Question:
Discuss about the Psychology for Guidance on The Management.
Yes, this question is valid. The major reason for the question as valid is, correlation is not causation. It is identified that, Taiwan is the place where most of the study related to the contraceptive devices was took place as a large-scale study as opined by Leder & Krucoff, (2014). On the other hand, variables related to the birth control were predicted by the researchers for adopting the birth control methods. Therefore, after a long period as well as applying significant data collection methods it was identified that, the number of electrical appliances in the home was a significant variable that is able to control the birth of Taiwan as opined by Berman & Berman, (2012).
On the other hand, the correlation among contraceptive as well as electrical appliances was highly strong as well as it was the best prediction among the rest of the measured ways done by the researchers as commented by Leder & Krucoff, (2014). As an example, it can be said that, the sexual relationships are mainly happened due to the using of the contraceptive pills as well as the number of the of the electrical appliances used in the home. In addition, the education system also has an impact for establishing the sexual relations between the teenagers as opined by Berman & Berman, (2012). Nevertheless, the major aspect is that, it is not a matter that how the correlation is strong between the number of the toaster as well as the use of the contraceptive pills. Therefore, the sexual relationships are not indicating unexpected connections among the teenage couples. Therefore, it can be concluded that, the presence of the correlation between the electrical appliances and contraceptive usage is not able to imply causation.
The portion of the brain of Anna that is affected is Cerebrum because the Cerebrum is helpful in maintaining the thoughts, voluntary movements, personality as well as senses. Since, Anna is unable to control her impulses for maintaining the appropriate behavior with her friends, therefore, it can be said that, the Cerebrum of the brain of Anna is affected and this issue is hampering her attitudes for communicating with her friends properly.
It is necessary to mention that, the major function of Cerebrum is not only to coordinating in voluntary movement but also helping to maintain balance and equilibrium of the entire human body. The cerebrum is spat into two halves known as Hemispheres as opined by Spreng et al. (2013). Apart from that, each of the Hemispheres is made up with frontal, temporal as well as the parietal lobe.
Laura is affected with the Brain Stem of her brain. It is necessary to mention that, the Brain Stem is one of the highly effective parts of the human body system that connects the Spinal Cord as commented by Penfield, (2015). On the other hand, the spinal cord is helpful for support the highly significant mechanisms of the human body system such as, blood circulation, digestion as well as blood pressure. Since, the right side of the body of Laura is paralyzed, thus, the significant mechanism are that are helpful for regulating the activities of the right sides of the body of Laura is affected due the affection in Brain Stem.
The Cerebrum, Brain Stem, and the Cerebellum are affected of Nicholas. The major reason of the Coma is the efficient brain parts of the Nicholas are less able to help in maintaining the body balance as well as the blood circulation. It is necessary to mention that, the Cerebellum is highly efficient for moving as well as controlling the entire human body as opined by Lancaster et al. (2013). On the other hand, the Cerebrum is liable for maintaining the thoughts, senses of the body as well as the Brain Stem is connected with the Spinal Cord that is highly helpful for regulating the sleep as well as a wake.
The Amygdala is responsible for such behavior of Ben. The Amygdala of the Ben’s brain remained inactive, and this is the major reason why Ben is always remained cool with his decisions. It is necessary to mention that, excessive pressure on Amygdala is the major cause for generating anger (BBC – Science & Nature – Human Body and Mind – Body – Brain Map 2016). Since, the Amygdala is inactive in the brain of Ben, thus, he remains calm with his attitudes.
The Motor Cortex of the brain of George is affected. It is necessary to mention that, those persons who are affected with this significant part of the brain is able to speak those words that he or she want to tell as well as these peoples are not able to concentrate while some other speak to him or her as opined by Lancaster et al. (2013). Therefore, George is also such kind of person who is affected with the Motor Cortex.
Before I go to sleep at last night, I already spent 15 minutes in solving the answers of the questions that asked to me. However, I did not get any answers from my end. Thus, I go to sleep. Next day morning I was able to remember about my last night dreams. As far I remember, I was preparing myself for going to a musical event in Las Vegas. I was happy as well as tensed because I was going to playing drums in front the world famous drummer Sir Neil Peart along with my rock band named “The Band Heart to Heart”. It was the first show in Las Vegas. I have already performed with my band various times in various nations. However, this was the second time while I was in tension.
I was in London last night after the performing day in Las Vegas. I remember that, I send my favorite drum kit for setting up on the stage of Las Vegas. I had the costliest drums set in this globe name DW Drums. I was packing for catch the flight to Las Vegas from London. I reached at Las Vegas at 1o’ Clock at noon with my band members and some of the crew members. Rest of the crew members were already was in Las Vegas for preparing the last moment preparation. Along with the band members, I checked into the Hotel Hilton, Las Vegas. I did my lunch and took rest for one and a half hours. I take may all accessories and my costumes for the performance. I went to the ground floor with my band members and got into the car and start our journey to the event place.
At the time, while I just stepped to the ground from the car, I noticed that, Neil Peart also stepped into the event place with his friends. The crowd was shouting with the name of Neil Peart. As a result, most of the audiences vanished who were likely to take my autographs. I was feeling demoralized as the audiences were not concentrating on me. I felt appalling as well as I promised myself I will forget that someone who is a world famous drummer will take a seat in front of me and will see my drums playing. I straightly went to the backstage with my band members and discussed how to engage the audiences with an energetic as well as mesmerizing performance by our tunes. As far I remember, I left the backstage and went towards the stage at 8 o’clock at night.
At the time while I look towards the audiences I was energized because all of the audiences were cheering for us. We started our performance with our romantic track named “Heart Cracker”, which is a melodious rock tune. As far I remember, we spend two and a half hours on the stage with our performance. At the mid time of our performance, I jammed with my favorite drums kit along with the tones of the guitars especially excluding the vocal of the vocalist of our rock band. I was able to mesmerize my god of drums who is Mr. Neil Peart. He was fantasized with my drums playing and came upon the stage and took my additional drumsticks and started playing my drums in the off notation partially. I was feeling a hardcore psycho patient that moment because this scene was known to me, as I had already seen this time in my dreams when I was only ten years old and started learning related to drums.
I recovered my shock in few seconds as I can remember and concentrated again with my performance. Rest of the show, Neil Peart was standing beside me as well as encouraged me in every second for providing me huge energy for creating a mesmerizing place in the mind of the audiences. When I stopped playing drums, Neil Peart asked me for giving an autograph on the drums sticks, which actually mine were taken by him from the additional pair of drumsticks. I signed my autograph as well as took his autograph and kept in a safe place within my accessories kit bag. He asked for playing my drums kit and started playing after I assured him to play. He played my drums kit for next twenty minutes, and he was able to generate the sounds came from the crowd doubled. The auditorium was shaking with the huge sounds of the audiences. I was fantasized as I was seeing the playing style as well as the technique of the world famous drummer Mr. Neil Peart. I learned various highly significant techniques for playing drums.
Me and Neil Peart got off from the stage together and made a conversation about our childhood, dedications to playing and learning drums, daily life all the stuff that we are like to do. In addition, we went for dinner along with my band members to a five-star pub that was slight far from Las Vegas. I returned to my hotel room with my mates and started celebrating as we realized that we touched the sky by spent time with Neil Peart and hallucinate the audiences of Las Vegas. We did not sleep at night as we were busy to celebrate. I caught the flight to India next day noon for meet my family, as I was so happy for the mesmerizing moments in my life. While I was visiting with the flight, I realized that, fumes are coming out from the right wing of the airplane. I was in the window seat, and this was the main reason that realized me that I have to inform the crew of the flight for that serious issue. Nevertheless, before I call the crew, the plane was exploded as far I remember. I got a hit in my head and disclosed my eyes and discovered that my mother was shaking me as I was trying to tear the pillows apart as well as I was shouting for begging help. At the time I became conscious, I was feeling shame full for such kind of dream as well as behavior.
According to my rule, the next two words will be S and S because, the sequence O, T, T, F, F is determining the One, Two, Three, Four and Five. Henceforth, the next numbers of the sequence have to be Six and Seven that’s mean S and S.
H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O
The solution as a word is Water because the sequences of the letters are going H to O, which is the chemical formula of water.
Eight, Five, Four, Nine, One, Seven, Six, Three, Two
These numbers are ordered alphabetically because the first letters of the words are in the serious of the list of English alphabets.
The Corporal Punishment is referred to force the children for experiencing the pain forcefully as opined by Murray, (2015). It is necessary to mention that, the major cause for giving corporal punishment is not to harm any children; the major purpose of corporal punishment is to remind the corrections as well as to be able for self-controlling. Apart from that, corporal punishment includes spanking, using an object for striking as well as hitting. It is necessary to mention that, huge impacts are there for the children along with significant aspects of social, physical, behavioral, emotional as well as cognitive.
In many previous studies made on the corporal punishment on children, it has been identified that the corporal punishment on children not only affect the children, but it affects the overall society of human being. According to Gershoff et al. (2015), the corporal punishment increases the violence in children, which adversely affects the overall society. In the research made by Stacks, Gerard, Roe and Oshio in the year 2009, it has been identified that the aggression is more in the children those have faced corporal punishment in their houses or by their parents (MenEngage 2016).
Moreover, it is shocking that this study was made of the children those are 24 months old, and aggression in that age is not a good sign. The study has also found out that there are many parents those increase the level of corporal punishment with the increase in the age of their children. In another research in the year 2005 by Grogan-Kaylor, it was found out that the percentage of increase the bad behavior of the children in each year is 5%. Therefore, from the results of these studies, it can be said that the impact of the corporal punishment is dangerous on the children (MenEngage. 2016).
The increased aggression in the children has also increased the rate of child crime in the society and most of the cases, it has been found out the children those conduct the crime have a very furious past life in which they have faced corporal punishment. However, in the recent past due to the implementation of different laws against corporal punishment, the percentage of youth or child crime has started to get down. In between 1990 to 1995, the percentage in the world scenario was more than 50% and in 2013, this percentage decreased below 20% (Endcorporalpunishment.weebly.com 2016).
Physical:
Corporal punishment can create a worst physical impact on the children. Studies made on the corporal punishment on children have found out that corporal or physical punishment negatively affect the health growth of the children (Murray 2015). It can be of several types like internal injuries, broken bones, burns or can lead to the death also. It has also found out that the rate of corporal punishment on children is relatively higher in South Africa and many children in South Africa have died due to the corporal punishment.
As per the 2013’s report by Medical Research Council, there are 45% of the child homicide in South Africa has been caused by the corporal punishment. On the other side, as per the world’s child abuse or neglect reports, in most of the cases, the children are abused physically and most of that are corporal punishments (Martin 2015). It has also been identified that in many cases children become handicapped for their ret of the life due to the corporal punishment and this type of case are high in the developing countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.
Cognitive:
Corporal punishment also creates negative cognitive impacts. The intelligence of the children gets affected by the corporal punishment. Many studies have found out that the thinking power of the children decreases due to this physical or corporal punishment. The schools those follow the corporal punishment technique result poor than the schools where the corporal punishment is prohibited. The healthy and natural brain growth of the children gets hampered. The children become unable to face or deal with the real life adverse situations, and they look for the help of some other persons (MenEngage 2016).
This means the children cannot be independent. Ultimately, the children get frustrated, and they move towards the bad habits like taking bad drugs and alcohol, and they get involved in the anti-social activities. This indicates that the corporal punishment negatively affects the future of the children.
Emotional:
The most negative impact that the corporal punishment creates is on the emotion of the children. Many children become affected by severe depression. Sometimes the children get affected by dementia, and it becomes very tough to recover their situation (Martin 2015). The children those face corporal punishment from the parents’ side start to hate their parents or they get de-touched from their parents, and they start to think that the parents are their enemy. Corporal punishment actually kills the childhood of the children. Sometimes the children or the teenagers commit suicides to get rid of the corporal punishment.
On the other side, it also happens sometimes that the children become more attracted to the wrong people or bad people (Gershoff et al. 2015). As the children get corporal or physical punishment from their parents, they move to the people other than their parents and as at that age the ability to understand right and wrong is less, many times they get involved in anti-social gangs.
Behavioral:
The behavioral impact of corporal punishment on children is also very dangerous. The corporal or physical punishment creates or increases the rudeness in the behavior of the children. The ability of a child to tolerate any physical harassment or punishment is very less and when this level cross over, the children become rude to the other people (Murray 2015). Child crime is one of the results of this rudeness. The children start to break the rules or disciplines in the schools, and they get more punishment. They become more aggressive if they find any unwanted activity. Their aggression also affects the psychology of the other children those have not faced any type of corporal or physical punishment. The punished children start to avoid the other people (Endcorporalpunishment.weebly.com 2016).
Sometimes their class mates and the friend start to avoid them also and in that situation the affected children start to feel lonely, and the loneliness creates the depression in those children. In many studies, it has found out that physically punished children behaves odd and day-by-day they become de-touched from the other people in the society.
The sensation is referred to the procedure in which a sensory receptor is producing as well as stimulating nerve impulses that are able to travel to the human brain as opined by Wolfe, (2012). It is necessary to mention that, the sensory receptor is able to interpret the impulses such as, taste, pain, sound, odor as well as touch. On the other hand, Sensory organ that is also known as Transduction is able to cause sensation by absorbing the physical stimulus that is present in the emitting energy environment as opined by Foley & Matlin, (2015).
Apart from that, Perception is defined to the occurrence process at the time while brain performs related to the information that contains the neural impulses and after that, the beginning procedure of the interpretation as well as translation as commented by Proctor & Proctor, (2012). It is necessary to mention that, perception is a vital process, as it is highly helpful in making sense as well as rationalization of the information that are related to the physical stimulus. On the other hand, perception arises while the brain procedures are processing with the significant information for giving serious meaning to it; that means raising memories, anger as well as emotions as stated by Schwartz & Krantz, (2015).
The major relationship between sensation and perception is to making balances for each other. In addition, sensation, as well as perception, is working together for identifying as well as creating significant meaning from stimuli related information. It is necessary to mention that, perception is not possible if the sensation is not there as commented by Gazzaniga & Heatherton, (2015). However, it is possible for only those persons who believe in the term Extrasensory Perception (ESP). On the other hand, the sensation of the human being would remain unknown without perception because the mental procedures related to the sense will be zero as commented by Gregory, (2015).
Moreover, the major difference of sensation and perception is the way that they are working for processing the information to the human brain. In the case of sensation, the physical stimulus is registered along with its physical properties by the sensory organs as stated by Goldstein & Brockmole, (2016). After the registration procedure, the organs are able to decode the processed information as well as a transform that information into neural impulses or in the term of signals. It is necessary to mention that, this information is transmitted to the sensory cortices that are laid in the human brain as opined by Schulz et al. (2013). On the other hand, it is identified that the sensation occurs first before the perception took place in the human brain. In addition, the nerves that are in the human brain impulses go through a sequential series of organization, interpretation as well as translation. Apart from that, while the perception procedure is finished, any normal human being is able to make the senses out of the sensations (Psychlopedia – Sensation & Perception. 2016).
As an example, it can be said that, seeing the light that can be treated as sensation is different from determining the color of the light that is treated as perception. On the other hand, as commented by Wolfe, (2012), shivering with a cold within an environment is varied from perceiving that the winter season is coming towards. It is necessary to mention that, most of the psychologists believe that the important part of the Bottom-up Procedure is the sensation that is referred to the occurrence of sensation that means the information are transmitted to the human brain as opined by Foley & Matlin, (2015). Apart from that, the major part of the Top-down Procedure is perception that refers to the interpretation that is done by the human brain along with the sensory information as well as the human brain sends sequential as well as relevant signals to the sensory organs for responding to the physical stimuli as stated by Schwartz & Krantz, (2015). It is necessary to mention that, Sensation is not able to work automatically; sensory procedures must have to convert stimulation first into the neural messages before any other procedures are formed.
Moreover, the sensation can be treated as stimulation that is related to the sensory receptor that is able to produce neural impulses. It is necessary to mention that, the neural impulses are responsible for interpreting with the brain by sound, pain, odor as well as the visual image as commented by Gazzaniga & Heatherton, (2015). On the other hand, perception is an incident that occurs while brain completes the organizing processes with the information as well as translates and interprets into something meaningful sense for understanding something. Apart from that, sensory receptors are able to convert the energy to neural impulses to the human brain while the sensory organs absorb energy from the physical stimulus. As a result, sensation occurs as opined by Goldstein & Brockmole, (2016). In addition, perception is how any human being receives thoughts as well as feelings about something and there after gives meanings with the help of the memories as well as emotions.
As commented by Smith et al. (2016), the perception of the pain can be modified as well as modulated by few environmental or non-biological aspects including personality and the human psychological factors such as, emotions, chronic stressful style of life, fear as well as cognitions. On the other hand, a socioeconomic aspect that is also a non-biological factor that is able to create pain among the human being. It is necessary to mention that, the behavior of pain is different as per the age, genders as well as ethnicities as opined by Abdulla et al. (2013). The most important non-biological factors that create pain are briefly discussed below for understanding the effective pain level.
Cultural Factor: The experience related to pain is one of the fundamentals of human senses that are treated a tradition for surviving protective skills came from the ancient time as opined by Riegel et al. (2014). Nevertheless, the origin, as well as the changes of the cultural as well as socio aspects, is changing the ways of pains as well as the expressions of the human being at the time of heavy pain. On the other hand, various groups of scholars, as well as cultural peoples, are treated pains with intense as well as unpleasant discomfort feelings that are able to create negative impact both physically and mentally as opined by Shaw et al. (2013).
Moreover, pain also refers to the term “hurt” that means less severe discomfort, as well as the term “ache,” means bearable as well as the minimum level of pain as commented by Racine et al. (2012). It is identified that, the citizens of the Eastern culture is able to tolerate higher pain rather than the citizens of Western culture. It is necessary to mention that, this assumption is done partially caused by the facts that have higher pain rituals as well as ceremonies are actually accepted in the Middle East, India as well as Africa as commented by Gvion et al. (2014). Therefore, the reflections related to the overall behavior as personal as well private experience along with the stoicism have to nurse from the early childhood. On the contrary, the culture of the other regions is to express the pain both verbally as well as non-verbally along with non-hiding crying as well as screaming as commented by Basner et al. (2014).
It is necessary to mention that, the cultural aspects are involved in various factors such as, social appraisal, religious beliefs as well as region related customs. Nevertheless, the majority of the studies related to pain are considerable with the differences of the culture in the terms of the ethnicity as well as the common ground of the each religious group as commented by Muthusamy et al. (2013). It is discovered that, the Biopsychosocial Model that is related to pain of the human being is a systematic research-based model that is able to help for greater experimenting of the pain sensitivity among those citizens who are belonged to African-America region compared to non-Hispanic Caucasians as revealed by Belfer et al. (2013). Henceforth, it is also reported as the pain is actually based on the impact of the climates that is an extreme level of heat and cold.
On the other hand, the hazards of the social aspects also are able to increase the pain of the human being. Cultural hazards can be pointed to the criminal as well as illegal activities that are able to hamper the peace of any society. As an example, terrorism activities and the riots are those activities that are able to create pain among the citizens of any nations as opined by Dixon, Sturgeon & Mackey, (2016). On the other hand, these hazardous activities can also be treated as the major reason for hampering the economic as well the social aspects of any nations. As a result, the pain of the human being is increased.
Demographic Factor: Several aspects of pain are there that are created by the effects related to the gender as commented by Jung et al. (2016). It is identified that, the male persons are a significantly less cold pressor-evoked pain in front of any female person. On the contrary, the female persons are significantly are tended to report higher pain along with high emotions in front of any male persons. Furthermore, it is also found by various experiments that the male persons are able to tolerate more pain rather than the female persons as commented by Barrington et al. (2016). On the other hand, the males can tolerate pain more than the female persons who have to suffer from the diseases that are causing pain in the human body. It is necessary to include that, as per the recent study, most of the medical records are contained with at least one disease that is associated with pain score analyzed variations in disease-specific pain reported by both male and female service users as well as found significant gender specificity as opined by Menz et al. (2015).
Apart from that, as opined by Miaskowski et al. (2014), the findings related to the pain assure that those females have huge risks that have chronic pain disorders such as, migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, temporomandibular dysfunction as well as spondylitis. In addition, the female service users are exhibiting greater sensitivity to noxious stimuli within the pathological laboratory rather than the male service users for any type of stimulations as well as tests as commented by Belfer, (2013). On the other hand, the reports related to the clinics are the prove for reporting along with higher frequency, severity as well as the longer duration that are presented in a greater number of the bodies of female rather than the male service users. Therefore, it can be said that, the role of the gender is able to influences the sensitivity to pain within the experimental settings as opined by Dixon, Sturgeon & Mackey, (2016).
Moreover, the lifestyles as well the habits are also the contributing factors for creating as well as increasing the pain of human being. However, exercise is suggested for both treatments as well as to remove the pain from the body. Nevertheless, excessive exercise can be a cause for rising pain in the various organs of a human body system as opined by Basner et al. (2014). It is necessary to mention that, little-measured exercise is able to worsen pain through multiple mechanisms such as, neuroendocrine responses, pain posturing as well as deconditioned muscle trauma. Apart from that, body exercises are helpful in keeping the human body healthy and fit. The major reason for getting relief from pain by doing exercises is, body movements during exercises are able to activate the Endogenous Analgesia via triggering the release of Beta-Endorphins from the Pituitary Gland that is located in the human brain as commented by Muthusamy et al. (2013). On the other hand, the body movements during exercises the Beta-Endorphins also releases from the Hypothalamus, and that is able to enable the effects related to the Analgesic by activating the most important µ– Opoid receptors both centrally as well as peripherally as commented by Jung et al. (2016).
On the other hand, smoking cigarettes or nicotine as well as consuming alcoholic drinks are also carrying a significant complex relationship with pain. Smoking and consuming alcohol is highly injurious to human health because the tar releases from nicotine and the alcohol are able to crate harm to various organs of the human body as well as it causes cancer as opined by Gvion et al. (2014). The pain took place in the human body while the excessive effects are damaged highly necessary human organs such as, stomach, lungs, kidneys, heart. As a result, various dangerous diseases are also taking place like cardio related diseases (stroke, heart attack, and heart failure), respiratory issues as well as neurotically disorders as commented by Shaw et al. (2013).
Sensory adaption can be regarded as diminishing sensitivity to a particular stimulus due to repeated exposure to that particular stimulus (Sartori et al., 2014). The brain of a human being starts to fire when they first exposed to a new stimulus and tend to react to that stimulus. In case, if the human being remains exposed to that particular stimulus, they will be used to it, and the brain will react this situation in a diminishing way. The diminishing reaction results because of lack of intention to that specific stimulus. In this case, when Giovanni was cooking a surprised dinner for his friend, he unconsciously forgets to turn off the oven and thus, burn the roast. In this case, when in the first time Giovanni opened the oven room, charcoal odor and smoked filled the room. In the first time, Giovanni and his friend felt uncomfortable in this situation, but after a short time, they became used to this situation room filled with smoke and charcoal odor (Solomon & Kohn, 2014). During the gossip between two, they gave less intension to this stimulus of smoke and charcoals odor. In this way, Giovanni and his friend no longer notice the charcoal odor and smoke in the room due to sensory adoption.
Every activity done by a human being is the result of stimuli and response. Behavioral differences in individual are happened due to differences in learning. Classical conditioning is the theory, in which new behavior is acquired through the process of association. According to this learning theory, an innate response to conditional stimuli can be got through repetitively pairing the conditional stimuli with non-conditional stimuli (De Massari et al., 2013). In the experiment of Pavlov, it was found that the dog initially not salivated with the ring of the bell (conditional stimuli) but when, the dog was demonstrated with the piece of meat (unconditional stimuli) with the ring of the bell, then it used it used to salivate (response). When Pavlov started to the showpiece of meat repeatedly with a ring of the bell, then the dog had learned to response to the ring of the bell even without the piece of meat (Ruf et al., 2013). Likewise, in this case, the person nervously sweats very time with the siren of an ambulance.
In this case, the person has had a drastic accident (Unconditional stimuli) for with he had to use the ambulance for going to the hospital. This accident has a huge negative impact on the living of that person. On the other hand, the conditional stimulus is the siren of an ambulance, which he had heard during the time of the accident. The siren of ambulance vehicle would not have such scary effect on the person if would not repeatedly associate with the accident of the person. Through repeated accident of person and uses of an ambulance during the time of going to any hospital, it had become a mindset of the person that siren of the ambulance is a sign of scary situation (Gershman & Niv, 2012). In this way, later, whenever, the person listens to the siren of an ambulance, he used to sweat nervously with the scare of the drastic accident.
Positive reinforcement can be said to be a helpful tool to identify a change in behavior and shape it. It acts as a motivating factor for a person after a change in the behavior is observed, making more often to happen in near future. There are standard principals set for analyzing any behavioral changes with respect to positive reinforcement (Steinberg et al., 2014). Positive reinforcement happens when a behavior is reinforced in a positive way that means if some ask for something and it is being given to him/her then in future, that person will again ask for that thing. If the persons want is not satisfied then in future that person may not ask for that thing again, and positive reinforcement will not occur. Positive reinforcement is a kind of an incentive and serves as an inspiring factor
It happens, when a particular thing is detached because of the behavior of a person. It means removing something that is giving a negative impact on a person’s behavior and by doing so, that person is pleased. If that person’s want is satisfied then that person will be willing to do that thing again in future (Koob, 2013). Negative reinforcement can happen only when something in the environment is already present, and the person does not like it. It is not opposite to positive reinforcement since both gives a satisfying result and increases the future occurrences of the event. It can’t be said to be a penalty as penalty gives bad conclusion whereas it gives a pleasing effect (Specht et al., 2013).
Positive Punishment:
It is the idea of punishing a person because of his unpleasant activities that reduce the future occurrences of such activities. The behavior of a person like breaking some rules, regulation, and activities that have a negative impact on the society needs to be punished. By doing so, such person may not repeat such activities in future. Positive punishment is an approach towards improving the negative behavior of a person by enforcing a penalty (Hockenhull and Creighton, 2013). However, it is required to understand the impact of punishment. If the penalty is excessive, then it may not have a positive impact rather it can negatively affect the behavior of that person on which it is imposed that is why it is required to be applied reasonably.
Negative Punishment:
It means taking something from a person who has shown an undesirable behavior so that it reduces the future occurrences of the same behavior (Garland, 2012). While negative behavior can be very much effective but subject to certain condition. If it is not applied every time, then it gives no result like over speeding which is not detected every time, and hence people tends to speed over even if he has been penalized one or two times out of ten times (Ferguson, 2013). If that person were punished every time he over speeds, then he would not repeat that again. It is successful only when a reaction is followed without any delay. Therefore, it can be said that negative punishment if implemented moderately can have a positive impact on the behavior of a person.
Extinction:
As opined by Hockenhull and Creighton, (2013), extinction is a procedure that is able to force the human being towards the death. On the other hand, individual human being that is poorly adopted with their significant environment is less likely for surviving as well as reproducing rather than those who are well adopted as commented by Koob, (2013). In addition, those individuals become extinct who are not able to adapt the environment; as a result, they died.
Johnny is only four years old child, and it is very vital time for him to shape the behavior on a permanent basis. In this age, if any child learns bad behavior from someone, it will remain consistent with him throughout his life. In this situation, Jonny has learned a bad behavior from his friend that if anybody disagrees with him, he should hit him or her. In such a situation, a behavioral change of Jonny is highly essential for his effective behavioral pattern. The first thing that should do towards changing the behavior of Johnny is identifying pattern interrupt. In this patter interrupt; Johnny should make aware of the bad thing associated with his behavior (Foxx, 2013). Johnny should be aware of the negative impact of his behavior and learn about how his behavior can physically hamper other people (Okorodudu et al., 2015).
After that, Johnny should adopt pattern learning, in which the bad behavior should be replaced with the new empowering behavioral pattern. In this process, the bad behavior of Johnny should be replaced with a sense of urgency. The motivating and empowering alternative should be developed in such a way that can easily assist in understanding the wrong impact of his behavior. Through the process of visualization, Johnny should be provided with an effective tool through which the behavior of Johnny can be changed. In this process, observational learning can be effective, where, Johnny would learn about good behavior through observing someone who is very influential to him (Bamberg, 2013). Johnny should also be provided with reproduction learning, where he will repeatedly be putting into such a situation where he has to value the people with high level of emotional attachment. In this process, the emotional behavior will be a habit of Johnny, and thus, the behavior of hitting people would be replaced.
The incident of getting lost in a shopping mall at the age of 5 never happened in Chris’ life. This story was implanted in Chris’s memory. Thus, Chris has been the subject of the experiment. It all started when a research team went to Chris’ home, met his family members and asked them about some real life incidents which have actually taken place. All the incidents narrated by Chris’ family were incorporated in a journal. Along with all the real incidents which happened in Chris’ family, a false story of Chris getting lost in a shopping mall at an age of five was added to the journal. According to the story, Chris was lost in a shopping mall and was haunted by an absurd man. He got very scared and after sometime his mother appeared and took him home. Chris read the journal and started to treat the false story as a real life story, and he started reacting as if the false story which was incorporated in the journal had happened in his life in real. This story intruded into Chris’ mind and got embedded in his memory. This is how the false story was implanted in Chris’ memory.
People don’t remember everything which has happened in their lives. The childhood memories do often fade and are very hard to remember until the memories are too much cherish able. If a story is being told to a child, he listens to it very carefully and if the story relates to the child’s personal life he remembers it by heart. This is a fact. Children have fresh and new minds. They learn everything which is taught to them. A story which relates to a child’s personal life is more prone to capture his mind and get stuck in his memory. Same has been the case with Chris. He read the story in the journal and the story related to an incident of his personal life. Though the story was false, because Chris never went into the accuracy of the story and started to react as if it had happened in real. Childhood memories are tough to remember, and people remembers or believes in remembering the stories which they are told afterward. This is how Chris developed a firm belief in the story which was added in the journal and treated it as a real life story.
Debriefing is a process which is followed in psychological research to minimize the stress that a person goes through as an impact of the experiment. Debriefing process involves the conduct of an interview after the end of the study or experiment. In the debriefing process, the subjects of the experiment are told about the purpose and hypothesis of the research, and they are informed about the truth. The subjects thereby realize that the stories which they tend to have belief in are not real, and they get to understand that those stories have been implanted. The result of the debriefing process is to undo the effect which has been caused by the experiment or study.
A childhood memory which got stuck in a person’s mind is tough to forget. When a false memory is implanted into someone’s memory the person starts to treat it as a real life story and it becomes difficult for him to forget it. A debriefing process does not always undo the effect of implanting false memories. The memory may sometimes get embedded in the subject’s memory throughout his lifetime. It depends on how much effectively the debriefing process is carried on. The debriefing process has to make to the subjects assure that the story was implanted and it never happened. Just like a false memory cannot be easily implanted similarly once a memory has been implanted, it is not easily forgettable. In the case of Chris it is tough to say whether Chris can easily forget the false memory or not.
Thought about the Test:
This is a good test where people need to apply their mind and answer the question rationally. It enhances rational thinking and analyzing the power of a human being. The test is capable of determining the intelligence level of a person and his intellectual strength. The test can decide whether a person has a minimum level of conceptual and analytical approach to solving daily life problems. The test is better than other IQ tests. It consists of a blend of general, Numerical, verbal, technical and practical questions. It also checks the speed with which a person is able to solve problems. Overall, the test has been framed in a way so as to understand and determine the basic level of sharpness and cleverness of a person.
IQ Test is culturally Biased or not:
This IQ test is not culturally biased. It is not inclined to reflect the culture of any particular place or religion or community or tribe etc. It consists of basic questions which every person is supposed to have knowledge about. Only because that one of the questions related to the capital city of Russia, it cannot be concluded that the test has been inclined towards highlighting its culture or giving more importance to Russia. The name of the city, Moscow has more or less been heard of by most of the people residing in this world. The test is not at all culturally biased and it has really been framed cleverly to analyze the rational thinking power of a human being.
IQ Test is a true reflection of intelligence or not:
This IQ test is not a true reflection of someone’s intelligence. Just because a person has the good vocabulary or just because a person can solve arithmetic better it does not mean he is more intelligent than the others. There are many persons in this world whose vocabulary may not be that much strong or whose capability to solve arithmetic may not be strong, but still they are doing very well in their lives, and they are solving their daily life problems and issues more efficiently than others.
Moreover, so many different people of various origins, of different religions, of a different culture, of different countries as well as of different geographical locations stay in this world. They might have not emphasized on ‘English’ language or might not have given so much importance in solving arithmetic or geometry. But they still are living happily and comfortably, combating major challenges and may be they are more intelligent than others. Intelligence has not a simple definition. It is a blend of various capabilities which a person possessed. It includes problem solving abilities, critical thinking power, creativity, understanding, knowledge, memory, etc. These different abilities cannot be determined by a single test based on some technical or knowledge based or mathematics problems.
List of the negative impact:
The first thing which has negatively impacted my score is the vocabulary knowledge. Vocabulary does not become strong overnight. It slowly develops over a long period. Daily readings, watching debates and discussions, listening to English songs, etc. over a long period increase the vocabulary capacity pf a person. Some of the question in the IQ test is based on the knowledge of tough English words which many may not have heard about. Same has been the case with me. I have not heard of many words which are not there in a test. Those questions have decreased my score.
Another thing which has impacted my score negatively is the figures based question. Assembling different figures to form a structure is not so easy to determine. This can be done and improved upon over a period. It needs practice. People are there, who are experts in folding a paper and form different structures and designs by a single paper. They have not learned it overnight. It is difficult for a newcomer to understand these tricks and same has been the case with me. I have performed miserably in those questions.
Recommendation for IQ Test:
There cannot be a single universal test to decide the intellectual level of a person. Different persons have different abilities, different understandings, a different state of mind in different situations, etc. Not only that, they are brought up differently, and different sort of incidents happen with them. So human beings cannot be kept at the same footing and therefore there cannot be a single test for determining the IQ level of a person. Determining a person’s IQ level involves a research about his life, his style of living, the incidents and challenges he had faced since childhood, his eating habits, his taste, etc. After researching deeply, a list of questions may be prepared to determine the memory, knowledge, skills, abilities, critical thinking, problem solving capacity, etc.
The main factor that has motivated me to get admission in this University is its brand name. The University of Wollongong is one of the well known universities in the world. The quality of teaching provided by this university is above the standard and the facilities provided by the university are up to date. The value of the students those are passed out from this particular university is very high in the external world. This was another factor that has influenced me to take admission or to study in this university.
At the same time, the glorious history of the University for more than 60 years and the overseas expansion of the University have also influenced towards the this University of Wollongong. There are different types of courses that are provided by the University, and the faculty members of the University are splendid, and so I thought that if I take admission in this University or study in this, then I will get more chances to know the subjects in a better manner. At the same time, 1st ranking in Australia for the quality of education was also very influential. Therefore, due to these reasons I have selected the University of Wollongong for my study.
The first and foremost thing that I think that I will achieve by studying at this University of Wollongong is better knowledge on my subject. It has been stated before, that the quality of teaching is very good here, and the University has got the 1st position in Australia with respect to quality of teaching. Therefore, it is quite obvious that I will be able to gain more knowledge by studying here. I will get the opportunity to meet the people those are internationally famous in their domain. Along with these, I will get all the facilities those are up to date and quite helpful for study. I will get the chance to access the glorious library of the University. On the other side, I will face a high level competition within the University, which will ultimately motivate me to give my best effort in my studies, which will actually help me to do better results in my studies. Apart from these, I will get the chance to consider myself as a part of this glorious University that is the University of Wollongong.
After completion of my studies at this University (University of Wollongong), it is my hope that I will get a better opportunity to start my career with a well known organization. I hope that the advanced knowledge that I will get from this University will help me to clear the job interviews in a better way. On the other side, the manners and disciplines that I will gain by studying at this University will help me to grab the organizational culture. Therefore, I hope that after passing out from this University I will have a better life. Moreover, I will get the respect in the society to being a student of one of the best Universities in Australia that is the University of Wollongong.
There are mainly two motivating forces those have motivated me to get success at this University. These two motivating forces are – the faculty members of the University. The knowledge and guidance that I get while studying at this University, motivates me to do good in by studies by giving my best efforts. Another motivating factor is the on-campus competition within the University. The higher level of competition always motivates me to give more efforts in my studies and do a better result as well as increase my knowledge.
In the textbook, I have learned about different types of motivational factors or motives. However, in the case of me, the personal motives among all the psychosocial motives have influenced or motivated me the most. The goal of life and the level of aspirations have motivated me to get an admission in one of the best Universities in the world.
The main reason behind this is that from the very beginning I always wanted to get a chance to start my career with a well known organization and to get that chance it is the most important thing to become more knowledgeable and up to date. This ultimate care goal of mine has motivated me to do best with my studies. At the same time, the level of aspiration or the level of the inner will of me was too high which has helped me to increase my knowledge and to become more advanced in my life.
To be honest, yes, I am maintaining my social networking websites as per real life perspectives as well as activities. Actually, I like to be frank and simple in every daily life activities. I hate fakeness, and this is the why I don’t have lots of true friends in my life. I am controlling my online profiles with proper legal rules as well as regulations. I do chat with my friends who are known to me as well as I don’t like to send friend requests to the unknown persons because most of the social networking activists are pretending with their real personalities as well as they always trying to discuss about the unnecessary topics. Since I have limited numbers of friends, thus, I share my moments and the personal contents to those persons who are known to me as well as I don’t like to share my personal stuff to others for the reason of fear that can misuse my personal moments.
I think both positive and negative reflections are there for cultural and social development that is related to using the online spaces. Online spaces are able to minimize the gap between the teenagers as well as the online spaces are also provides enhanced time span for relaxation. In addition, teenagers are also able to share files of their personal as well as friendship moments. Additionally, teenagers also can share their tutorial notes along with any comments among the friend circles with the help of the online spaces. On the other hand, any type of serious information can be reached from one user to another user who are living in the different nation is possible through online spaces.
It is necessary to mention that, excessive using of the social networking websites or spaces can be creating barrier or obstacles for reaching the objective of the life because time is money nowadays as well as excessive surfing the online spaces can distract the teenagers with the actual responsibilities. Additionally, the online spaces are also able to divert the mind of the teenagers with the fake and worst activities such as, viral videos, sending viruses and all that. Teenagers can be de-motivated to their study of the job responsibilities. On the other hand, surfing the online spaces in the late night also can be harmful to health because teenagers are most active with their social networking profiles at late night and that’s results to illness, tiredness, headache and the other health issues.
No, I don’t think that personality is stable over our lifetime. At the time while children are able to talk or understand something they actually don’t have a brief idea about the future. According to the Personality Theory, at the teenage period of life is the time period where the human beings are able to understand the actual goal as well as objectives of life. The personality changes over the time period as the responsibility of the life style is also increased. The responsibility of the next generation is always changing the personality of the human beings. Therefore, personality is not stable over time. On the other hand, persons those who wish to stay with their existing personality can face various obstacles in the daily life activities.
According to the Personality Theory, the situation variables are able to describe the significant characteristics related to a situation or else an environment, which may nay have the potential for influencing the behavior related to the communication of the human being as commented by Ryckman, (2012). It is necessary to mention that, situation variables are the different changeable stimuli that are able to affect the choices of a human being for choosing languages in a particular environment or situation. Few situation variables are listed below for understanding the effect of the situation variables on the expression of the personalities of a human being.
Physical Surroundings: Physical surroundings are referred to those places where the significant physical as well as spatial aspects related to environment is taking place for communicating with the human beings such as, offices, universities, Arena, home, mosque, church, temple, school as well as playing ground as opined by Wilson, Ward & Fischer, (2013). As an example, it can be said that, playing ground is a place where the voices of the audiences are always louder for cheering the players as well as for self-enjoyment. It is not possible properly to communicate with the person who is sitting beside with a low voice tone because the entire environment of the playing ground is crowding with the cheering comments as opined by Rauthmann, Sherman & Funder, (2015).
Time: Time can be treated as the reference to both while communicative acts taking place as well as the perception of a human being of the amount of the time one has available for devoting to the communication as commented by Bollen, (2014). It is necessary to mention that, the effect of time is allocating out time of speech in various significant moments. As an example, any people don’t even try to look back for any small incident while he or she is already late for the office. On the other hand, while any human being found any old friends after a long time span, the time of the communication increases as commented by Rauthmann & Sherman, (2015).
Take Definition: Take definition is the very simple reason that helps in the communicative act as opined by Tyworth et al. (2013). Any human being has to adopt the style of communicating with significant groups because the way of talking as well as the using of the words is able to satisfy the communication process. As an example, if any human being wants to join or communicate with a group of musicians, thus that particular person have to alter his or her syntax, phonology, vocabulary as well as morphology to establish a successful communication as opined by Van Manen, (2015).
Antecedent States: It is identified that, there are few physiological as well as mood states temporarily that are able to bring any human being to interact with the society as opined by Kohut, (2013). It is necessary to mention that, peoples who are stammering with the significant words can be considered with their speech behavior because they often become anxious while they are going to spell those words but other peoples already spell out the words before him or her as opined by Cervone & Pervin, (2015). It is identified that, people who shutter with their speech behavior always trying to avoid those words that are becoming obstacles for them.
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