Expenditure Among International Students In Australia

Method of data collection

Expenditure among students is fundamental and determinants of life satisfaction (Kotakorpi, and Laamanen, 2010). Thus, it is important to assess the expenditure of international students taking their studies in Australia. In this case, we will be able to assess whether there is a strong association between different expenditures, Year of study, and income. Through this assessment, it will in determining whether there exists a pattern in the students spending.

Method of data collection

A simple random sampling technique will be used in collecting the data. That is, first the target population is identified (international students), then at random, a sample of 20 students is selected. These students are given a questionnaire which contains 10 questions. The questions were simple and easy to understand. The questionnaire collected demographic information about the students; which included, gender, type of study, country of origin, general expenditure and the monthly income. After the questionnaire was filled, they were returned and the data filtering was carried out.

Summary of the data set

As earlier indicated, the primary objective of this research is to determine the patterns in the student expenditure, through which we can be able to predict the expenditure of an individual. Therefore, the research focused on developing a model that can be used to predict different models. The data targeted four basic expenditures of a student, monthly rent, commuting expenditure, internet, and phone expenditure and food and beverages. The other important factors that would be investigated on whether they affect expenditure include the year of study, and gender. In this study, the expenditure variables and income were reported in Australian dollars and they are estimated monthly values.

Frequency distribution analysis was carried out to determine how the data were distributed among the groups. The frequency distribution results are as follows.

Row Labels	Count of Gender	Count
Female	55.00%	11
Male	45.00%	9
Grand Total	100.00%	20

The summary indicates that approximately 55% of the international students are female whereas 45% are male students. This is as illustrated in the column chart below.

Similar distribution analysis was carried out for the level of study and the results are as follows.

Row Labels	Percentage of Year of Study2	Count of Year of Study
1	18.60%	8
2	18.60%	4
3	34.88%	5
4	27.91%	3
Grand Total	100.00%	20

The frequency table above indicates that approximately 18.60% of the students are 1^st years, which is an equal proportion to the second years. The majority of the international students are 3^rd years who are approximately 34.88% and lastly, the 4^th year students are approximately 27.91%. This distribution is as illustrated below.

Descriptive data analysis

For ratio variables, both measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion were assessed, the results are as follows.

Monthly rent		Commuting expenditure		Internet and phone expenditure
Mean	604.4	Mean	292.45	Mean	71.6
Standard Error	51.922432	Standard Error	30.3837279	Standard Error	5.876985
Median	627	Median	258.5	Median	67
Mode	#N/A	Mode	200	Mode	40
Standard Deviation	232.204175	Standard Deviation	135.880162	Standard Deviation	26.28267
Sample Variance	53918.7789	Sample Variance	18463.41842	Sample Variance	690.7789
Kurtosis	-0.7762152	Kurtosis	-0.626489484	Kurtosis	-1.20226
Skewness	-0.0172952	Skewness	0.761786778	Skewness	0.347134
Range	790	Range	430	Range	80
Minimum	210	Minimum	120	Minimum	40
Maximum	1000	Maximum	550	Maximum	120
Sum	12088	Sum	5849	Sum	1432
Count	20	Count	20	Count	20

The summary indicates that on average international student spent Aus$604.40 (SD = $232.20). The minimum expected amount on rent is $210 and the maximum is $1000. The median spending on rent is $627. On the other hand, the average commuting amount per month is expected to be $292.45 (SD = $135.88). The minimum amount of fare is expected to be $120 and the maximum is expected to be $550.

Further, on average the students are expected to spend approximately $71.60 (SD = 26.28) on phone calls and internet. The minimum amount is $40 and the maximum 120. However, the internet and phone expenditure are negatively skewed, which implies that there is a long tail on the left or on the lower side of the data. This simply means that most of the expenditure is expected to be on the higher side of the average with a few extremely lower.

Summary of the data set

Simple linear regression analysis

In this case, the first analysis was carried out to determine whether there was a significant association between monthly rent and the income. In accordance with Cheung, and Lucas, (2016) people tend to live happily or in a cozy neighborhood when their income is increased. In that case, when the average income is increased, an individual is more likely to live in a cozy house or in a cozy neighborhood. It is, thus, important to determine whether there exists a significant association between monthly rent paid and the monthly income. All analyses are carried out at the level. 05.

The model will test the hypothesis:

H₀: there is no relationship between monthly rent and monthly income.

 H₀: there is a significant relationship between monthly rent and monthly income.

The test results are as summarized below.

A scatter plot is drawn to illustrate the relationship between income and rent expenditure the results as shown below.

The scatter plot indicates that there is a positive association between rent expenditure and average income (Gupta, & Gupta, 2017). That is, when the income increases, it is expected that the rent will increase. Further analysis was carried out to determine whether the association is significant.

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R	0.664578
R Square	0.441664
Adjusted R Square	0.410645
Standard Error	210.4615
Observations	20
ANOVA
	df	SS	MS	F	Significance F
Regression	1	630687.5	630687.5	14.23866	0.001391
Residual	18	797292.5	44294.03
Total	19	1427980
	Coefficients	Standard Error	t Stat	P-value	Lower 95%	Upper 95%
Intercept	208.1016	116.1992	1.790904	0.090141	-36.0238	452.227
Average income	0.22642	0.060004	3.773415	0.001391	0.100356	0.352483

The ANOVA table indicates that there is enough evidence against the null hypothesis (F (1, 18) = 14.239, p-value < .05) (Anderson, et al., 2016). Therefore, the evidence points out that the monthly income is a significant predictor of the rent expenditure. This implies that as your income is increased, the rent is expected to increase reflecting a cozier lifestyle. The r-squared value shows that the average income could account 44.17% of the variation. The model suggests that when there is an increase of $100 in income the rent is expected to increase by $22.64. The prediction can be made for an individual earning $1250. The steps are as follows:

Rent expenditure = 208.1016 + 0.22642*(income)

            = 208.1016 + 0.22642*1250

            = 491.1266

The amount spent on rent is approximately $491.13, when the monthly income is $1250.

Model 2: Internet and phone expenditure against monthly income

In this time and age, we are on the phone and internet era, therefore, it is important to determine whether there is a significant correlation between income and the amount spent on the internet and phone. The analysis is as follows.

H₀: There is no correlation between internet and phone expenditure and the monthly income.

H_a: There is a significant correlation between internet and phone expenditure and the monthly income.

A scatter plot was used to portray the association between these two variables. 

Figure 4: Internet and phone expenditure against income

The scatter plot indicates that there is a weak negative association between internet and phone expenditure and monthly income. However, we need to determine whether this association is significant.

Regression Statistics
Multiple R	0.180202
R Square	0.032473
Adjusted R Square	-0.02128
Standard Error	26.56083
Observations	20
ANOVA
	df	SS	MS	F	Significance F
Regression	1	426.1996	426.1996	0.604129	0.447102
Residual	18	12698.6	705.4778
Total	19	13124.8
	Coefficients	Standard Error	t Stat	P-value	Lower 95%	Upper 95%
Intercept	82.02158	14.66467	5.593144	2.62E-05	51.21227	112.8309
Average income	-0.00589	0.007573	-0.77726	0.447102	-0.0218	0.010024

The analysis indicates that there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis (F (1, 18) = 1.077, p-value > .05). Therefore, the inference is made in favor of the alternative hypothesis, which claims that there is no association between the internet and phone expenditure and the monthly income. Therefore, the conclusion is made that internet and phone expenditure are not related to the income of international students.

Descriptive data analysis

Therefore, it can be concluded that the amount used on the internet and phone in a month is not related to the amount earned. The developed model could only account for 3.25% of the variation, which is very low. The overall conclusion indicates that although there is a weak association between the average income and amount used monthly on internet and phone, the association is not significant.

Model 3: Food and beverages Expenditure against monthly income

An assessment was carried out to determine whether food and beverages are associated with the monthly income.  In an attempt to answer the question “what will help the low-income families, Thompson, et al., (2018) pointed out that there is a strong association between income and meeting basic human needs. In that light, since food is one of the basic human needs, it is important to assess whether there is an association between income and food and beverages among the international students. The assessment is as follows.

H₀: there is no relationship between food and beverages and monthly income.

H_a: there is a significant relationship between food and beverages and monthly income.

A pictorial illustration of the association between these variables.

Figure 5: Food and beverages Expenditure against monthly income

The scatter plot suggests that there is a moderate positive association between monthly income and monthly food and beverage expenses. However, the question remains on whether such association is significant.

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R	0.509435
R Square	0.259524
Adjusted R Square	0.218386
Standard Error	73.42782
Observations	20
ANOVA
	df	SS	MS	F	Significance F
Regression	1	34014.15	34014.15	6.308678	0.021771
Residual	18	97049.6	5391.644
Total	19	131063.8
	Coefficients	Standard Error	t Stat	P-value	Lower 95%	Upper 95%
Intercept	188.6484	40.54069	4.653311	0.000198	103.4756	273.8212
Average income	0.052582	0.020935	2.511708	0.021771	0.0086	0.096564

The summary points that there is enough evidence against the null hypothesis (F (1, 18) = 6.309, p-value < .05). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the amount used on food and beverages monthly expenditure and monthly income. Therefore, monthly income is an ideal predictor of the amount spent on food and beverages. The average income as the independent variable could account for 25.95% of the variation. The model indicates that when there is an increase of $100in income the monthly spending on average and foods is expected to increase by $5.26.

This model can be used in predicting the expenditure on food and beverages when the income is $1250

Food and beverage expenditure = 188.6484 + 0.052582(income)

            = 188.6484 + 0.052582(1250)

            = 254.3759

This means that the amount spent on food when a person is earning $1250 is $254.38.

Conclusion

As earlier, indicated in the discussion, the analysis pointed out that monthly income is an ideal predictor of rent expenditure and food and beverage expenditure. Notably, these two variables are basic human needs which can, therefore, lead to conclude that better salaries lead to a better lifestyle. In particular, those with higher income leads a better or cozy life. However, although we live on the internet and phone era, the analysis indicated that there is no significant association between the internet and phone expenditure and income. This might mean that on average, those with higher income or those with low income spent almost the same amount on the internet and phone monthly.

Based, on these findings, it is important to note that income should be improved to improve the life satisfaction of the international students. This is mainly because the income is used in improving the basic human needs. In case, another study is carried out, the focus should be on whether the level of education, gender among other socioeconomic status affects the expenditure. Also, the sample used should be large enough to increase the study power of reducing type I error. That is, reducing the chances of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

References

Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D., and Cochran, J.J., 2016. Statistics for business & economics. Nelson Education.

Cheung, F. and Lucas, R.E., 2016. Income inequality is associated with stronger social comparison effects: The effect of relative income on life satisfaction. Journal of personality and social psychology, 110(2), p.332.

Gupta, K. R., & Gupta, M. P. (2017). Business statistics. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.

Kotakorpi, K. and Laamanen, J.P., 2010. Welfare state and life satisfaction: Evidence from public health care. Economica, 77(307), pp.565-583.

Thompson, T., Roux, A.M., Kohl, P.L., Boyum, S. and Kreuter, M.W., 2018. What would help low-income families? Results from a North American survey of 2-1-1 helpline professionals. Journal of Child Health Care, p.1367493518777152.