Discuss about the Utilitarianism And Knowledge Growth During Seeking.
What Are the Relevant Facts?
The facts that have been identified in the given scenario are:
What Are the Ethical Issues?
Who Are the Primary Stakeholders?
The primary stakeholders in the given scenario are:
What Are the Possible Alternatives?
The possible alternatives in this scenario are the following:
What Are the Ethics of the Alternatives?
Utilitarianism- From the perspective of the ethical theory of Utilitarianism it can be said that the act of ensuring that products are defect free would be in the best interest of all the stakeholders involved in the given scenario. The theory of Utilitarianism states that the actions of individuals should be aim to create the greatest benefit for most number of people (Alon & Lehrer 2017). The theory of Utilitarianism takes in to account the utility of actions to assess whether such action can be considered to be ethical or not. Utility according to this theory can be defined as the well being of the most number of stakeholders involved in a scenario (de Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). Utility is derived by the summation of all the pleasures which results from the actions of individuals minus the efforts involved for performing such actions. Thus it can be said that if all the tests are conducted not only will it benefit the clients but also the company’s reputation. Compromising on the quality of the products to compete with the rival companies can be considered can be considered to be unethical
Rights and Duties- According to the ethical theory of Rights and Duties it can be said that the actions of individuals must be governed by certain duties (Thompson 2018). Every individual is a member of the society and thus certain responsibilities are imposed upon individuals and certain rights are granted to them (Piacquadio 2017). An action of an individual can be considered to be unethical if such action infringes the right of another person. In this scenario it can be stated that Rachael has a duty to inspect the quality of the products sold by the company. The clients of the company have the right to have their personal data protected. Thus if the tests are not performed by Rachael the rights of the clients would be infringed.
Justice and fairness- According to the perspective of this ethical theory, it can be said that the actions of individuals must be fair to the other stakeholders in the consideration (Schminke, Arnaud and Taylor 2015). Justice means giving providing every person with what is deserved by him (Goldman. and Cropanzano 2015). Thus it can be said it would be unfair and unjust to provide the clients of the company with products which could be potentially defective.
What Are the Practical Constraints?
The practical constraint involved in this scenario is the shortage of time to conduct al the tests on the products
What Actions Should Be Taken?
Thus in this case Rachael should ensure not to ship the product until all the tests are conducted on them.
Case Study 2
What Are the Relevant Facts?
The relevant facts in this given scenario are:
What are the ethical issues?
The ethical issues that can be identified in the given scenario are:
Who Are the Primary Stakeholders?
The primary stakeholders involved in the case scenario are:
What Are the Possible Alternatives?
The possible alternatives in this given scenario are:
What Are the Ethics of the Alternatives?
Utilitarianism- According to the principle of Utilitarianism it can be said that the actions of individuals should be aimed to create the greatest benefit for the most number of people (de Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). The theory of Utilitarianism takes in to account the utility of actions to assess whether such action can be considered to be ethical or not. Utility according to this theory can be defined as the well being of the most number of stakeholders involved in a scenario. Utility is derived by the summation of all the pleasures which results from the actions of individuals minus the efforts involved for performing such actions (Liu, Schucker and Law 2018). Thus by applying the principles Utilitarianism it can be stated that Anne must inform her manager about the grievances of her co workers. The act of informing the management will create benefits for her co workers as well as other employees of the organization who might be adversely affected by the practice of favoritism in the workplace. If the management of the company takes steps to prevent favoritism, it would be beneficial to the majority of the employees in the company.
Rights and Duties – According to the principles of the ethical theory of rights and duties, it can be stated that individuals are considered to be members of the society and are granted some rights (Piacquadio, 2017). However, it is the duty of every individual of the society to respect and the rights of the others. The actions of individuals would be considered to be unethical if the same violates the rights of others. Thus in this case it can be said that it is the duty of Anne to report the problem to the management, otherwise the rights of her co workers would be infringed.
Justice and Fairness- The theory of justice and Fairness states that it is the duty of every individual to treat every person fairly ( Gasper 2016). Justice can be defined as giving equal opportunity every individual. Thus it can be said that the act of favoritism in the company is inherently unethical as it does not provide equal opportunities to every individual and selected employees are favored. Thus it is the duty of the Anne to report complaints of her co workers to her manager and also advice her co workers to report their grievances to the higher authority.
What Are the Practical Constraints?
The practical constraint in this scenario is that the informing the manager would be futile and in effective as the manager of the company is strongly biased and stubborn
What Actions Should Be Taken?
In this case Anne must inform her manager about the grievances of her co workers. She must advise them to report formal complaints of favoritism to the higher management.
What Are the Relevant Facts?
The relevant facts that have been identified in the given case study are:
What are the ethical issues?
The ethical issues in consideration are:
Who Are the Primary Stakeholders?
The relevant stakeholders in this given scenario are:
What Are the Possible Alternatives?
In the given case study the alternatives that are available to Victoria in relation to the ethical dilemma faced by her are:
What Are the Ethics of the Alternatives?
Utilitarianism- The theory of Utilitarianism states that the actions of individuals should be aim to create the greatest benefit for most number of people de( Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). The theory of Utilitarianism takes in to account the utility of actions to assess whether such action can be considered to be ethical or not. Utility according to this theory can be defined as the well being of the most number of stakeholders involved in a scenario. Utility is derived by the summation of all the pleasures which results from the actions of individuals minus the efforts involved for performing such actions (Alon & Lehrer 2017). Thus by the application of the theory of Utilitarianism it can be stated that, the best alternative in the given scenario as available to Victoria is to complain to the HR manager about the inappropriate advances made by Luke towards her. Putting up with the harassment would be considered to be inherently unethical and as it would promote a culture of harassment in the workplace and would encourage Luke to keep making such inappropriate advances. It can be said that reporting a complaint to HR department about the incident will not only benefit Victoria in this situation, it would also be beneficial to all the women in the society.
Rights and Duties- According to this theory of ethics it can be said that individuals in the society have been granted with some rights and have been imposed with some duties (Thompson 2018). In this case it can be said that it is an inherent right of Victoria to be not harassed in the workplace. It is the duty of Luke to not make any inappropriate advances to Victoria which makes her uncomfortable. Thus Victoria must report the harassment to ensure that her right to not be harassed is not infringed.
Justice and fairness perspective- From the perspective of justice and fairness it can be said that every individual has the right to be treated fairly (Gasper 2016). According to the theory Justice and Fairness it can be said that justice means providing equal opportunities to every person. In this case, Victoria has been harassed by Luke; therefore she has not received fair and just treatment like the rest of the employees. The fact that she works in an all male work environment has made her a victim of harassment and therefore she need to report a complaint t o ensure that her right to not be harassed is protected.
What Are the Practical Constraints?
The practical constraint in this scenario is that the HR manager of the firm ‘Bullpen” is a single man who shares the same attitude as the firm which promotes all male culture at work.
What Actions Should Be Taken?
The ethical action in this scenario is to report the incident to the HR manager.
What Are the Relevant Facts?
The relevant facts that have been identified in the given scenario are:
What Are the Ethical Issues?
The ethical issues in consideration in this given case study are:
Who Are the Primary Stakeholders?
The relevant stakeholders in this given scenario are:
What Are the Possible Alternatives?
The alternatives are:
Ethics of the alternatives are:
According to the theory of Utilitarianism which intends to create the greatest benefit for the most number of people in the society it can be said that the act of illene’s boss is unethical (de Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). The business strategy of Illene’s boss intends to put the desiners, dealers and architects out of business just for increasing the sales revenue. This act not only adversely affects the designers, dealers and architects, it also impacts the operations of the furniture industry adversely. Thus by the Utilitarian perspective it is unethical. Illene could thus be advised according to the Utilitarian perspective not to involve in the unethical trading perspective under pressure of her boss. However she does not have the obligation to bring broader changes as she is not responsible for the actions of others.
Assessing the facts of the case from the viewpoint of rights and duties it can be said that Illene does not have the obligation to conduct business by unethical procedures. It her duty to not engage in unethical trading practices and conduct business in an ethical manner. Thus, it is unethical to go out of the sales chain. However she does not have the obligation or duty to push broader changes as it is not directly related to her.
Assessing the facts of the case from the perspective of justice and fairness it can said that it is unfair and unjust to conduct business the way it is carried on by Illene’s boss. The dealers, designers and architects would suffer a huge loss if the chain is broken and business is conducted in an unethical manner. It I only fair that Illene did not succumb to the pressure of her boss and carried on business in the ethical way by not breaking the chain.
What Are the Practical Constraints?
The practical constraint involved in this scenario is the pressure asserted over Ilene by her boss.
What Actions Should Be Taken?
Thus in the given scenario it can be said that the best action was to conduct business by not breaking the sales chain which was done by Ilene
de Lazari-Radek, K. and Singer, P., 2017. Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Alon, S., & Lehrer, E. (2017). Subjective Utilitarianism: Decisions in a social context.
Liu, X., Schuckert, M. and Law, R., 2018. Utilitarianism and knowledge growth during status seeking: Evidence from text mining of online reviews. Tourism Management, 66, pp.38-46.
Piacquadio, P.G., 2017. A fairness justification of utilitarianism. Econometrica, 85(4), pp.1261-1276.
Thompson, D.F., 2018. The possibility of administrative ethics. In Classics Of Administrative Ethics (pp. 79-92). Routledge.
Gasper, D., 2016. Ethics of development.
Schminke, M., Arnaud, A. and Taylor, R., 2015. Ethics, values, and organizational justice: Individuals, organizations, and beyond. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(3), pp.727-736.
Goldman, B. and Cropanzano, R., 2015. “Justice” and “fairness” are not the same thing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), pp.313-318.
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