Who was Maria Celeste and how Sobel’s use of her in center of the story change my understanding of Galileo?
Maria Celeste Galilei was a nun.She was born in 1600 and died in 1634 in Virginia Galilei. Maria Celeste was a daughter of Galileo Galilei who was an Italian scientist. Her mother was known as Marina Gamba (Eppinga & Huizinga, 2017). Sobels used the characters of Maria Celeste Galilei to convey important information. Sobels have tried to discuss how the Galilei cared for her daughter. Also, Sobels includes virtues such as brilliance, industry, and sensibility which helped in defining the schism between the Catholic religion and science.
What surprised me about Galileo Daughter?
I was surprised by the Maria Celeste personality and accomplishment of the 17th clash with catholic religion which continued to define the entire schism between religion and other fields.
The strength in Sobel’s books is that they have a pleasing tale for domestic affection which helps in humanizing a great man (Todorov, 2016). This letter adds poignancy to any awful persecution in a society. Therefore they teach that we should not give up despite the complex situation of either religion or science. The weakness is that unfamiliar readers can’t fully interpret the tale.Sobels meaning is not well displayed and therefore scholars struggle a lot to understand. The book is also old-fashioned.
The image of Galileo from the pages.
Galilei s seen as an intellectual hardworking person who is free and transparent.
Maria Celeste relationship with religion communicates how nun can handle a complex situation as seen in the field of science (Fantoli, 2011). Despite the trial going badly Celeste also fights to buoy the astrometry sprits as indicated in the letters. The assessment displayed by Maria Celeste shows the mighty powers of religion over the science.
Galileo relationship with Catholic Church and his comparison with the Martin Luther
Maria Celeste relationship with the church is argued based on the responsibility of a nun in a church. She is described as a woman of exquisite mind, a woman of positive perspectives and above all someone to be attached with (Stalcup, 2015). Comparing Maria Celeste with Martin Luther then one identifies a lot of deviations. Martin came to reject those practices which were highly supported by Maria Celeste. He rebukes the indulgence of Roman Catholic Church.He said that eternal life and salvation are earned from God’s grace.
The Galileo approach to both science and religion brings some deviation. Different scholars have indicated that Galileo approach to science and religion were partly wrong as compared to the current approach (Paul, 2017). Galileo was right in asserting the mobility in some components of the solar system and wrong in asserting the immobility of the sun in-universe. His views such as speaking on the matter of faith conform to the today’s approach in religion. Church did not rush to the views of Galileo because they were identified to be wrong. He believed that the sun was both a fixed center for both the entire universe and the solar system (Raphael & Raphael, 2017).
How major events in the history of Europe corresponds with Galileo’s daughter.
European history is marked with a number of events such as Renaissance and protestant reformation. All these events conform to the Galileo’s discussion in sense that they all focused to induce a change which was to bring new idealism that will remain in Europe for the future benefit. Just as in the Galileo story all these movements were to touch every corner of the earth thus a new transformation (Perkowitz, 2011). The understanding from the movement is on the dangers of ignorance and bigotry in a nation. Those who supported these movements emerged as winners as the same in Galileo and Maria Celeste.
What is Germany? What is the German nation? What is the nation?
German is a country found in central and Western Europe. It is the second populous country in Europe after Russia (Teo, 2013). It’s lying between the North Sea and Baltic to the north end while the southern part is towards the Alps. The German nation is the unification of German states which formed the German Empire in 1871. The nation is defined as the large number of people united for common culture, history, and language.
The distinction between Germany and how it is different from other European nations.
According to MacGregor German history has been characterized by a number of events which have facilitated to change the history of German (Teo, 2013). It has undergone a series of the event such as; German at BC, German in AD and lastly German in the modern world. All these events induced a profitable change in the history of German. German is unique compared to other European nation in different ways. First, the economy for German is high as compared to other nations in Europe. In Europe, some nations are staggering on the issue of unemployment while in German the level of unemployment is low.MacGregor also points the changing borders in German which makes it distinct (Teo, 2013).
Description of MacGregor, the meaning of memories, analysis of historical methods and why MacGregor rejected the narrative
The series for MacGregor is a collection of the juxtaposition for the authoritarianism and aspect of humanism which was highly embraced in German. He describes ideas, people and the powerful aspects such as printing press in German (Riddell, 2014). By dissecting the title used by the MacGregor then it’s clear that German has undergone a number of series which marked a history for the nation. Macgregor used more than 30 different objects so as to describe the emergence of the German nation. By using the term memories in his book he tried to reveal the entire history which included humanism and authoritarianism. Memories are symbols of the historical eras and events German faced up to date. From the work of MacGregor, I can analyse the history of German by emphasizing on both modern and urban era in German history.MacGregor rejected the narrative approach because it did not focus on keeping high minded strategies in German (Riddell,2014). He said that he was less concerned with the rural and provincial eras in German since they could not result in positive effects in the nation. Therefore, MacGregor had to reject the narrative approach and then follow the modern urban era which could be beneficial in German.
The important memories that shape German include three events in German history. Memories generally indicate the disjointed part of history in German which emphasized the power in German and other Europeans countries (Blackbourn & Evans, 2014). There are also on the study of the objects and reflections described by the MacGregor about the history of German. The fragmentation of German lands marked memories which impeccably influenced the transformation of history nation.
Extend at which MacGregor belief tend to shape Germany memories of the nation.
MacGregor belief gives a direction to the development and shape of German as a nation. The tales and the living styles of people and different objects are the guiding factors for the development of various fields in German (Blackbourn & Evans, 2014).MacGregor calls for understanding in German that he says that the little we have determines the future of a nation. By writing about the painters, poets, prophets and appreciating the importance of stories and food people take in German then he emphasizes on the aspect of unity which gears the development of German as a nation.
The response of the war in Germany and its effects according to MacGregor.
Memories of war try to caution German as a nation on the effects of peace instability within the nation. German had experienced a lot of urban destruction in the past an issue which was catalyzed by the presence of war (Iggers, 2011). The memories of war tend to preach the same analogy emphasized by the MacGregor in his book. He shows that it will be problematic to recover to the same potential after German has indulged into the aspect of war. The landscape will have scarred urban piles an issue which will cause a drawback in the history of German.
Was to provide the religious aspects thus promoting the understanding of bishoprics language in religion.
What surprised me about Germany.Memories of the nation?
I was surprised by how MacGregor used to emphasize on the aspect of uniqueness in German. It’s surprising how the memories have been linked with just normal objects we see in German and places which always resonate in German such as the press and Meissen porcelain which indicates the tales German (Iggers,2011).
Analyzing the two chapters that are engrossing.
Some of the chapters written by MacGregor seems to draw much attention. For example, the chapter on the forest and its places are much engrossing on the imagination in German (Blackbourn,2014). The chapters draw the fairy tales of work of Romantic painters and the Grimm Brothers in German. MacGregor emphasizes on the importance of forest. The other aspect is the use of objects which included things we could expect in German. This is quite interesting whereby MacGregor has tried to impart positive knowledge to the people in German by appreciating on small objects such as monuments and printing press.
Symbols for the French revolution were used to mark the main features of the revolution and enhance public support and identification. The following symbols were used in the French revolution.
The Le Marseillaise. This symbol became the national anthem for the French (Shaw, 2011). The song was first written by the Claude Joseph and then legally passed by the French national convention. The information on the song indicates the steps of revolution incurred in the history of French. The revolution is well displayed through the melody and the lyrics which made it popular. The entire theme in the anthem song is to call for the soul and the enthusiasm of the people of French.
The Bastille Day. This symbol is all about the special holiday in French (Shaw, 2011). The national day in French is always celebrated on 14th July each year. This holiday marks the remembrance for the storming of the Bastille back in 14th July 1789. The national holiday also marks as the point for a revolution in the history of French. Different authors have indicated that this national holiday occurred as a result of fear for Paris people from attack by the foreign mercenaries. People stormed Bastille thus preventing the access of gun and other ammunition from the foreign mercenaries in French .Bastille had often held people in jail and Pars people were unhappy about his behavior.
The Marianne. It is referred to as the symbol for liberty in French and an also a sign for Goddess of liberty. The symbol is always displayed in any place and it is used as a sign of honour to halls and also to the courts in France (Kaplan, 2018). The symbol is in the structure of woman who always stands out on the official logos in the government of French. It also appears on the stamps of French and also coins. It has been identified as one of the most used symbols that marked the revolution in French .As a national icon, she tends to symbolize the abolishment of monarchy in French. It championed the freedom and the democracy in French thus fighting for the oppression in the country. The symbol of Marianne was chosen as a step in the French Revolution since it geared the abolishment of oppression and suffering in Paris. It, therefore, brought freedom and liberty which enhanced cohesion.
The Maximilien Robespierre. He was a French influential figure who was highly associated with the aspect of French Revolution (Kates, 2014). He was a member of the Constituent assembly and therefore he fought for the poor and other related domestic institutions in French .In addition, he also campaigned for the prices of food commodities, campaigned for the abolishment of slavery in French and also he served as a universal male suffrage in the revolution of the French. The era of Maximilien Robespierre is characterized by the abolishment of factors such as the opposition to the war in Austria, campaign for the execution of Louis XVI, the abolishment of the Girondists and the reign of terror which marked the most significant revolution in French (Kates, 2014).
The Marie Antoinette. She was a Queen who played important role in the revolution of French. As a queen of French she was in the position to do the following;
First, she used to spend a lot of money in saving the lives of people when they were suffered from hunger. Also, she was in the position to persuade the king to change the constitutional monarchy in French (Kates, 2014). She also advocated for the increased relationship between French and Australian politics. The most important icon of Marie Antoinette was evident when she influenced the king to friend Australia suggesting that French now could borrow army weapons to protect French from their enemies.
The Charlotte Corday. This was also another figure for the French revolution. The Charlotte Corday played a key role in the politics of French (Doyle, 2018). She was identified as the only leader who always respected the political principles of the Girondist groups in French. Most of the time she regarded the Girondist groups as the only movement which could induce the liberation of French .The Girondist were more determined to secure the revolution in French and that’s why Charlotte Corday had aligned with their views and perspectives. The Charlotte Corday participated in securing the roles of women in the society during that time. She challenged those who used to undermine women and therefore giving an insight to all women in French (Doyle, 2018). The Charlotte Corday was regarded as a hero after challenging those were on violence proposition for the Girondist groups in French. Charlotte Corday therefore, she saved millions of Paris people and she tried to reverse the violence which occurred during the massacres of 1792 in French. By doing all this Charlotte Corday became a prominent leader and therefore being used as the symbol for revolution in French.
What was revolutionary about in French revolution?
French revolution took place due to a number of factors. Before the revolution could happen a number of aspects were to be taken into consideration (Wahnich, 2012).A number of considerations such as; the country was believed to be in a terrible financial state during that time. Also, the national assembly was composed of a number of bourgeois who had at least adequate education skills. The people in French fighting for the revolution were believed to be the common citizens who were hungry for the daily bread in French. The other aspect which induced the revolution was the treason of the king, unfortunately the king was arrested and judged by the court for attempting to flee the country (Hanson, 2015). Therefore, on the catastrophic capital situation the nation had to face civil war, increased lack of infrastructure and formation of institutions. The other aspect which characterized the revolution in French was the mess induced by the government. There was a period of terror in the nation in the sense that the government system had fully changed starting from the number of heads who had occupied a different position. During this time people were falsely suspected on the issue of being an enemy to the nation.
The revolutionary was seen as a significant aspect whereby the social and political system in French was overthrown (Hanson, 2015). This revolution was identified as the first communist revolution that facilitated the power control in French. All the assets for upper people or upper classes in French were not destroyed and not all their land possessions were grabbed during the revolutionary. This meant that there was the need to use the available resources for human survival. People in French were still needed to work and eat so there was no disturbance. Also, the other issue which marked the revolutionary was that French revolution facilitated the replacement of monarch in the state. This action was unbelievable and therefore no one could imagine for it. After a while, an emperor was established in return. People went back to try the monarchy again and again but at the start, the aspect was to undergo revolution (Loubère, 2014).
French was revolutionized because everyone in Paris was after the revolution. They had killed a king and there was no head of state. Different sources have indicated that the revolution was more of a symbol than a war in French.
Therefore, to sum up the revolution in French, we notice that it involved the following aspects. The first revolution was as a result of hungry for the common people of Paris (Jones,2018). The hungry was on lack of rights and also increased taxes which were imposed on common people of Paris. Also, lack of representation in the French government initiated the revolution process. The other issue analysed is the execution of the king and his family in French. The nation was left without a king and therefore need for revolution. The other incidence was the fight for the privileges which were termed as aristocracies to the common people in Paris. This was characterized by the war which was basically on the sea and continents during that time (Jones, 2018). Lastly, the different types of government changes in French were also the root cause of the revolution.
This section involves the tearing up history for the art in revolution represented in BBC by Dr. Richard Clay (Andrew, 2011). The BBC presenter has spent his time in decoding some symbols of power and other factors that induced the French revolution. He has also investigated the aspect of iconoclasm induced the French revolution. Clay argues that the power of iconoclasm was launched together with the French Revolution and thus changing the shape of the world. In addition, Clay came to realize that untold stories about the revolution in French can be entirely discovered through the use of stories which he believes they document all great destructions incurred in the nation. Therefore, through storytelling about French revolution that is starting from the storming of the Bastille all the way to the rise of Napoleon –then Clay concludes by suggesting that French revolution shows the destructions and constructive roles iconoclasts which were revealed by the modern birth of Europe (Andrew, 2011).
In 1798 a riot attacked the Barriere de la conference and they ransacked everything. After two days the governor Bernard was beaten and decapitated. Clay reveals this incidence as the mark for the French revolution. He shows that history is composed of the issue such as rioting, iconoclasm, and use of powers which controls the intended subjects. Art was identified as one of the oldest tools in French and it facilitated the potent for the political acts. All these arts were symbols for oppression in French (Drott, 2011). The BBC concludes by saying that art and images are the daily life activities in France and revolution should be done so as to make Paris people to realize the actual importance.
The other voice for the revolution in French was through the speeches of Maximilien Robespierre. Maximilien was a lawyer before the Revolution kicked off in French. He used to fight for the poor in French and also campaigned for the minorities such as women who had been robbed in the nation (Yarrington & Everest, 2016). He was looking for the democracy in French. His power was realized through the club of Jacobins which are equivalent to the today’s political parties in French. The club was once named as the friends of the constitution. Robespierre later was affected by the Revolution whereby the club had to split. He shows that revolution was not a single step to follow but a complex procedure which involved the struggle for the powers between defined groups.
The club formed by the Robespierre played a significant in controlling the Revolution in French. When the revolution occurred Jacobins club unified with the state and by so doing they were able to save revolution in French (Yarrington & Everest, 2016). Robespierre facilitated revolution through the committee of public safety, through the overthrow of Louis XVI and lastly being the leader of the Jacobins movement in French.
In the discussion, topic commentaries have selected the Symbols of the French Revolution. The topic has interesting since it tries to give historical artifacts about the revolution in French (Miller, 2011). Generally, symbolism in France was regarded as a device that would enhance the identification and act as a unique factor which facilitated coherent within the nation. In addition, there was the need to differentiate between the modern time in French and the old regime experienced in French nation. This in return facilitated the formation of these symbols whose motives were to initiate a reign for the monarchy symbolism in French.
The topic shows how symbols were borrowed from the different cultures and then redefined to give a new meaning and afresh interpretation. Those symbols which indicated the old regimes in French were either destroyed or some characteristics or features being accepted and used in the French revolution (Miller, 2011). Those new symbols generated were to induce an aspect of enlightenment and also to instil to the entire public a change in the tradition which was vital in the French revolution.
There were a number of symbols for the revolution in French. Each symbol marks a particular aspect which reminds French people on the history of their country. Some of these symbols in French revolution included the Marseillaise, the Bastille Day, the Marianne, the Charlotte Corday, Marie Antoinette and lastly the Maximilien Robespierre. All these symbols shows important events which occurred in French (Miller, 2011).
References
Andrew, E. (2011). Imperial Republics: Revolution, War, and Territorial Expansion from the English Civil War to the French Revolution. University of Toronto Press.
Blackbourn, D. (2014). Populists and Patricians (Routledge Revivals): Essays in Modern German History. Routledge.
Blackbourn, D., & Evans, R. (2014). The German Bourgeoisie (Routledge Revivals): Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge.
Doyle, W. (2018). The Oxford history of the French revolution. Oxford University Press.
Drott, E. (2011). Music and the elusive revolution: Cultural politics and political culture in France, 1968–1981 (Vol. 12). Univ of California Press.
Eppinga, R., & Huizinga, A. (2017). Galileo Galilei: Science and Scripture in Conflict? (Participant’s Guide).
Fantoli, A. (2011). Two New, Remarkable Galileo Biographies. History: Reviews of New Books, 39(4), 99-103.
Hanson, P. R. (2015). Historical dictionary of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield.
Iggers, G. G. (2011). The Intellectual Foundations of Nineteenth-Century “Scientific” History: The German Model. The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 4: 1800-1945, 4, 41.
Jones, C. (2018). The military revolution and the professionalization of the French army under the ancien regime. In The Military Revolution Debate (pp. 149-168). Routledge.
Kaplan, S. L. (2018). Farewell, Revolution: Disputed Legacies, France, 1789/1989. Cornell University Press.
Kates, G. (2014). The Cercle Social, the Girondins, and the French Revolution (Vol. 36). Princeton University Press.
Loubère, L. A. (2014). The wine revolution in France: The twentieth century (Vol. 1096). Princeton University Press.
Miller, M. A. (2011). A natural history of revolution: violence and nature in the French revolutionary imagination, 1789–1794. Cornell University Press.
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