In this report, an attempt is made to analyses the project using the NPV, IRR, payback period and Profitability index. The report also analyses the sensitivity of the projects using different techniques. The main aim of the report is to evaluate and suggest the projects.
|
Statement showing Cash Flow |
|||||
|
Particulars |
Year 0 |
Year 1 |
Year 2 |
Year 3 |
Year 4 |
|
Initial Investments |
|||||
|
Machinery cost |
$ 550,000.00 |
||||
|
Increase in Working capital |
$ 60,000.00 |
||||
|
Rehabilitation expenses |
$ 80,000.00 |
||||
|
Initial Investment |
$ 690,000.00 |
||||
|
Operating Cash Flow |
|||||
|
Sales |
$ 1,000,000.00 |
$ 1,050,000.00 |
$ 1,102,500.00 |
$ 1,157,625.00 |
|
|
Savings in cost |
$ 48,000.00 |
$ 48,000.00 |
$ 48,000.00 |
$ 48,000.00 |
|
|
Total Revenue |
$ 1,048,000.00 |
$ 1,098,000.00 |
$ 1,150,500.00 |
$ 1,205,625.00 |
|
|
Expenses |
|||||
|
Variable costs |
$ 350,000.00 |
$ 371,000.00 |
$ 392,630.00 |
$ 414,908.90 |
|
|
Fixed costs |
$ 350,000.00 |
$ 350,000.00 |
$ 350,000.00 |
$ 350,000.00 |
|
|
Depreciation |
$ 216,000.00 |
$ 162,000.00 |
$ 108,000.00 |
$ 54,000.00 |
|
|
Decrease in lemonade concentrate sale |
$ 70,000.00 |
$ 70,000.00 |
$ 70,000.00 |
$ 70,000.00 |
|
|
Total Expenses |
$ 986,000.00 |
$ 953,000.00 |
$ 920,630.00 |
$ 888,908.90 |
|
|
Net Profit |
$ 62,000.00 |
$ 145,000.00 |
$ 229,870.00 |
$ 316,716.10 |
|
|
Tax @30% |
$ (18,600.00) |
$ (43,500.00) |
$ (68,961.00) |
$ (95,014.83) |
|
|
Profit After Tax |
$ 43,400.00 |
$ 101,500.00 |
$ 160,909.00 |
$ 221,701.27 |
|
|
Add back: |
|||||
|
Depreciation |
$ 216,000.00 |
$ 162,000.00 |
$ 108,000.00 |
$ 54,000.00 |
|
|
(Increase)/decrease in Inventory |
$ (40,000.00) |
$ (5,000.00) |
$ (5,250.00) |
$ (5,512.50) |
|
|
Net cash flow from operation |
$ 219,400.00 |
$ 258,500.00 |
$ 263,659.00 |
$ 270,188.77 |
|
|
Terminal cash flow (salvage value) |
$ 10,000.00 |
Table 1: Cash Flow
(Source: Created by Author)
a) The loan amount is taken for financing the project machinery. The cash received from loan is not included in the cash flow statement that is prepared for evaluating the project. Hence, as the amount of loan is not included so the interest expenses that is incurred for the loan is also not included in the statement of cash flow (Cole, 2013).
b)The new project requires increase in initial investment in inventory by $60000. The increase in working capital is a cash outflow and it should be included in the cash flow statement. Therefore, the initial increase in inventory should be included as initial investment in the statement of cash flow. It is provided that there after the inventory level is to be maintained @10% of sales. This will result in difference in inventory and that should be included in the operating cash flow (Harrison 2013).
c) The amount paid for rehabilitation of plant should be included in the cash flow. The main reason for including it in the initial investment is that it is a necessary expenditure that have to be incurred for the projects.
d) The reduction in the sale of Wellness’s frozen lemonade means that the company will not receive the cash that it would have received on sale. The non-receipt of cash from the sales is equivalent to the cash out flow. Therefore, this should be included as cash outflow from the operating activity. The expenses that has not been incurred as a result of this project should be included as cash flow statement as saving of expenses (Belghitar & Khan, 2013).
e)The revenue that can be gained from leasing of the production site represents the opportunity cost. There is no effect on cash because of this transaction so this should not be included in the cash flow statement. This opportunity cost will be used at the time of evaluating the projects.
|
Statement showing NPV, IRR and Cash flow |
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|
Particulars |
Year 0 |
Year 1 |
Year 2 |
Year 3 |
Year 4 |
Total |
|
Net Cash flow |
$ 219,400.00 |
$ 258,500.00 |
$ 263,659.00 |
$ 280,188.77 |
||
|
Discounting rate |
$ 0.88 |
$ 0.77 |
$ 0.67 |
$ 0.59 |
||
|
Discounted cash flow |
$ 192,456.14 |
$ 198,907.36 |
$ 177,962.31 |
$ 165,894.24 |
$ 735,220.06 |
|
|
Less: |
||||||
|
Initial Investment |
$ 690,000.00 |
|||||
|
PV of opportunity cost of lease |
$131,660.63 |
|||||
|
Net Present Value |
$ (86,440.57) |
|||||
|
Cumulative cash flow |
$ (690,000.00) |
$ (470,600.00) |
$ (212,100.00) |
$ 51,559.00 |
$ 331,747.77 |
|
|
Pay beck period (years) |
2.20 |
|||||
|
Cash flow |
$ (690,000.00) |
$ 219,400.00 |
$ 258,500.00 |
$ 263,659.00 |
$ 280,188.77 |
|
|
IRR |
17% |
|||||
|
Profitability Index |
0.87 |
Table 2: Evaluation
(Source: created by Author)
The table above shows that NPV of the project is negative because of the inclusion of the opportunity costs. Therefore, project should not be accepted as per the NPV. The payback period of the project is 2.2 years and the cutoff period of the project is three years. Therefore, the project should be accepted. The IRR of the project is 17% as it is positive so the project should be accepted. The profitability index of the project is positive so the project should be accepted.
|
Statement showing break even related calculation |
|
|
Particulars |
Amount |
|
Sales |
$ 4.00 |
|
Variable cost |
$ 1.40 |
|
Contribution |
$ 2.60 |
|
Fixed Costs |
$ 35,000.00 |
|
Break even units |
13,462 |
|
Break even sales |
$ 53,846.15 |
|
Break even annual net cash inflow |
$ 16,153.85 |
Table 3: Break-even Analysis
(Source: Created by Author)
The table above shows the calculation related to break even. The breakeven units is 13462 and the break-even sales is $53846. The break even annual net cash inflow is $16153.85.
|
Quantity Sales |
Sales Unit |
Cash inflow |
Cash outflow |
NPV |
Sensitivity Percentage |
|
Plus 20% |
300000 |
$ 882,264.07 |
$821,660.63 |
$60,603.44 |
170% |
|
Minus 20% |
200000 |
$ 588,176.04 |
$821,660.63 |
($233,484.58) |
-170% |
|
Cost of capital |
Cost |
Cash inflow |
|||
|
Plus 20% |
17% |
$ 612,683.38 |
$821,660.63 |
($208,977.25) |
-142% |
|
Minus 20% |
11% |
$ 919,025.07 |
$821,660.63 |
$97,364.44 |
213% |
Table 4: Sensitivity Analysis
(Source: Created by Author)
|
Calculation of Expected NPV |
|||||
|
Performance |
Probability |
Cash inflow |
Cash outflow |
NPV |
Probable NPV |
|
Poor |
25% |
$ 588,176.04 |
$ 821,660.63 |
$ (233,484.58) |
$ (58,371.15) |
|
Average |
50% |
$ 735,220.06 |
$ 821,660.63 |
$ (86,440.57) |
$ (43,220.29) |
|
Excellent |
25% |
$ 882,264.07 |
$ 821,660.63 |
$ 60,603.44 |
$ 15,150.86 |
|
Expected NPV |
$ (86,440.57) |
Table 5: Expected NPV
(Source: Created by Author)
|
Calculation of Standard deviation and Coefficient of variation |
||||
|
Quantity Sales |
NPV |
Expected NPV |
Standard Deviation |
Coefficient of variation |
|
Plus 20% |
$60,603.44 |
$ (86,440.57) |
$ 147,044.01 |
-1.70 |
|
Minus 20% |
($233,484.58) |
$ (86,440.57) |
$ (147,044.01) |
1.70 |
|
Cost of capital |
||||
|
Plus 20% |
($208,977.25) |
$ (86,440.57) |
$ (122,536.68) |
1.42 |
|
Minus 20% |
$97,364.44 |
$ (86,440.57) |
$ 183,805.01 |
-2.13 |
Table 6: SD and coefficient of variation
(Source: Created by Author)
The risk in the financial term means uncertainty of the future outcome of the projects. The assessment of the risk highlights that the expected return from the project is -$86440.57. The standard variation measures the difference between expected and actual output. The higher the coefficient of standard variation the risker is the project. In this case, the table above shows that the co efficient of standard variations are high so the project is very risky (Scholes, 2015).
7. Replacement of Machinery
|
Statement showing calculation NPV from new equipment |
|||||||||
|
Particulars |
Year 0 |
Year 1 |
Year 2 |
Year 3 |
Year 4 |
Year 5 |
Year 6 |
Year 7 |
Year 8 |
|
Net profit |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
$ 370,716.10 |
|
|
Savings in cost |
22000 |
22000 |
22000 |
22000 |
22000 |
22000 |
22000 |
22000 |
|
|
Depreciation |
241500 |
169050 |
118335 |
82834.5 |
57984.15 |
40588.905 |
28412.2335 |
19888.56345 |
|
|
Revised Net Profit |
$ 151,216.10 |
$ 223,666.10 |
$ 274,381.10 |
$ 309,881.60 |
$ 334,731.95 |
$ 352,127.20 |
$ 364,303.87 |
$ 372,827.54 |
|
|
Discounting factor |
0.88 |
0.77 |
0.67 |
0.59 |
0.519368664 |
0.455586548 |
0.399637323 |
0.350559055 |
|
|
Discounted Cash flow |
$ (850,000.00) |
$ 151,216.98 |
$ 223,666.87 |
$ 274,381.77 |
$ 309,882.19 |
$ 334,732.47 |
$ 352,127.65 |
$ 364,304.27 |
$ 372,827.89 |
|
NPV |
$ 1,533,140.09 |
Table 7: NPV
(Source: Created by Author)
The table above highlights that the NPV from using the new machine is positive. Therefore, the new machine should be used. The new equipment should be installed after 3rd year because then an additional amount of $300000 should be received from old machine (Jordà et al., 2016).
Conclusion
Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the project should be accepted. The reason is that the IRR, payback period and profitability index all indicates that the profitability of the company is high.
Reference
Belghitar, Y., & Khan, J. (2013). This study describes the structure and trends of the family business literature. We analyze the content of the papers focused on family firms published in any journal of the categories ‘business’,‘business finance’,‘economics’ and ‘management’of the Social Science Citation Index during the 1961–2008 period. Bibliometric methods are used to describe the evolution of publication activity, the most… Small Business Economics, 40(1), 119-139.
Cole, R. A. (2013). What do we know about the capital structure of privately held US firms? Evidence from the surveys of small business finance. Financial Management, 42(4), 777-813.
García?Teruel, P. J., Martínez?Solano, P., & Sánchez?Ballesta, J. P. (2014). Supplier financing and earnings quality. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41(9-10), 1193-1211.
Harrison, R. (2013). Crowdfunding and the revitalisation of the early stage risk capital market: catalyst or chimera?.
Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M., & Taylor, A. M. (2016). The great mortgaging: housing finance, crises and business cycles. Economic Policy, 31(85), 107-152.
Li, X. (2015). Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42(5-6), 555-582.
McLean, R. D., & Zhao, M. (2014). The business cycle, investor sentiment, and costly external finance. The Journal of Finance, 69(3), 1377-1409.
Scholes, M. S. (2015). Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall.
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