• Write the research proposal which has been approved for which will:
• Explain the rationale for the research (i.e. why it is worth doing);
• State the aims and objectives of the research;
• Provide examples of relevant theories and concepts you intend to include in the literature review;
• Explain the methodology you intend to use in your research;
• Explain the specific research techniques which you intend to use (e.g. questionnaire, interviews, case study etc.). Give your reasons why you think that the chosen technique(s) is (are) appropriate for this project;
• Discuss what data will be collected (e.g. consider whether data is primary or secondary; qualitative or quantitative etc.);
• Explain how the data will be interpreted;
• Discuss whether the findings will have validity, reliability and generalisability
• Discuss any potential difficulties which might arise in relation to this research and explain how you might deal with these difficulties.
According to Duca and Peltonen (2013), financial stability is defined as the ability to provide assistance and improve the economic activities, risk management and alleviate the risk factors. On an added notion the financial stability is a continuous process that changes continuously over time and is steady with the various combinations of the elements that constitute finance.
A sufficiently stable political and social agreement is required in order to establish financial stability. The strong financial system is less vulnerable to the risks that a financial crisis will emerge when the economy is experiencing a several disturbances from the economic front. The economy will also be able to face the financial crisis efficiently with its flexibility if there arise any such situation (Rey 2015). In several cases, reforms are necessary, but the requirement of time for their implementation varies depending on the nature and the proper sequencing needs.
The research proposal will solely focus on evaluating the financial stability issues in the emerging markets and developing economies. The proposal will also throw light on the five key factors of the financial stability that are necessary for the emerging markets and developing economies. Over the next sections, the entire plan for the proposed research is described.
Broad rationale of the research is to evaluate the financial stability of the emerging economies and developing economies. According to Claessens and Yurtoglu (2013), this is an alarming issue as the post crisis financial reform recognized only the crisis in the advanced economies therefore; the financial stability of the emerging market and developing economies is needed to be evaluated. The emerging markets are defined as the countries, which have industrialized recently, however, have not achieved the status of a first world country. These economies exhibit an outstanding rate of growth in its developing counterparts. Individual investors if want to invest in the emerging economies they can buy into the emerging markets or the global funds. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the financial stability of the emerging markets, and thereby determine the ability of the economy to mitigate the financial risk. This will also help the researcher to determine the financial vulnerability of the economy as well. Nowadays, all the foreign investors are interested in investing their resources in the economies hat have not been saturated yet (Peltonen et al. 2012). Thus, the emerging economies and the developing economies with their substantial economic growth and prosperous future prospects are a very lucrative option in front of the investors for investment. Therefore, it is also essential to analyze the financial stability of the emerging markets and developing economies.
The significance of the study is to determine the key concepts of the financial stability. It will also determine the effectiveness of the policies and measures required to establish and retain the financial stability.
The researcher mainly aims at evaluating the financial stability of the emerging markets and developing economies. The World Economic Outlook and IMF have performed the classification of the countries; these countries differ from the others based on their size, productivity, level of development and the other factors that are the constituents of the financial system. Therefore, the researcher’s aim is to shed light on the financial stability of the country and evaluate its role in determining the situational impact of the emerging markets and developing economies in the financial world.
The objective of the research can be stated as follows,
To determine the key issues, those are associated with the concept of financial stability.
To determine the factors that give rise to the financial instability in emerging markets and developing economies
To determine the characteristics of the perfect financial system
To design strategies for promoting the perfect financial system in emerging markets and developing economies
Based on the research objectives, here is the list of research questions that the researcher will try to answer with the help of this study.
What are the key factors that are associated with the concept of financial stability?
What are the underlying factors that give rise to financial instability in emerging and developing countries?
What are the characteristics of a robust financial system?
How strategies can be designed, in order to promote a robust financial system in emerging and developing countries?
H1: The financial stability has significant impact on the emerging markets and developing economies substantially.
H2: The financial stability has no significant impact on the emerging markets and developing economies substantially.
Financial Stability
According to Mirzaei et al. (2013), financial stability in the emerging markets and developing economies has become significant as these are becoming the most important engine for growth of the global economy and thereby has contributed significantly in stabilizing the global financial crisis.
The five key stability issues that are concerned with the emerging economies and developing economies are selected on the basis of their materiality and importance (De Bock and Demyanets 2012). This has also been done keeping in mind the implication of these issues in the regulatory, supervisory and other financial sectors.
The first and foremost issue that is associated with the emerging economies and developing economies (EMDE) is the implementation of the international financial standards. According to Burger et al. (2012), most of the emerging markets and developing economies have enhanced and strengthened their banking sector along with the securities regulation qualities and the insurance sector over the past few years and thereby making them eligible to stand the adverse effects of global financial crisis. The main challenges that the emerging markets and developing economies face are the constrained supervisory capacity, incompetent legal framework and the ability of the economies to meet the requirement of supervising the activity of the conglomerates. Moreover, the continuous process of adoption of the international standard is also a challenge that the EMDEs face.
Burger et al. (2012) pointed out that, there are countries in which the foreign banks play an important role in the economy. There is a deep-rooted conflict of interest between the home and the host country, there may be lack of supervisory activities on the cooperation and sharing of information and the complicate assessment of risk and this lack may arise only because of the jurisdictional boundaries. In accordance with the problem, some of the emerging economies and developing countries along with some advanced economies may require intervention of the foreign banks as subsidiaries and sometimes imply certain precautionary measures to protect the interest of the stakeholders.
Again, Kumbirai and Webb (2013) stated that the small scale non-bank lending and depository institutions in the EMDEs play a significantly important role. Therefore, with the expansion of this sector, it is becoming more complicated and interrelated with the rest of the financial system. This extensive increase in the growth rate, accompanied by the worsening of asset quality may potentially put an adverse effect on the financial stability of the emerging markets and developing economies.
Aizenman and Ito (2012) pointed out that there is another factor is also associated with the financial stability of the emerging markets and developing economies that is the instability of the nominal exchange rates. This when associated with the sizeable capital flows will give rise to substantial risk associated with foreign exchange. These risks can be seen prominently in the emerging markets and developing economies, as these economies possess a potentially small domestic financial market and significant conversion of the currencies into dollar.
The capital markets according to ÄŒihák et al. (2012), in the emerging markets and developing economies are basically superficial and are expected to react drastically when faced with sudden movement in the price level. Therefore, there is a need to develop the domestic investor base and necessary measures to address the issues related with the market liquidity.
The macroeconomic instability affecting the emerging market economies along with the mature industrialized economies are subject to serious issues in the financial segment. The first and foremost source of financial instability is the Macroeconomic Instability in the economy (Minoiu and Reyes 2013). This means that when there is high variability in the rate of inflation and prevalence of the high inflation rate accompanied by unsustainable fiscal positioning is the main and basic source of the financial instability that are faced by the banks and the other financial institutions. However, the financial institutions have the capability to hedge against the volatility of their own portfolio, the risk can hedged in aggregate.
When the economy possesses non-neutral tax systems or incompetent market then an incidence of inflation will make the economy more vulnerable. However, Aizenman et al. (2013) argued that the financial institutions and the banks are efficient enough to adapt the inflation rather a high rate of inflation as well in order to keep up their profitability. For example, banks can survive a high rate of inflation by indexing the lending rates and shifting into the assets whose prices have resulted the inflation such as foreign exchange.
Liberalization is on the other hand provides certain advantages, such as increases the opportunities to facilitate the adverse effects of real shocks. As well as it also induces competition and efficiency in the financial sector of the economy (Butler 2012). Therefore, the financial liberalization more precisely the capital account liberalization plays a substantially important role in stabilizing the economy financially. During the transition period, the financial liberalization can help the economy to mitigate the financial instability by raising the credit exposure and the risk associated with foreign exchange.
The fiscal policy can affect the financial system directly by affecting the macroeconomic stability of the economy. That is the fiscal sustainability and the capability of the fiscal policy to react flexibly in response to the macroeconomic shocks. The choice of the fiscal policy also affects the fiscal stability of an economy as tax treatment on the part of the financial institutions is involved over there (Lane 2013).
A lack of reliable legal infrastructure and prevalence of imperfect information may result in the development of incompetent financial markets. If these markets were not present in the economy, the banks would have faced with a narrow range of opportunities to invest in. The financing sources will then make them more sensitive to the financial shocks.
The determination of the features of a perfect financial system depends on the three basic factors. These factors are providing and retaining the perfect financial incentives for the financial actors, creation of the appropriate information dependent on the financial actors and finally equipping the institutions or the individuals with necessary capabilities so that they can respond effectively and efficiently to the market incentives and also use the information efficiently.
As stated by Islam et al. (2013) the use of appropriate incentives is necessary to ensure that the managers, investors, creditors and owners while tracking down their own interests, will pay attention in the social effects of their actions and will take necessary precautionary steps in order to mitigate the risk. If this is needed to be, the case the private investors should try to reap off the entire benefit of the financial gains and bear the cost completely and the associate risk as well which are associated with their financial decisions. The markets should also be efficient so that they can exercise the appropriate policy measures in accordance with their requirements. Therefore, as pointed out by Asongu (2014) the stakeholders should also be allotted with the power so that they can reward or penalize the investors for their success or failures.
Financial decisions in order to be effective, it is necessary to have perfect access to reliable and relevant information and that too in proper time. This will help to establish efficient discipline in the market, perfect corporate governance and effective addressing of the supervisory misunderstandings.
According to Bonin et al. (2014) the individuals or the institutions should also possess the capabilities to take and implement the exact financial decisions. To do so, the individuals or the investors should possess the capability to res[pond effectively to the incentives and information. Therefore, there is a dire need of reliability so that the transactions can be carried out in an effective and efficient manner as well as on the scheduled time.
In order to establish financial stability the emerging markets and developing economies should further design certain strategies. This may include the enhancement of the independence of the supervisory activities, resources and the capacity of the economy as well (Cecchetti and Kharroubi 2012). The resource and capacity of the economy can be strengthened by adjusting the potential frameworks so that they become able to depict the growth rate and the financial risk that may arise from the non-bank financial lending and depository organizations. If the management of the foreign exchange risk is strengthened, a broader investor base will be created domestically. This will in turn help the economy to accrue precautionary measures in both domestic and international level and ensure liquidity in the capital market.
According to Beck et al. (2013), the international community should inform the emerging markets and developing economies about the appropriate speed and consistency of the adaptation of the Basel II/III framework in the emerging market and developing economies. Particularly the member countries of the G20, with more integrated financial system has adapted this strategy, the timeframe for the application of this strategy is another important factor that should be kept in mind.
In the case of the large international banks the home supervisors should provide host supervisors, this is important as these banks play a significantly essential in the home jurisdiction. The supervision can be provided by conveying the important information about the parent bank to the host with the help of management groups (Grifoni and Messy 2012).
Moreover, According to Cecchetti and Kharroubi (2012) development of an international harmony between the basic elements of the robust financial system is necessary with the help of the Group of Ten and of emerging markets and developing economies. The market channels and the market disciplines should be utilized in a proper way in order to provide incentives for sound supervisory systems.
There should be substantial promotional activities undertaken by the international institutions like IMF, World Bank and the other regional banks. The promotional activity will purely focus on the incentives that may arise out of implementation of the proper principles and practices (Grifoni and Messy 2012).
Implementing the following strategies or designing new strategies in accordance with the requirement will help the emerging market and developing economies to establish and retain financial stability. Therefore, the evaluation of the financial stability of the emerging markets and developing economies depicts that these economies play a vital role in the rate of growth of the global economy. Moreover, the strategies generated and recommended are well efficient to cope up with the current problems as faced by the companies.
Figure: Conceptual Framework
(Source: Created by Researcher)
Type of Investigation
The researcher here will use the descriptive type of investigation method. As the research objectives and questions are clear, therefore in accordance to the convenience of the research as the research questions were designed well before the beginning of the research it is convenient to use the descriptive method of research. If the descriptive type of investigation is appropriate for this type of research activities and thereby it can handle the problem of the research in accordance with different perspectives such as why, when and what (Hesse-Biber, 2012).
There are mainly two types of research philosophies namely, interpretivism and positivism (Gummerson, 2012. The positivism philosophy of research is generally concerned about addressing the research related problems in accordance with the real facts that are available after being identified and observed at an earlier stage. This research philosophy is one of the most effective an deficient tool for performing the analysis of the data available in order to ensure that the research problems are addressed effective with the help of the real facts and original evidences. In the case of this particular study the philosophy of interpretivism is followed, because the evaluation of the financial stability in the emerging markets and developing economies is based on a particular situation or certain perception of the people about the facts.
According to Crouch and Pearce (2012), the deductive approach of the research can be characterized by constructing a hypothesis depending on the preexisting theories and thereby determining the research strategy in order to verify the hypothesis. The deductive approach of the research can be explained with the help of the research hypothesis that is constructed with the help of the propositions of the theory. The deductive approach can also be defined as the approach that is focused on deducing the results with the help of the propositions (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012).
Another research approach is the inductive research approach, the main difference between the inductive and deductive research approach is that, the deductive approach is concerned with testing the theories and the inductive theory is concerned with developing new theories.
The researcher here will choose the inductive approach of research so as to get the benefits of designing new concepts and theories. According to Creswell (2012), with the help of the inductive research approach, the researcher will be able to collect data from different sources and this will help to enhance the knowledge of the researcher about the topic.
According to Dul and Hak (2012), the topic is the financial stability of developing economics is an important area of research. Therefore, the secondary research on this topic would have to include sufficient secondary data for completing the assignment with an in-depth data analysis. However, during the collection of data, there would be some accessibility issues related to the data collection. As the financial stability is a key research topic, the recent research data would not be accessible from the online sites without payment (Bernard 2012). On other hand, the topic is new and the data source is limited. For collecting more data on this topic would need more time, but the time is limited.
According to Bernard (2012), the research should be done following the ethical considerations in the national rules for enhancing the rate of success of the research. In this context, the Data collection Act 1998 would be followed. All the data collected would be from authenticated sources (Denzin and Lincoln, 2012). All the sources would be verified through valid tools for eliminating any kind of ethical issues from the research outcomes. No one will be affected physically or emotionally during the research. The data that will be used in this research would be ethically and legally accessible. The data analysis will be done in authentic process for gaining expected outcomes. All the data used in the data would be cited in an ethical ways (Bergh and Ketchen 2012). The process of data collection and analysis will be transparent enough to be understood by all.
The research is a secondary study; therefore the data collection method would be secondary through the use of secondary resources. The secondary data are the data those are the results of other author’s research and these are used in the research for analyzing the primary data and enhancing the efficiency of the research. The secondary data for this research would be collected from the updated and valid secondary resources including books, journals, newspaper articles and authentic websites (Bergh and Ketchen 2012). The government websites would be preferred for ensuring the authenticity of the research.
The research is a secondary research, therefore, the data analysis method will be used that would support the secondary research. The thematic analysis will be used in this research, as it is done by the comparison and analysis of the data collected from the secondary resources with the pre-existing theories through the establishment of different themes (Bergh and Ketchen 2012). It will help to form a systematic structure of the analysis process based on which the analysis will be done and according to the results found specific recommendation would be made.
After assuring the presence of appropriate resources for the research in a systematic framework, the work will be started but there would be some limitations related to the research. The major research limitation would be the time constrain and amount of data. Time is a limited, therefore, it is a major constrain for gathering huge amount of data for the research. On the other hand, due to the accessibility of secondary data, sufficient amount of data would not be collected, more data might enhance the efficiency of the research.
The researcher will follow a specific and consistent structure while conducting the study regarding the dissertation. The researcher has provided the proposed structure for the dissertation below,
Figure 2: Dissertation Structure
(Source: Created by Researcher)
(Refer to Appendix-I)
The researcher will try to complete the entire research work within a stipulated time frame. As the researcher is faced with a limitation of time, therefore the researcher plans to finish the work within approximately seven weeks. The researcher will also take care of the fact that all the tasks are performed effectively and efficiently and are allocated with proper amount of time required to perform them. The time plan is provided in the appendix, where the researcher have stated the requirement of time for each specific tasks.
Reference List
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Aizenman, J., Chinn, M.D. and Ito, H., 2013. The “impossible trinity” hypothesis in an era of global imbalances: measurement and testing. Review of International Economics, 21(3), pp.447-458.
Asongu, S., 2014. Financial development dynamic thresholds of financial globalization: evidence from Africa. Journal of Economic Studies, 41(2), pp.166-195.
Beck, T., De Jonghe, O. and Schepens, G., 2013. Bank competition and stability: cross-country heterogeneity. Journal of financial Intermediation, 22(2), pp.218-244.
Bergh, D. and Ketchen, D. J. 2012 Research methodology in Strategy and Management, 1st ed. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd
Bernard, H. R. 2012 Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 5th ed. Plymouth: Alta Mira Press.
Bonin, J., Hasan, I. and Wachtel, P., 2014. Banking in transition countries.
Burger, J.D., Warnock, F.E. and Warnock, V.C., 2012. Emerging local currency bond markets. Financial Analysts Journal, 68(4), pp.73-93.
Butler, K.C., 2012. Multinational finance: evaluating opportunities, costs, and risks of operations (Vol. 729). John Wiley & Sons.
Cecchetti, S.G. and Kharroubi, E., 2012. Reassessing the impact of finance on growth.
ÄŒihák, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Feyen, E. and Levine, R., 2012. Benchmarking financial systems around the world. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6175).
Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey. Emerging markets review, 15, pp.1-33.
Creswell, J. W. 2012. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
Crouch, C. and Pearce, J. 2012 Doing Research in Design – Page 68, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Crowther, D. and Lancaster, G. 2012 Research Methods, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
De Bock, R. and Demyanets, M.A., 2012. Bank asset quality in emerging markets: Determinants and spillovers (No. 12-71). International Monetary Fund.
Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. 2012 The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Page 271, 4th ed. London: Sage Publications.
Duca, M.L. and Peltonen, T.A., 2013. Assessing systemic risks and predicting systemic events. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(7), pp.2183-2195.
Dul, J. and Hak, T. (2012) Case Study Methodology in Business Research, 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier
Grifoni, A. and Messy, F.A., 2012. Current status of national strategies for financial education: A comparative analysis and relevant practices. OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, (16), p.1.
Gummerson, E. 2012 Qualitative methods in management research, 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage
Hesse-Biber, S. N (2010) Mixed Methods Research: Merging Theory With Practice, 3ed ed. New York: Guilford Publications
Islam, F., Shahbaz, M., Ahmed, A.U. and Alam, M.M., 2013. Financial development and energy consumption nexus in Malaysia: a multivariate time series analysis. Economic Modelling, 30, pp.435-441.
Kumbirai, M. and Webb, R., 2013. A financial ratio analysis of commercial bank performance in South Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 2(1), pp.30-53.
Lane, P.R., 2013. Financial globalisation and the crisis. Open Economies Review, 24(3), pp.555-580.
Minoiu, C. and Reyes, J.A., 2013. A network analysis of global banking: 1978–2010. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(2), pp.168-184.
Mirzaei, A., Moore, T. and Liu, G., 2013. Does market structure matter on banks’ profitability and stability? Emerging vs. advanced economies. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(8), pp.2920-2937.
Peltonen, T.A., Sousa, R.M. and Vansteenkiste, I.S., 2012. Wealth effects in emerging market economies. International Review of Economics & Finance, 24, pp.155-166.
Rey, H., 2015. Dilemma not trilemma: the global financial cycle and monetary policy independence (No. w21162). National Bureau of Economic Research.
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