Collecting, using as well as sharing of personal data entails taking into consideration of the legal landscape as well as the ethical standards by the government (Romanosky, Hoffman and Acquisti, 2014). Based on the ethical aspect it entails the standards of the right and wrong which is prescribed what one ought to do, which is guided by the duties, rights, costs as well as the benefits (Acquisti, Brandimarte and Loewenstein, 2015). In the UK it has been one of the most active regions for the regulatory enforcement actions in regards to the issues over the data protection. In handling of personal information in regards to individuals, there are a number of the legal obligations so as to protect that personal data under the Data protection Act of 1998.
Based on this legislation it protect individuals under certain rights, as well as impose the obligations on those who record as well as use the personal data to be open about how the data is used (Acquisti, Brandimarte and Loewenstein, 2015). On the ethical aspect all the research on data need to be conducted to the highest level of integrity so as to ensure that there it is robust and defensible. In this research it will investigate into the issues which should be considered by the organization as well as the government which collect the personal information (Barocas and Nissenbaum, 2014).
Additionally, it will look at the introduced General Data Protection Regulation. On this regulation it will look at the safeguards that are introduced by GDPR, the structures which company chosen will use, the roles and responsibilities that will be defined and how the company need to manage the consent of the users and the implications to the organization and the individuals in case there is a data breach which may occur.
Ethical issues on the use of personal data
The personal data is the new asset class which touches all the aspects of the society. It is very valuable resource when it comes to the 21st Century (Caudill and Murphy, 2000). Nonetheless, the aspect of the personal data lacks the trading rules as well as policy framework which exist. Many individuals care about their privacy and they do not often share their personal information online (Barocas and Nissenbaum, 2014). Many fear that the data will not be protected when they share or even think it will be shared. Some individuals rarely read the policies of the organization which offer services. In UK the government is trying to leverage on all the personal data so as to stimulate the aspect of innovation and drive the growth, while at the same time simultaneously protecting persons (Pardo and Siemens, 2014). There is need for establishing internal policies so as to ensure there is proper protection of the individual’s privacy.
There are various ethical issues which rises as a result of the personal data some are highlighted as follows; one of the issue is in regards to the privacy. This refers to the personal right to be free from any intrusion or perhaps the interference by others (Caudill and Murphy, 2000). It is a fundamental rights especially in a free as well as democratic society for the personal information for the people to be secure.
People have the privacy interest in relation to their personal information and the research could affect various domain in regards to the privacy in numerous ways depending on the objectives and the methods. A significant aspect in regard to the privacy is the right to control the information about an individual. The concept of consent is much related to the right of privacy. It is respected if a person has the opportunity to exercise the control over one personal information through consent to, or without holding the content for.
Another ethical issue which may arise in regards to personal data is that of confidentiality. The ethical duty of the confidentiality regards to the obligation of the individuals in safeguarding on the entrusted information (Martin, 2015). The question which could arise is would the UK government safeguard on the personal data of their citizens? The ethical duty of confidentiality entails obligation to protect the information from the unauthorized access, use, modification, loss or even theft. Another ethical issue is that of security (Martin, 2015).
This relates to the measures which is used to protect the information. It could include the physical, technical as well as the administrative (Ogbanufe and Avery, 2016). The UK government should adopt as well as enforce appropriate security measures as part of their confidentiality duties. Some of the physical safeguards could entail the use storing of the personal data away from the public areas (Slade and Prinsloo, 2013). The aspect of the administrative safeguards entails the development as well as the enforcement of the rules in regards to who to access the personal data of individuals (Slade and Prinsloo, 2013). The aspect on the technical safeguard entails the use of the passwords, firewalls as well as encryption to their system and other measures which could protect the data from the unauthorized access or even the loss and modification.
UK laws that affect the use of personal data
The laws which relate to the data protection of personal data are designed in order to regulate the organization which are regarded as the data controllers those who collect and process information relating to identifiable personal with the rights in relation to such data (Caudilland Murphy, 2000). In the UK the position has been currently governed by the Data Protection Act 1998, which is designed to comply with the European Union Directive on the aspect of the Data Protection so as to harmonize the various data protection laws that are within the numerous Member States (Caudill and Murphy, 2000). The personal data are the information in regards to living individuals who could be identified from the information as well as other which is in or likely come into the data controller possession and could be minimal.
The Data Protection Act will be replaced by the EU General Data Protection Regulation framework with much greater scope and tougher punishment for those who fail in complying with the new rules around the storage as well as handling personal data (Schwartz and Solove, 2014).
The data protection law has various implications to the businesses in the UK (Townend, 2017). In these laws it will ensure data resilience and also provide some challenges for the business in regards to getting their houses order (Floridi and Taddeo, 2016). Many of the organizations will need to review their data privacy as well as protection policies in order to be compliant with the new laws.
Data protection Act 1998: This law controls the collection as well as the storage of individual’s personal data. The data controller will need to register with the ICO. Organization will only collect the minimum data which is necessary for the tasks they are performing (Slade and Prinsloo, 2013). Additionally, they will only need to store personal data for longer than the necessary for the task they are undertaking.
Privacy and electronic communications regulations 2011: This law controls the ways in which organizations as well as the public bodies use the electronic communications in order to market their services to the consumers (Solomon, 2017). In this law an organization cannot send unsolicited emails, tests or even the voicemail message unless they have the consent of the users in doing so (Floridi and Taddeo, 2016). Moreover, they are not able to ask the users to send them marketing message to friends or give them their friend contact details for the purpose of marketing, unless one is confident they have received the consent from each of their friends.
Among the new conditions one of the biggest change to the SMEs they will face concerns consent. Under the new regulations, the companies should keep a thorough record in regards to how and when an individual gives consent to store and use their personal data. The aspect of consent will mean there is an active agreement (Floridi and Taddeo, 2016). It can no longer be inferred and organization which control how and why the data is processed would have to clearly audit trail of the consent. Individuals have the rights to withdraw consent at any given time, easily and swiftly. When they withdraw consent, the organization should permanently erase their personal data and this new GDPR law gives the individuals the right to be forgotten.
Discussion of privacy and anonymity
Privacy is the ability of individual to seclude information about themselves. The boundaries and content to which is regarded as private differ among individuals, but share a common themes. Under the privacy law if a country such as UK is dealing with the personal data, they are outside the scope of legislation (Caudill and Murphy, 2000). The aspect of privacy and anonymity gets complicated in the age of the data. According to EU GDPR, the personal data is defined to whether or not the person could be identified directly or even directly. In UK there is introduction of the concept of pseudonymisation in order to address the privacy and anonymity (Floridi and Taddeo, 2016). It talks about the process, which alters on the personal data in regards to the individual personal data which can longer be attributed to the specific subject data, without the use of the additional information.
The challenge of the data privacy is to utilize while protecting on the individuals preferences as well as their personally identifiable information (Narayanan, Huey and Felten, 2016). the laws and the regulations related to privacy of personal data are changing constantly especially in UK, therefore, it is important to keep abreast of the various changes in the law and to continually reassess the compliance with the data privacy as well as the security regulations.
Anonymity:
Anonymity regards to sanitization of the information intent in private protection. It can be the process of encrypting or even removing personally identifiable information from the personal data set so as individuals whose data describe could remain anonymous (Solove and Schwartz, 2014). According to the GDPR it highlights that the principles of the data protection does not apply to the anonymous information, especially to the information which does not relate to the identified or even the identifiable natural person or to personal data which is rendered anonymous in a manner which the data subject is not or no longer identifiable.
Therefore, this regulation does not concern the process of such anonymous data (Floridi and Taddeo, 2016). Nonetheless, despite this many have viewed anonymized data as unsafe since the most sosphicated techniques could be reversed with the right data sets. The purpose of the anonymity is to protect a person privacy, in order to ensure that the information is treated properly and the identifiable data is processed by few individuals as possible.
How companies should secure and safeguard users’ personal data
The information which is trusted to the companies by the customers should be protected not only for the purpose of the organization brand. When the companies use the personal data or information which is provided or entrusted to them, this data needs to be used accordingly to the purpose it was agreed (Pardo and Siemens, 2014). The federal Trade Commission’s enforces various penalties against the organization which have negated so as to ensure the privacy of the customer data. As a result of the escalation as well as the increase in threat in the public as well as public sector, it is important for the companies to safeguard the personal data of the customer.
This could take place through having a data security policy in place (Murray, 2013). Making sure that the company data is private and used properly could be near to impossible task which involves various layer of security which could include technology that is able to scans for vulnerabilities. Some of the secure and safeguard measures to ensure security of personal data are as follows;
Ensuring data security accountability: The companies needs to ensure that their information technology workers as well as the management are aware that their responsibilities and what is expected them. The various type of data need to be classified so that the workers and the management do understand the differences. Through the categorization of the data, the workers are much aware of how to handle each kind of the data which is allowed to distribute. Important classes include the policy entails confidential data, data which is meant to be sent internally within the organization.
System data security policies: The security configuration to all the essential servers as well as the operating system is important to the data security policy. There should be clear networks and management of the accounts along with the passwords.
Account monitoring and the control: It is important for the organization to keep track of who is accessing what is significant component of the data security policy. Some of common sources of the digital compromises are much legitimate but they are inactive user accounts. There are various categories which a security policy such as the data and network segmentation, identity and access management. There is need to address the organization entire security posture, monitoring on the activity across each asset within an organization.
Encrypt the data: It is important to keep the organization system secure especially on their browser. To guard on the customer data such as the online transaction, it is important to encrypt information which scrambles the information which send one over the internet. The information need to be secure the clients data always when it is transmitted. Additionally, the organization should keep the password private. The use of passwords strong password would enable an organization to safeguard on the customer personal data more secure and ensure that the attackers do not have an access to this kind of data.
GDPR context and background; discussion of extra safeguards GDPR adds to UK law
The GDPR is the new EU privacy law, which has been aimed in bringing order to the patchwork of the privacy rules across the European Union (Walker-Osborn and Barry, 2016). This law is a regulation rather than a directive, and it has been binding the legal force and would be immediately enforceable as the law in the EU member states. This new law will grant individual more control over how others utilize their personal data (Libert, 2015). The law has been designed to sign the European privacy rules into the British law along with update of the existing Data Protection Act that had not changed since 1998. This law also include reform of the right to be forgotten which allow people to ask organization including the social media for their data from being erased.
The key changes to the existing to the UK law are;
Much tougher reporting as well as notification obligations. Under the existing legislation in the UK, there has been no legal obligation in reporting data breaches to the information Commissioners (Murray, 2013). This bill entailed a mandatory reporting requirement (Fuster, 2014). The data controllers would have to notify the information Commissioner, which would not be later than seventy two hours after becoming aware of breach, unless they are able to highlights that the breach is not possible to result to any risk for right as well as the freedom of data (Weingärtner and Westphall, 2014).
Another change is on the right to be forgotten (Lynskey, 2017). When individuals do not want their data to be processed and there are no legitimate grounds for retaining it, the data needs to be deleted. The consumers would be able to ask the businesses such as the retail bank to access their personal data and it should be deleted (Fuster, 2014). This give they more control over how their data is removed.
There is easier access to one data with the changes to the new legislation law (Strandburg, 2014). The individual will have more information on how their data is processed and how the information should be available in a manner that is clear and understandable.
Other extra safeguard which will be introduced in this law is that there will be mandatory appointment of the data protection officer. There is a requirement for the mandatory appointment of the Data Protection officer for the public authorities (Martin, 2015). The organization which process the large scale data such as the retail bank will need to appoint the data protection officer. Additionally, there will also be a wider definition of the personal data. There will be more expansion of the personal data aspect so as to reflect the new types of the data which were not covered in the regulations in 1998 (Martin, 2015). These included the IP addresses, the internet cookies as well as the DNA. This follows the concerns which the internet browsing records which has increasingly been utilized for the purpose of the marketing.
Structures and management systems commercial enterprises need to set up.
The organization which I have chosen is the retail bank which has a large scale volume of personal data. The GDPR definition is more detailed and it makes it clearer that its expansion will offer a wider ranges to the roles and the responsibilities which occurs to this organization especially in the management processes (Conger, Pratt and Loch, 2013). There are numerous structure and management system which are needed to be set up to accommodate the new additional regulation from the law. One of the changes will be on how they process the data; the organization need to explain to their users in a much clear and concise format, with the users needing to provide their consent before any data has been processed.
The organization will also need to perform a full audit to their operation in regards to the data storage, the way transmission is done so as to understand better what needs to be done (Conger, Pratt and Loch, 2013). The GDPR usually applies to the personal data as well as the manual system in the organization where the personal data could be accessed based on the specific criteria (Shoor, 2014). It is much wider than the DPA definition and may entail a chronological order set to the manual records which contain the personal data.
The organization will also need to accommodate the data protection officer who is mandatory who will monitor on the way the personal data is being handled (Liu, 2014). Additionally, this individual will ensure that the organization does comply with the regulation.
This will entail establishment of a department in the organization which will be concerned with the personal data monitoring so that the officer will be able to monitor on the uses of the data. The retail bank will also need to automate on all their processing (Edwards, Hofmeyr and Forrest, 2016). when persons are profiled through the algorithm based on their personal data, such kind of the evaluation of their health, individuals could demand on this action to be undertaken, rather than a machine; therefore, they need to be prepared on such shortcomings.
How companies should manage users’ consent
The core requirement to coming up with this new UK law GDPR is that processing on the personal data the organization need to seek consent from the users to do so and let them revoke that consent any time in an easy manner like they were given (Porter and Heppelmann, 2014). Keeping of an audit able trail of the consent, scope of the user as well as the revocation during the client’s identity life cycle.
The organization especially in the retail bank usually utilize SAS approach so as to link the consent information with the data usage policies as well as the personal data in order to offer a complete picture to the personal data and its usage in the organization (Chander and Lê, 2014). Bringing these 3 aspects together makes it easy for the reporting compliance, and allow at the same time the organization to base their marketing campaign along with the other channels activities on a given consent which is given by every person (Jay, Pearson and Farmer, 2016).
With the use of the SAS for the personal Data protection, the organization can immediately begin to manage and store their usage of the data policies more transparently and at the same time collaborate in the web based programs (Liu, 2014). This is one of the step towards the GDPR compliance which is the starting point for the governance of the personal data. Moreover, rather than serving as the library towards the personal data usage policies, the solution thus support continuous maintenance of the policies which could incorporate the general policies of the data as the central instance for the workflow incident management for the personal information.
To manage the personal data, the usage of the data policies could be linked to the information in regards to the data sources (Conger, Pratt and Loch, 2013). The organizing using SAS for the personal data protection might find the personal data in many data sources. The solution utilizes what is regarded as parsing, matching as well as identification capabilities that is able to identify the sources which contain the sensitive personal data.
The companies are adapting their infrastructure so as to comply with the legislation and the demands of the customers. Even though the personal data has been collected through various ways (Chander and Lê, 2014). The cookie banners and the pop-ups on the website are one way which the customers are able to control what it collected by the organization (Ford, 2016). Other ways has been through customization; the company needs to customize the solution for the given client. The consent API provides the opportunity so as to store the JavaScript for the tags so as to load the platform rather than the website (Edwards, Hofmeyr and Forrest, 2016). When an individual visit the web page for a company they consent-API is loaded initially in case permission is provided, the tag is able to load.
The aspect of consent information should be brought into the picture. The SAS personal Data Protection is able to combine the consent information as well as the personal data to a single data model, and offer a data model template in order to store personal data records along with the consent data which could comprise of the historic changes (Edwards, Hofmeyr and Forrest, 2016).
Implications of data breach.
When it comes to the organization which experience data breach it can have a bad reputation on their brand. Some of the breaches are more devastating than other to an organization reputation and it brand image (Morey, Forbath and Schoop, 2015). The data protection and the critical aspects in protecting the reputation of the brand as well as maintaining on the loyalty of the customers. An example of such organization which suffered from this the Sony Pictures. The company suffered to more than one million dollars in the direct costs and damages.
What included in such category was the legal expenses. When such issue occurs there is also sinking customer trust and goodwill, damage caused to the 3rd parties, as well as the rise in the insurance premiums. The Sony data breach was particular was a result of stolen details of the customers. This resulted to the violation of the customer trust, and the company lost trust from many of their current customer, which resulted to the ripple effects in regards to the negative word of mouth particularly in this age of the social media.
The retail service organization such as the retail bank may suffer a more harsh negative effect than other industries. They can lose, at least 9% of their market value within a span of thirty days of the announcement of the breach. The market usually react so severely when it comes to the issues of breaches for the retail industry since the retail clients might be fickle and not loyal to the brands. Any kind of the publicized negative event could lead to the switching of their business to the organization that they compete with them.
On the part of the individuals when the data has breached many feel devastated and they do not trust the organization again that let their information to be stolen (Posner, 2014). Many individual tends to lose interest in a given brand in case such situation was to rise (Lloyd, 2017). Additionally, when one personal data is stolen especially in a retail bank that offers one services you can opt to sue them. There is loss in the revenue to that particular organization (Weber, 2015). There is a lot of damages which the clients is entitled to in the even that there data is breached.
Conclusion
In this report, it has sought to examine on the significance of the security and the privacy of the data which has been the core activity to many businesses today. It has looked at the current issues especially on the ethical part when it comes to the data and the analytics. In this case the focus has been on the current UK law in regards to the personal data protection. There has been changes to the Data security protection which has incorporated more issues so as to provider the consumers more scope in regards to their protection. Additionally, it has examined extensively on the GDPR law and how the companies especially in the retail bank could change on their structures and the management system to enable them to implement the new Laws which will soon be in place by May 2018.
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