In the present study, evaluation of capital gain transactions has been done as they Amber sold the shop which was purchased by her in August 2010. This amount was inclusive of the stock, equipment and the goodwill. Further, she also received gain for signing the contract by which she cannot open any another similar business in the near area.
Moreover, she also purchased the residential house in the Sydney in June 2018. The purchase price of the house was funded by the sale of another residential apartment and sale of the business. However, the residential house which was sold by the Amber was received from her uncle in inheritance. Therefore this part of the study evaluates capital gain tax provisions applicable to Amber under Australian tax norms.
On the basis of the summary of the case study, it has been evaluated that there are various provisions of the income tax which are applicable for evaluating the tax consequences of the Amber. Since Amber purchased the shop in 2010 and sold it in 2018, therefore long-term capital gain/loss for selling of the stock and equipment and selling of the goodwill are applicable here. Further, she also received the amount for signing the contract of restriction to open the shop. This is also the capital receipt for Amber. She also purchased the house property by selling another house property and the shop. Therefore the provision of capital gain for selling the house property and the acquiring another house property is also applicable. Moreover, the one residential house is also received by her in inheritance, and she sold that house, and due to this, the provision relating to the capital gain on the asset which was acquired in the inheritance is also applicable in the present study.
As per the provisions of the Income Tax Assessment Act capital 1997, capital assets are generally those assets which have the life more than one year and attracts the expenses related with the acquisition, replacing, improving or the enlarging the business. The Act divided the capital gain tax assets into the three categories such as collectables, personal use assets and other assets. The stock and equipment fall into the other asset category of the capital assets (Woellner & et al., 2016)
Generally, the capital gain is raised due to the gain received in against of the transfer of capital assets and the capital loss is raised due to the decrease in the value of the asset. Capital gain arise at the time of disposal of the capital assets if the sale proceeds are more than the cost base than the result is the capital gain and if the sale proceeds are less than the cost base than the result is the capital loss of the assets (Faccio, & Xu, 2015). The capital loss must be set off from the capital gain only. Other than this category of income, a capital loss cannot be set off from any other income. However, the capital loss may be carried forward indefinitely.
Any capital asset has been held by the assessee for at least the twelve months before the disposal of the assets then only 50% tax is payable by the assessee, however, if the assessee sold the capital asset within the twelve months from the date of acquisition than full tax is payable by the assessee (Grubert, & Altshuler, 2016).
Further, the cost base of the capital asset consists of the five elements, which are given below
There are two methods described in the Income Tax Assessment Act, by which assessed can compute the capital gain tax at the time of disposal of the asset.
As per the section 108(5), of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, capital gain tax asset means any kind of property or the legal or equitable rights. On the basis of the definition given in the act, goodwill is definitely considered as a capital gain tax asset. Since the goodwill is the capital gain tax asset than on the disposal of the goodwill, it will lead to the capital gain or loss to the assessed (Freebairn, 2016).
As per the section 104 (10), disposal of the capital asset means the change in the ownership of the asset from one entity to other entity, whether due to any act or event or by the operation of the law. Further the capital gain or the loss at the time of disposal of the goodwill calculated by the reducing the cost base from the sale proceeds of the goodwill. The cost base which is used for calculating the capital gain is consisting of the five elements of the cost base which is already prescribed above. On the other hand, in method reduced cost base (in which the third element of the cost base is not included) used for calculation of the capital loss from the goodwill.
Generally, all the elements of the cost base are also applied to the calculation of the cost base of the goodwill (Tregoning, 2010). According to the section 110-25(5), the fourth element of the cost base is the expenditure incurred for the purpose of the enhancing and preserving the value of the asset or the expenditure in relation to the installing or moving the asset. However, section 110-25(5A) says that the section 110-25(5) is not applicable to capital expenditure if it is in term of the goodwill. Therefore the fourth element is not added to the cost base of the goodwill.
According to the Income Tax Assessment Act, income includes any amount arrived by the assessee in financial year as a consideration of particular commitment in relation to the disposal of any right or contract.
The disposal of the house property comes under the event of the capital gain tax transaction. In a situation where capital proceeds from the disposal of the house property more than the cost base of the house property than the result is a capital gain from the house property (Freebairn, 2016).
Section 118-110 of the Income-tax assessment act 1997, is a general rule for the basic exemption of the main residence (Martin, 2003). This section states that the disposal of the house property of the assessee is exempt from the capital gain tax if it is owned by the individual and the house property must be the main residence of the assessee during the period of ownership. However, according to the section 118-110(c), the basic exemption rule does not apply where the assessed acquire the residential house property under a will.
According to the section 118-195 of the income tax assessment act 1997, if the deceased acquired the residence before the 20 September 1985, then the capital gain tax event in relation to that residence is ignored (Martin, 2003). Further, if the assessee is an individual who acquires the residence as a beneficiary, or as the trustee of a deceased estate and the beneficiary disposed of that residence within the two years from the death of the deceased or the individual or the beneficiary has right to use the residence as their main residence until the residence is disposed of from the death of the deceased. Further, the exemption will be still applicable only if the residence is sold within the two years from the death of the deceased. Moreover, for the exemption under this section, it is also not necessary that it was the main residence of the deceased.
Moreover if the deceased acquired the residence after the 20 September 1985, then all the provisions which are discussed above will be applicable, along with the one more condition. The condition is that the residence must be the main residence of the deceased prior to the death of the deceased and also not been used for the income-producing purpose.
By considering the above-described provisions, it has been seen that shop and equipment and the goodwill which was purchased by the Amber in 2010, was sold in 2018. On the disposal of the above asset, capital gain tax event arises. Since the Amber holds all the assets for more than the twelve months from the date of acquisition, therefore only 50% capital gain tax should be payable by the Amber.
Amber can calculate the capital gain tax by reduced cost base method or by index cost method. Prima facie it has been seen that on the disposal of the shop and equipment, Amber had a capital gain because the sale proceeds from the sale of shop and equipment are higher than the cost of acquisition of the shop and equipment. Similarly, on the sale of goodwill, she made the capital gain since the capital proceeds from the sale of goodwill was more than the cost of the goodwill.
Further, the Amber received $ 50,000; it is also included in the assessable income of the Amber. As it was a receipt arising out of contact for restriction of the similar opening shop in a near area.
Apart from the above, she inherited the residential house from her uncle, and her uncle acquired that house after 20 September 1985. This residential house was the main residence of her uncle. Amber had lived in this apartment since she inherited it and until the disposal of the residence. Therefore by applying the above provision the capital gain from selling this house was exempt under the income tax act, as the all the conditions which are prescribed above are fulfilled.
In the present study, Jamie is the employee of the ‘Houses R Us’ a real estate company. The company provides various benefits to Jamie along with the basic salary. The benefit provided by the company to the Jamie is as follows-
After analyzing the above summary of the case, it has been evaluated that employer’ Housing R Us’ real estate company is along with the basic salary of the employee providing many benefits to the employee.
The provisions fringe benefits tax is governed under the Fringe Benefits Tax Act 1986. The government of Australia introduced this Act for the equity and the fairness in the taxation system of Australia (Hodgson, & Pearce, 2015). Employer provides the various benefits to the employee apart from the basic salary. The non-cash benefit given by the employer to the employee is referred to as the fringe. The fringe benefits tax is a levy on the non-cash benefits given by the employer to the employee in respect of the employment. Further, it is the employer who makes payment for the fringe benefits tax irrespective of the fact that whether the benefit is given directly to the employee or to their associate (Martin, 2015).
By considering these aspects, it can be said that the fringe benefits tax is intended to tax non-quantified remuneration, which would otherwise not subject to tax.
According to the section 136(1) of the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act, 1986, the fringe benefits tax is applicable only when there is a fringe benefit. That means an employer or the associate of the employer-provided benefit to the employee or the associate of the employee in terms of employment contract. It is provided in relation to the relevant tax year. Moreover, it may be provided by the third party under the contract with the employer or associate.
The definition of the benefit is very broad which is prescribed under the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986. Generally, the benefit includes any right, service, facility provided by the employer to the employee. Further, the employee and the employer may be current, future or the former. If an employee receives a benefit for the several reasons, but the one of the reason is employment, then also it is considered as a benefit in respect of the employment (Sinfield, 2018).
There are several types of benefit listed under the Act such as loan fringe benefit, housing fringe benefit car fringe benefit, and other related benefits. For determining the taxable value of the fringe benefits for the employer, separate methods are prescribed for the different fringe benefit in the act (Shields, & North-Samardzic, 2015).
If the employer provides the car which is own by him to the employee, and it is available only for the private use of the employee, then it is considered as an employer provides a car fringe benefit to the employee (White, & Townsend, 2018). There are some conditions where the use of the car is exempted for the purpose of fringe benefits tax which are-
However, if the use of the car exceeded than there are two methods for the computation of benefit of car usage which is as follows-
Further subject to some conditions if the employer provides the work-related items such as a printer, computer software, mobile phone, laptop and other, then they are exempt from the fringe benefits tax. However, the exemption is only applicable when the items are primarily for use in the employment of the employee, and it is provided in the same fringe benefit year. However in a case where there is replacement item of previous provided benefit as it was lost or destroyed than fringe benefits tax is exempt as the previous taxable item is replaced. Replacement may be due to the development of technology is also applicable here.
Fringe benefits tax is exempt in respect of the reimbursement by the employer in respect of the subscription of professional or trade journal, an entitlement to use the corporate credit card or the benefit of airport lounge membership.
The entertainment allowance refers to the provision by way of entertainment it can be in terms of drink, food, or recreation or the accommodation or the travel related to such entertainment. Minor entertainment benefits are exempted from FBT. The minor entertainment benefit is the taxable value of the benefit is less than equal to the $ 300 and whether it is reasonable to treat the minor benefit as a fringe benefit (Cornish, & Lock, 2015).
Further, the loan fringe benefit is raised when the employer provides the loan to its employee at a concessional interest rate as compared to the standard rate applicable to the loan during the fringe benefits tax year. The loan fringe benefit is not exempt. The taxable value for the fringe benefit of concessional or free loan is the variance between the interest charged and the actual interest accrued by applying the concessional tax rate on which the loan was given by the employer to the employee.
By considering the above study it has been seen that employer ‘Houses r Us’ provides along with the basic salary various non-cash benefits to the employee Jamie a part of the employment in a relevant tax year, since it fulfils the criteria of the definition of the fringe benefit tax which is prescribed above, therefore fringe benefit tax applicable here.
The company provides the Jamie 10% agency’s commission if the Jamie has had a direct connection with the sale. The commission is considered as part of the salary of the Jamie. It is the cash benefit connected with the sale. It is not the fringe benefit; therefore it is considered as an income for the Jamie, and same is considered in the assessable income of Jamie.
Houses R Us provided the car to the Jamie since the car was owned by the Houses R Us; the Jamie is allowed to use the car even after working hours or on the weekend and the cost of running the car also born by the company. It means the employer was providing the car fringe benefit to the employee. Since in this case the use of the car is not limited to the private use, as already defined above because the Jamie used the car outside the office and on the weekend, it is not primarily for the purpose of the employment. Therefore the car fringe benefit is taxable. FBT is taxable for the employer. Houses R Us for determining the taxable value of the fringe benefit of the car can apply any method such as the constitutional formula method or the operating cost method.
Moreover, the company also provided the laptop and the mobile phone to the Jamie. The laptop and mobile phone is a work-related item. Therefore the fringe benefits tax on the work-related item is applicable here. Since on the work-related item the tax is exempt only if the use of the item was necessary for the employment function of the Jamie and earlier in the same fringe benefit tax year company has not provided the Jamie by way of the reimbursement or any benefit related to property on an item which is significantly related with the primary function of the employment. Therefore the mobile phone and laptop were provided by the Houses R Us is exempted from the fringe benefits tax.
The company also reimburse the payment of the annual professional subscription fee to the Jamie; this is related with the profession. Therefore, it is exempt from the fringe benefits tax.
The company provided the entertainment allowances to the Jamie of $2000 per year. Since the amount of entertainment allowance was more than the minor entertainment benefit that is $ 300, therefore it is a taxable fringe benefit for the employer.
Company provided house entertainment system, it is the equipment provided to the employee, it is not related to the employment function, and therefore it is taxable.
The company also provided Jamie with a staff loan up to $ 100000 and charged the interest @ 4% per year for the acquisition of the house. Since the loan was provided at the concessional rate to the Jamie because the statutory rate on the house loan was more than the 4%, therefore the loan fringe benefit is taxable for the company. The taxable value for the loan fringe benefit is determined by the above-prescribed method.
The company must report the amount of benefits covered under FBT provided to the Jamie on the annual fringe benefits tax return. The amount of the FBT will not be included in the assessable income of the Jamie.
References
Atkinson, A. B., Casarico, A., & Voitchovsky, S. (2018). Top incomes and the gender divide. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 16(2), 225-256.
Australian taxation office, (2018). Car fringe benefits. Retrieved from < https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/Types-of-fringe-benefits/Car-fringe-benefits/>.
Cornish, A., & Lock, H. (2015). Transport, accommodation and meals: FBT tricks and traps. Tax Specialist, 19(2), 58.
Evans, C., Minas, J., & Lim, Y. (2015). Taxing personal capital gains in Australia: an alternative way forward. Austl. Tax F., 30, 735.
Faccio, M., & Xu, J. (2015). Taxes and capital structure. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 50(3), 277-300.
Freebairn, J. (2015). Who Pays the Australian Corporate Income Tax?. Australian Economic Review, 48(4), 357-368.
Freebairn, J. (2016). Design alternatives for an Australian allowance for corporate equity. Austl. Tax F., 31, 555.
Freebairn, J. (2016). Taxation of housing. Australian Economic Review, 49(3), 307-316.
Grubert, H., & Altshuler, R. (2016). Shifting the burden of taxation from the corporate to the personal level and getting the corporate tax rate down to 15 percent.
Hodgson, H., & Pearce, P. (2015). TravelSmart or travel tax breaks: is the fringe benefits tax a barrier to active commuting in Australia? 1. eJournal of Tax Research, 13(3), 819.
Martin, F. (2003). The interaction between capital gains tax and the main residence exemption. Taxation in Australia, 37, 537-543.
Martin, F. (2015). Overseas travel by employees: When does FBT apply?. Taxation in Australia, 49(7), 382.
Shields, J., & North-Samardzic, A. (2015). 10 Employee benefits. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies, 218.
Sinfield, A. (2018). Fiscal welfare. In Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 45-55). Routledge.
Tregoning, I., (2010). The meaning and nature of the goodwill in the tax context. Retrieved from <https://sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/journals/files/2010/10/j03_v039_ATREV_pt03_tregoning_offprint.pdf>.
White, J., & Townsend, A. (2018). Deductibility of employee travel expenses: The ATO’s guidance. Taxation in Australia, 52(11), 608.
Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., & Pinto, D. (2016). Australian Taxation Law 2016. OUP Catalogue.
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