids and Nitrates among other things. These are adings are all within current parameters as can be seen in Tables (A) through (D). These findings could be false, figures recorded are all below-recommended guidelines. The EPA define St Johns river as being treated for sewage and effluent runoff, that the river is of concern ‘ and ‘seriously polluted’ (Report on the River Water Quality in Waterford city & County 2011, 2011).
Water quality standards across Ireland have fluctuated throughout the years from an all-time low (14.5%) in moderate water quality rivers and estuaries (2007 to 2009), into the present day where the figure stands at 16.7% (O’Boyle and Tierney, 2016). There was also an increase in sites where phosphate damage had been decreased, from 28% in 2007 to 37% in 2017 (O’Donnell et al., 2017) . These decreases are a reflection of directives and the willingness of governments to follow through.
As the results obtained were in line with recommended standards on water quality, the results may be incorrect due to previously outlined errors. As the Environmental protection agency has stated in the report on Water Quality in Waterford city & county, there has been no substantial change in the water quality of St. Johns river (Report on the River Water Quality in Waterford city & County 2011, 2012)
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