The three terms such as criminal psychology, behavior, and crime are interconnected with each other. Behind every criminal mind, certain forces are there which are known as criminological theories. These theories majorly include social learning theory, strain theory, social control theory, Genetics theory, Biobehavioural theory, Evolutionary theory, and many others. The existences of all these theories are not necessary in a single criminal case and any one or more than one theories can be present behind criminal behavior. The presented essay is focused on one of such criminological theories. In order to meet the learning outcomes, one of the famous criminals of Australia named Mark Brandon Read is selected to study. In the presented essay, key features of the related theory will be discussed and thereafter the same will be reviewed in connection with the behavior of the chosen criminal. At last, the weaknesses of the argument will also be discussed.
The criminal selected for this essay is Mark Brandon “Chopper” Read. He was born on 17th November 1954 (Imdb.com, 2018). He was an author, gang member, rapper and Australian Convicted criminal. His father was an army person and his 5 years of his early childhood has spent in children’s home (Kemble, 2013). He brought up in Melbourne. His childhood was not good in a social manner as his father was used to beat him often on the instructions of his mom. In addition to this, he has experienced bullying in school. By the age of 15, he has been part of many of the fights. When he was a child, many of the times he has been molested. Further, he has also been in many of the mental institutions where he underwent electronic shocks, as he claimed later. If to discuss the crimes committed by him, this is to mention that he was engaged in the acts of robbery and was a leader in the surrey road gang. He was continuously engaged in crime and the same can be proved by the fact that between the age of 20 to 38, he was outside of prison for 13 months only (Cartwright, 2013). The chopper was a nickname that has been given to Mark. In the year 1992, the chopper was convicted for the shooting of Sidney Michael Edward Collins. Many of the times, he accepted the crimes committed by him publically either by print or electronic media. Even before death, read confessed murders of many of the people.
Moving the focus towards lead argument of the essay, this is to mention that social learning theory is one of the significant theories when it comes to the discussion of criminological theory from the perception of psychology. As the name implies, this theory states that people learn the manner of behavior from society. According to this theory, the mixture of a person’s expectations and values with his/her social learning and experience determine his/her behavior (Siegel & Welsh, 2017). Many of the key concepts is there of this theory. The first one is expectations. According to this concept, a person always checks that what are the likely results of his/her acts or in other words, he/she expect a particular result in return. Another concept is observation. This concept is far significant to study as it consists the most significant place. According to this concept, a person observes the behavior of other people and develops the self accordingly. The behavioral capability is also a lead concept that says that a person understands and practices the behavior of others, but his/her own knowledge on the subject matter is equally important and until the same would not allow a person will not act. Apart from these three, some other concepts and assumption of this theory are also there. For instance, self-efficacy where people find themselves enable to do a particular task. Similarly, social learning theory has the concept of Reinforcement. According to this concept, the behavior of an individual affects by the reaction of others on his/her behavior (Recapp.Etr.Org, 2018). Many of other concepts and aspects of this theory are also there which are further mentioned in the application section.
After the study of basics of social learning theory and upbringing of Read, this is to state that this theory fits well after his behavior. As mentioned above that the theory has different concepts, the following discussion is focused on the application of the same. Firstly, expectation says that the knowledge of the criminal are influenced by the behavior of others. They expect something and if the same get in return then they include in their behaviors. The same happened with the chopper. He was not aware of the goodness or badness of a crime but his father told him that it is ok to kill someone and in such a manner the knowledge of chopper went into the wrong direction. Another and most significant concept which is observation is also applicable in the case of the chopper. He was observing his father and his cruel behavior since childhood. In conjunction with this, he also saw the bullying behavior of other students in school. As the behavioral concept of this theory believes that a person does not learn everything from the books but observes and learn from the behavior of others, this is to say that chopper has seen most of the criminal side of others in his life and observed the same.
Applying another concept of the subjective theory which is behavioral capability, this is to say that at when the chopper was at his young age, he was already the leader in the road gang. It means his behavior was not only affected by the behavior of others but somewhere his own knowledge was also there to influence his criminal behavior. He started committing a crime based on his knowledge and experience and got success. This success further motivated him to do more crime. The chopper was engaged in different kinds of crime. He found himself capable of doing in all these crimes and further committee more crime. During his life, the chopper was involved in crimes like assault, kidnapping, armed robbery, impersonating the police officer and many others. Re-enforcement is also an aspect that can relate to the chopper. His Family background was already in favor of violence. Being a child he has seen his father beating him and thereafter too he has never stops committing a crime by anyone in the family. Chopper might take this as a positive response of his family towards whatever he was doing and in such a manner all the major key concepts of social learning theory are applicable to the selected criminal. The application of social learning theory is not limited to this criminal only, but in many cases, the same affect the behavior of a criminal in many ways.
Social learning theory is also known as an observational learning theory. As the name implies, the core of this theory is that a person lives in society; he/she observes the behavior of others and learn the elements his/her behavior from there (Flanagan & Flanagan, 2018). The person named Albert Bandura made the focus on the side of behaviorism of social learning theory. He made the argument that one can read something from someone by simply observing their behavior. He also granted certain principles of social learning. In his arguments, he believed that symbolic modeling influences the behavior of a criminal. Models provide the people guide about their own performance. In the modeling process, people must get to know a model. Then after they must keep the information related to that model in their memories. A third instance, the observed behavior must be converted into actions and at last, these actions must be a result of the motivation from the observation of model’s behavior. In the presented case study, chopper reviewed the behavior of his father at home and others at school. He kept their behavioral elements in his brain and the same further motivated him to commit the crimes and offenses. Bandura divided the social learning theory into three stages (Goldstein and Segall, 2013). These stages are acquisition, instigation, and maintenance and the same are prescribed as below:-
The above three points can also be applicable to Chopper as he acquired the criminal behavior from his family and friends, then he tried the same and thereafter he became a part of the same.
Apart from the above three, cognition is another concept which is related to social learning theory and provides the manner in which human interpret or recall the information. Cognition is important as in the absence of the same people would not be able to recall any action. Cognitive psychology can be understood as the study and review of the mental process and not the mere study of the brain. Cognitive disengagement techniques are also known as Moral disengagements. According to this theory, in addition to the other people, criminals also find criminal behavior as bad. Many of the criminals think that criminal behavior is morally wrong. As per the beliefs of Bandura, Cognitive disengagement technique is an approach by which the moral principle of a person is decoded. Moral disengagement exists there to reduce the criminal behaviour where a person himself/herself thinks that they have done wrong.
In order to conduct the Empirical Research on the social learning theory, this is to mention that researchers have identified this theory and find that these theories remained relative ever (Teasdale & Bradley, 2016). Many of the researchers have done empirical research on social learning theory. According to the meta-analysis of this theory conducted by Pratt et al. (2010), this is to say that the most tested portion of this theory was the differential association. According to the analysis done by Akers and Jenning, it has been established that young people watch the behavior of others, consequences thereon and then after they behave (Akers & Jennings, 2015), Further, the behaviour of a person according to this theory can be positive or either negative. It means it is not necessary that the social learning theory always bring the negative impacts but the same simply believes that people get influenced by the surrounding (Akers & Jensen, 2018). In order to strengthen the arguments, Bandura provided two of the model as below:-
(McLeod, 2016)
A social learning theory can be understood as a linker between the traditional as well as modern approaches of learning. On the one side, it focuses on the behavioural approach and says that under social learning theory people get influence by the behaviour of others and on the different side, the same believes that mind of people is also an important factor behind the learning of the same. In such a manner, the theory has two models namely behaviourist and cognitive.
In addition to this, Bandura also provided four meditational processes such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation by which the behavior of a person get developed (Instructionaldesign.org, 2018). In his study, Bandura also developed three basic structure such as live model, verbal instruction model and symbolic model which further supports the argument that a person’s behavior is influenced by his/her surroundings (Sincero, 2018). In such a manner this is to say that strong arguments are there cause of which one can rely on the fact that behavior of one person affects the behavior of another.
Although throughout the essay it has been tried to relate the case study to the selected criminological theory, yet in the arguments, certain weakness can be seen. These weaknesses are the area where theory and chosen case study did not relate to each other or else to say that the principles of theory failed to be applied to a case study. Firstly, the concept of Moral disengagements cannot apply to the selected case study as chopper had no regret about his doing. This is to seem that the others did not only influence his behavior but his own nature was too of criminal nature. Further, although the concept of reinforcement is applicable to the case study yet the same was not a lead reason for further crimes. Chopper did not get any motivation yet committed many of the crimes. In the early childhood too, no one has appreciated his behavior cause of which he turned out to be criminal, however, later on, it happened when he became the leader of the road gang.
Conclusion
In order to conclude the discussion, this is to mention that behind every criminal mind, there are certain forces, which are criminological theories. These theories have their huge significance as the same helps one to understand the behavior of a criminal. In the presented essay, one of the famous cases of the nation has been taken where the criminal did many of the crimes. The best suitable theory for this case was social learning theory that believes that behavior of a person is influenced by the other’s and in such a manner a person pursue negative or positive forms. In the aforesaid discussion, efforts have been made to explain the theory and to provide justification for them. In conjunction with this, the relation of theory and case also has been set out. Nevertheless, some areas of the chosen case were there where the theory could not apply and such areas of discussion are stated above.
References
Akers, R., & Jennings, W. (2015). Social Learning Theory. The Handbook Of Criminological Theory, 230-240. doi: 10.1002/9781118512449.ch12
Akers, R., L. & Jensen, G., F. (2018) Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory of Crime and Deviance: The Past, Present, and Future. Retrieved form: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f2b0/10d3d61c6a63c710013ba3cfecdd291aece3.pdf
Cartwright, G. (2013). Mark ‘Chopper’ Read obituary. Retrieved form: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/09/mark-chopper-read-obituary
Curve.coventry.ac.uk. (2018). Social Learning Theory. Retrieved form: https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/cu/file/1085fed6-6162-74a3-7e39-729f6da48c81/1/Aggression%20and%20Violence%202010_HTML.zip/page_10.htm
Delaney, T. (2017). Social Deviance. Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield.
Delaney, T., & Madigan, T. (2017). Friendship and Happiness: And the Connection Between the Two. North Carolina: McFarland.
Flanagan, J., S. & Flanagan, R., S. (2018). Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice: Skills, Strategies, and Techniques. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Goldstein, A., P. and Segall, M., H. (2013). Aggression in Global Perspective: Pergamon General Psychology Series. USA:Elsevier.
Imdb.com. (2018). Mark Brandon Read. Retrieved form: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0973692/
Instructionaldesign.org. (2018). Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura). Retrieved form: https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-learning/
Kemble, G. (2013). 13 things you may not know about Mark ‘Chopper’ Read. Retrieved form: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-09/13-things-you-may-not-know-about-mark-27chopper27-read/4991540
McLeod, S. (2016). Bandura – Social Learning Theory. Retrieved form: https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html
Recapp.Etr.Org. (2018). Theories & Approaches. Retrieved form: https://recapp.etr.org/recapp/index.cfm?fuseaction=pages.TheoriesDetail&PageID=383
Siegel, L., J. & Welsh, B., C. (2017). Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. USA: Cengage Learning.
Sincero, S., M. (2018). Social Learning Theory. Retrieved form: https://explorable.com/ecological-systems-theory
Teasdale, B. & Bradley, M., S. (2016) Preventing Crime and Violence. USA: Springer
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