The process by which ones examine his or herself is referred to as self-awareness. Self-awareness comprises of examining feelings, emotions, attitude, and behavior. In relation to Juan’s case, the nurses are aware of the potential threats and risks at hand. She is in a critical condition that threatens her life. Meanwhile, they understand the decisions that she based her reason of refusing to have the blood transfusion. It is quite often difficult to develop self-awareness because it is time-consuming and can be painful at times (Cowan, Wilson-Barnett, Norman and Murrells, 2008, 530). The emotions, moral and attitudes of nurse ethics cannot withstand the suffering Juan is going through and thus they must find a solution and intervene. The concept of self-awareness starts in the awareness of the conscious and might result in one having struggled for change and thus requires making continuous efforts (Engin and Cam, 2009, 151). For example, Juan and nurses might spend a lot of time together trying to come into a consensus concerning her belief that his against blood transfusion. Thus, it is of much significance in starting a therapeutic relationship with the patients. The process of creating a therapeutic relationship between the nurses and the patients is aided by the self-awareness concept.
Enhanced Self-awareness in personal, professional and cultural aspects results to success in care delivery. The nurses are always present to look for the patients and in order for the care to be active, it is essential to know oneself (Huycke, 2007, 55). The personal value in self-awareness is important as it assists nurses to relate with their patients by relating with them (Severinsson, 2001, 44).
Juan is Jehovah witness follower and believes in bible scriptures and it is against blood transfusion. Diversity is a major difference that occurs between the nurses and the patients. Meanwhile, the nurses, although they respect Juan’s autonomy, they must save her life. This confrontation brings about conflicts between the nurses and the patients. Stereotyping especially the negative stereotyping is a problematic issue. Stereotyping often occurs in terms of religion, gender and race. For example, Juan is a Hispanic and moreover is a Jehovah witness believer, thus, this might result in her being stereotyped in healthcare.
Juan’s case brings a complex and complicated situation. Ethical principles give the guidelines for making decisions while they are faced with complicated situations involving the patients (Beauchamp, 2007, 7). The ethical principles acknowledge individuality, rights, responsibilities, and duty. They include the following
The principle of beneficence
This principle insists that healthcare providers are supposed to functions in the best interests of the patients. They should remove harm, prevent harm, and promote the good of the patients. For example, the nurses must do their best to safe Juan’s life and her fetus.
The principle of Respect for Autonomy
Juan’s decline to receive blood transfusion is regarded as the Autonomy. It is regarded as having the ability of self-determination or the capability to make a decision of our own (Beauchamp, 2007, 8). This principle insists that the able patients should be accepted to refuse or accept recommended medical intervention. The capability involves the ability to communicate and make health care decisions. Thus, it was acceptable for Juan refusing medical intervention regardless of her critical condition.
The principle of Respect for Dignity
This principle is applicable to every person involved in healthcare. It is based on the basic concept that every person must be treated with dignity and respect. Juan is eligible for receiving a proper treatment and care despite her being a black Hispanic. Moreover, her personal character needs the acknowledgment and consideration is taken in all healthcare encounters and in patients care aspects.
The principle of Veracity
The act of nurses telling Juan that she is in critical condition that she requires blood transfusion and emergency surgery is regarded as the principle of veracity. The patients who are capable should be given the complete truth about their medical conditions. This is considered the only way patients can be able to make an informed decision about rejecting or accepting the recommended healthcare interventions (Izumi, Konishi, Yahiro, and Kodama, 2006, 14). For, example, Juan refused to have the blood transfusion.
The values personal and professional values that nurses have are critical in improving Juan conditions as well as making the right decision for treatment and intervention. The values help in the development of individuals in the healthcare systems and thus improving the patient-centered decision making by the service providers (Eva and Regehr, 2005, 58). The perspectives of personal and professional are fundamental in improving the delivery of care. They, have to make sure that they contain Juan’s risks as well as her fetus by having the blood transfusion as well as having emergency surgery and this ensures that she is not at risk of dying.
The ability of the nurse to relate well with Juan requires ethical values. This is to facilitate that at the end Juan will have an improved health outcome. The user nurses require a high set of values in order to make the service effective. Truth is the first value and is required to maintain a therapeutic relationship between the client and the service providers. Nurses will have to develop a sense of trust for Juan to help her remove her fears of having a blood transfusion. She needs to trust nurses, to help her recover from the accidents injuries. Confidentiality is an obligation that is moral to safeguard dissemination information obtained from the patients by the nurses. Informed consent is another value and is a legal safeguard for the patient’s autonomy respects. The welfare of the Juan is promoted by the autonomy and thus avoiding harm to her and her fetus.
The case of Juan requires critical thinking in regard to the complexity of the situation. Decision making in health care is a process that incorporates definite steps in a desirable consequence (Connelly, Airey, and Chell, 2001, 531). In this regard, effective decision making will automatically in the effort of enhancing Juan’s health outcome. It is central to a policy of health and medical practice. It is a two-way process of communication between the patients and one or more health professionals (Runciman, Merry, and Walton, 2017, 50). The decision making reflects the ethical principles that the patient poses on the right of the main decisions on what is suitable for them (Légar, et al, 2014, 50). This is in consideration of their beliefs personal. It is evident that there are some parts of the countries that receive a high quality of services than others. Variation can be found at all geographical and targeted group’s levels. For example, Juan is a black Hispanic, and this means she is a foreigner, and based on this the decision making tends to vary based on different geographical area.
The Juan case is sensitive and thus requires several interpretations before action is taken. Moreover, the nurses are required to adhere to the professional and cultural values. In relation to advocacy requires people to consult and the agreement is obtained before all things are done. Thus, the nurses must consult Juan before reaching a medical treatment on her. Medical confidentiality is a crucial part of advocacy. The nurses are required to warily tread as there is no special justification for imposing our own professional and personal views about the justice of others (Hilton and Slotnick, 2005, 57). The providers of service and the users of service are required to acknowledge the competing moral concerns. For example, respecting the moral standards of Juan and the fact that she believes in the bible scriptures and thus, respecting her autonomy in administering treatment.
In relation to Juan case, there might be conflict in the policy, legislation, and procedures. Juan is under severe bleeding and her fetus is also under great risk. Thus, although the principle of ethics articulates respect of autonomy, it might be conflicted at this point. This is because the nurses are obliged to save lives and ensure quality healthcare to patients. Moreover, the nurses can move to court and inquire a court order that can facilitate Juan’s treatment. This is in regard that she can later sue the hospital of conducting unwanted treatment. The decision making between the nurses and the patients in this case Juan is supposed to be arrived at a mutual consent, however, due to the criticality of Juan’s conditions they can decide to have a blood transfusion and emergency surgery without the involvement of her will.
Nurses often experience contentious situations in their workplace. Contentious concerns to contemporary health and a social care provider has a lot of importance. These issues help the nurses improving their ability on decision making in cases involving healthcare. Contemporary is regarded as the current situations in health. These controversies in health help in attracting attraction to the health and social care and thus resulting in improved healthcare standards (Daly and Lewis, 2000, 283). Moreover, assist nurses in applying the ethics of care when required and overcome the challenges of the ethical dilemma.
The major goal of healthcare is enhancing the patients’ health outcomes. The decision-making process is aided by several developed comprehensive models. The decision making comprehensive models combines the elements of consequentialism, formalism and virtue ethics (Gilson, 2003, 1458). It is essential to point out that problems of ethics are framed in terms of who is affected and the conditions. The action initially chosen is based on the consequences predicted. It is of much essence for nurses to establish the right climate with Juan for making the right decision. Making the patients feel comfortable enough results in opening up of their style of living choices (Gilson, 2003, 1458).
In regard to the Juan case, the ethical principles and ethical theories provide a basis for all ethical acts. The contemporary ethical principles have developed a variety of sources. Veracity, autonomy, no maleficence, confidentiality, beneficence, role fidelity, and justice are the primary principles guiding the contemporary ethical decision making. Each of the ethical principles consists of two components patient rights and professional duty. In exercising the rights of service users may conflict with the care needs. The ethical dilemmas can be a problem from the nutrition support clinicians who are directed to evidence-based practice. The personal and emotional nature of the decision making on ethics can cause difficulties and thus conflicts usually arises when people hold different perspectives of ethics. These include the principle of harm to the autonomy, and this implies that if people chose not to receive a treatment due to loss of life quality, it implies that imposing treatment on the person is not right. Deontological theories that state that evaluation of human actions are in accordance with the principle of duty
In relation to Juan’s case ethics are systems of moral principles dealing with wrong and right. Ethics influences how decisions are made by the nurses in healthcare. This is in regard to improving the patients’ healthcare outcome. The ethical principles have several advantages. The health and lives of the patients significantly improve and there is a well-developed communication between the providers of service and the patients (Limentani, 2009, 396). The principle also ensures that health care improves in terms of service delivery to the people. This is due to facilitated guidelines that mostly aim at healthy quality improvement. Moreover, the healthcare principles assist in dealing with complex situations that nurses experience such as Juan’s case.
Conclusion
In nursing practice, the incidences of patients rejecting blood transfusion or other intervention are more frequent. Thus, the content concerning ethical issues, such as Juan’s case, requires to be assimilated into the nursing clinical arena and curricula. Thus, requires critical thinking in clinical decision-making circumstances can make experienced and novice nurses to handle ethical dilemmas that are complex. Thus, it is of much essence the learning processes to be assisted through integrated learnings with case studies and thus using the patient’s trainers and thus further enhancing the process of learning. The teachings approach provides an opportunity for exposing the nurses to scenarios of patients having acute conditions and thus helping them decrease anxiety and promote learning. This will facilitate in improving the decision making over the ethical dilemmas in healthcare thus enhancing patient health outcomes.
References
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Betancourt, J.R., Green, A.R., Carrillo, J.E. and Park, E.R., 2005. Cultural competence and health care disparities: key perspectives and trends. Health Affairs, 24(2), pp.499-505.
Connelly, J., Airey, M., and Chell, S., 2001. Variation in clinical decision making is a partial explanation for geographical variation in lower extremity amputation rates. British journal of surgery, 88(4), pp.529-535.
Cowan, D.T., Wilson-Barnett, D.J., Norman, I.J. and Murrells, T., 2008. Measuring nursing competence: development of a self-assessment tool for general nurses across Europe. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(6), pp.902-913.
Daly, M. and Lewis, J., 2000. The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states. The British journal of sociology, 51(2), pp.281-298.
Engin, E. and Cam, O., 2009. Effect of self-awareness education on the self-efficacy and sociotropy–autonomy characteristics of nurses in a psychiatry clinic. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 23(2), pp.148-156.
Eva, K.W. and Regehr, G., 2005. Self-assessment in the health professions: a reformulation and research agenda. Academic medicine, 80(10), pp.S46-S54.
Gilson, L., 2003. Trust and the development of health care as a social institution. Social science & medicine, 56(7), pp.1453-1468.
Hilton, S.R. and Slotnick, H.B., 2005. Proto?professionalism: how professionalization occurs across the continuum of medical education. Medical education, 39(1), pp.58-65.
Huycke, L., 2000. Quality in health care and ethical principles. Journal of advanced nursing, 32(3), pp.562-571.
Izumi, S., Konishi, E., Yahiro, M. and Kodama, M., 2006. Japanese patients’ descriptions of “The Good Nurse”: personal involvement and professionalism. Advances in Nursing Science, 29(2), pp.E14-E26.
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Khalili, H., Huang, E.S., Ananthakrishnan, A.N., Higuchi, L., Richter, J.M., Fuchs, C.S. and Chan, A.T., 2012. Geographical variation and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among US women. Gut, 61(12), pp.1686-1692.
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Légaré, F., Stacey, D., Turcotte, S., Cossi, M.J., Kryworuchko, J., Graham, I.D., Lyddiatt, A., Politi, M.C., Thomson, R., Elwyn, G. and Donner?Banzhoff, N., 2014. Interventions for improving the adoption of shared decision making by healthcare professionals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9),pp.43-51.
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