To what extent are gender inequalities reproduced through sport? Use appropriate examples to justify your argument.
Gender can be termed as the constructed differences that exist between men and women. Gender is different from the term “sex” as the latter describes the biological and physical differences between males and females. The mentioned term mainly focuses on the socially unequal distinction of femininity and masculinity (Kabeer and Sweetman 2015). The terms femininity and masculinity is used to describe the actions, feelings, emotions and behaviors of male and female. Therefore it can be said that gender and sex are completely two different terms as opposed to its use. Both the terms are generally used to represent the same meaning but both of them in actual have an altogether different meaning and perceptions. The main topic of discussion is the gender inequality in sports (Santos and Amâncio 2016). There has been a common ideology that when it comes to sports men are far more competent, strong and mentally aggressive compared to their female counterparts. As compared to their male counterparts women are believed to be much weak and not fit for the role of becoming players in any kinds of sports. Women have struggled since a long time to showcase their talent in sports.
The social changes started creeping up in the mid 1970’s when popular movements were organized to raise mass awareness about the need for providing chances to the women to participate in various sports. Standing in the modern day it can be said that women participation in sports has increased by leaps and bounds and they have finally been able to showcase their skills to the world (Tanner 2016). Taking the examples of Britain and the USA it is seen that a sudden change in social life from the nineteenth and twentieth century’s had a large impact on the gender relations in sports. The social transformations in the countries helped the women to think apart from their daily lives and put their step forward in sports (Elling 2015). However the journey for these women entering sports was not as easy as they faced lot of societal rebukes and protests that threatened to disrupt their entry into sports. But the statistics regarding gender inequality points to a negative outcome. Sports have been recognized by UNESCO as one of the human rights but still it has a long way to go to achieve success.
A recent survey on UK sportspersons has revealed that more than 40% of sportsperson are women but unfortunately they are covered by only a meager 6 % to 8% sports media. Another shocking fact is that only 3.5% stories come up on women sportspersons. The payment system was also seen to be highly biased as it was seen that male athletes earned $179 million more than the female athletes. The colleges and schools were also not left behind in practicing such discriminations as they allocated a small sum of 24% to 33% in the scholarship of female sportspersons (Elling 2015). The survey also covered the national teams of both the genders of England. The report of both the cricket and the football team of England revealed that there was a huge difference between the salaries received by the opposing sex. The corporate companies also prefer the male sportspersons over the females which they believe generates more revenue for their products or services. Therefore it is seen that gender inequality is highly present in different kinds of sports (Tanner 2016).
Critically analyze the impacts of globalization on football’s English Premier League (EPL). Use a range of appropriate examples to justify your argument.
Globalization is the process of international integration process by which people interchange different views, cultures and many more foreign things. The last decade has seen a massive change in the use of technology, communications and transport (Ogbonna and Harris 2014). The following case applies to football as well and English Premier League or EPL has been the legacy in achieving such high standards (Elliott 2017). The most famous, biggest, richest and the most followed football league in the world has set out examples for the other leagues of the world especially Europe to follow its footsteps. EPL has extended its reach to practically all the areas of the world which has helped them to increase their market, promote their market, scout for new players in the market, obtaining new sponsorship deals from the large pool of available market and most importantly garnering huge revenues by selling the rights of the league to a number of different broadcasters around the world.
Manchester United has till now been the most successful clubs in the history of the English premier league both in their achievements and also their marketing and promotional activities. The club announced club record revenue as well as a premier league record of a whooping 100 million pounds by marketing their brand name. The different teams plying their trade in the Premier League also earns a fair deal of revenue from the international market by playing pre season friendlies mostly in Asia. Asia has long been the largest market of Premier League outside Europe and thus teams like Arsenal, Manchester United leave no stones unturned to play such games and promote their club in front of the target audience.
Globalization has also some negative impacts .There has been a serious concern raised by the football experts and managers that the globalization has severely affected the rise of the domestic players. There have been cases where domestic players are neglected over quality star players that can ensure huge success for the club in the domestic as well as the European club championship levels (Velayutham and Velayutham 2016). For example a few years back when Etihad bought Manchester City they decided to recruit the best possible players to ensure huge success. This made the existing youth academy meaningless as because the local academy players who might have tried their luck in the club will be devoid of game time. The teams in the premier league mostly consist of African, European and some Asian players that have formed the core group of players. There are a handful of English players in each team which describes the sorry state of the league (Bush et al. 2017). Some analysts have the opinion that having less number of English players in the league is the cause of the National team’s poor performance in different international tournaments especially the FIFA World Cup.
References
Bush, M., Archer, D.T., Barnes, C., Hogg, B. and Bradley, P.S., 2017. Longitudinal match performance characteristics of UK and non-UK players in the English Premier League. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), pp.2-9.
Elling, A., 2015. Assessing the sociology of sport: On reintegrating quantitative methods and gender research. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(4-5), pp.430-436.
Elliott, R. ed., 2017. The English Premier League: A Socio-cultural Analysis. Routledge.
Kabeer, N. and Sweetman, C., 2015. Introduction: Gender and Inequalities
Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C., 2014. Organizational cultural perpetuation: A case study of an English Premier League football club. British Journal of Management, 25(4), pp.667-686.
Santos, M.H. and Amâncio, L., 2016. Gender inequalities in highly qualified professions: a social psychological analysis. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, (1), pp.427-443.
Tanner, C.R., 2016. Athletic Peer-Leaders in a Co-ed Team: Gender Inequalities as Microaggressions.
Velayutham, S. and Velayutham, A., 2016. Emergence of the Transnational Capitalist Class in Sports: Manchester United Football Club (MUFC) and the English Premier League (EPL). Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 15(5), pp.520-542.
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