From this chapter I learnt about the need for migration of people and the way it impacts the country’s politics and culture. It discusses the reason behind migration of individuals. It explained why the countries do not want to include immigrants. There has been explanation on how every newcomer acts as a burden on the whole economy. There is no single reason which prevails rather there are many issues which make it difficult for the newcomer to reside in a new nation. It is an introductory chapter which lays the outline of forthcoming chapters and the topic chosen is quite subjective in nature. This chapter has used the word “migration” as an umbrella term and the same has been explained with different perspectives.
The limitations of this chapter would be its language since there has been use of the first form of person which is not preferred in the academic writing. This chapter has brought the insight into issues of identity formation and changing into contemporary multi-ethnic Europe. This chapter has been a complicated one because it undertook multidisciplinary approach which could have led to misunderstandings due to varying definitions of the. So this chapter doesn’t provide with any clarity on this concept rather it gives a brief idea of how different scholars see it. It also showed how different chapters have used different races to explain the impact of immigration on the nations in Europe.
International Migration as a Tool in Development Policy: A Passing Phase?
Type: Article
Author(s): Ronald Skeldon
Date: 2008
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Page start: 1
Page end: 18
This article discusses a few past areas of migration and development for policies and it shows how individuals who migrate can also act as a part of country’s development. This report critically assesses three of the key topics which were skilled migration, Diaspora and remittances. By this article, I have understood the role of migration in the development of the country. Usually the migrants are in minority, in any nation and in case the skilled people are concentrated in the biggest urban areas then the emigration won’t have huge impact on the poor rural segments where the demand for talent might be the most. The migration of skilled people and the country’s development has been given more importance in the essay and therefore all three concerns have been discussed.
This essay is contradictory to the week1’s study because it’s shows how migration is not anymore considered to be negative for the development of the nation. It also discusses that it is important that is integration of overseas and internal migration for the development of the nation and people wish to migrate to places only where they see development. This means that migrations are basically cost due to countries growth and development. It also states that it is important to plan for migration as a result of development in spite of considering it to be the basis of the development Even though the essay identifies the key challenges which are faced due to migration, still there has been very less discussion on the ways in which these challenges can be dealt with.
The concept of citizenship’. [EBook version]
Type: Book
Author(s): Christian Joppke
Date: 1991
Publisher: Polity Press
Edition: 1
ISBN-13: 9780745658391
This e-book version has been taken from the book by C. Joppke, who explained about citizenship and immigration along with fresh discussion regarding the amendment of citizenship in period of the modern human rights. From this, I have learnt that that there have been changes in the rules regarding citizenship and nationality along with the support provided by anti-discriminatory policies. It has been a useful content because it gives brief about the latest areas of immigration and nationality. It also offered me with a new perspective and fresh arguments with respect to change of citizenship in the human rights sections. This chapter compares the conceptual assessment in practical terms with respect to the historical terms. Herein, the history of citizenship and immigration process has been unfolded and the same has been compared to the modern citizenship. There have been two theories for citizenship, which are political and social. This chapter explains how the past citizenship and the contemporary immigration or citizenship gets interconnected. However there are certain critics to this perspective with a huge political effect which can have a great impact on the society. There have been various theoretical queries answered however it seems to be less realistic. There have been various policy changes in the modern world, particularly in Europe and therefore this chapter shows that a set of immigration on the re-formation of citizenship and there has been a shift from social theory to the existing policy developments in North America, Australia and Europe.
The limitation of the book can be – it’s more inclination towards politics and political enlargement.
Chapter 2- ‘Conceptualizing social cohesion’. [E-book version]
Type: Webpage
Author(s): James Jupp, J.P. Nieuwenhuysen, Emma Dawson
Date: 2007
This chapter is the resource to support the areas where the Australian community can become socially cohesive. Through this the author has made us learn how the communities of Australia have social cohesion. Social cohesion is positive social relation which is a bonding among individuals. As for the study a socially cohesive community is one where in the communal works are focused on benefit of all the members of the society and there is a sense of belongingness with promotion of trust among the members. This way the social cohesion in Australia provides its citizens with an opportunity of development and upward mobility. When comparison is made to other nations then Australia has a great level of social cohesion because of its diversity level. But maintaining of this cohesion can be a challenging task. From this chapter I learnt how quick social change especially in the development areas can bring disharmony among new migrants and newly set up communities. The social stress among the wider community can participate at the local level too.
Therefore, as per the chapter it is important that the government of Australia understands the communities and assesses its social cohesion. It is important that the communities are engaged and partnerships are built among key stakeholders. The limitation of this chapter is that the need of strategic plans for communities is not given importance. The community also needs to monitor, assess and share the results. It is important to avoid and respond to events of racism or conflicts among various communities and communal groups.
Type: Article
Author(s): Kitty Calavita
Date: 2006
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
Page start: 104
Page end: 132
Title: The International Migration Review
Publisher: Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc.Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc.
ISSN: 01979183
EISSN: 17477379
The article states that the gender holds a key place in the determination of the law and policy to be applied for the immigration procedure. By examples of countries like Spain and Italy I have learnt how the gender affects the immigration procedures. The article also explains that there have been changes in the policies of immigration to Italy and Spain. There have been different policies which have new perspective towards immigration with respect to the role played by race, caste, gender, and marginality or migration status. This article reflects the commonalities among the migratory experiences and the major causes behind the migration. This article gives an overview of how gender and migration are interconnected and the way in which these affect the policies and laws of the nations. The limitation of this approach is that there has been a difference in approach in which female send kids are segregated from men in detention by different practices in various years. The presumption for this is that females are usually further vulnerable and males of more than age of 13 years are tough. Therefore, I have realized that when people migrate to these places, they assume that males have more options to get jobs rather than females for kids.
There are different gendered policies which have been applicable from years like cereals to not get job in asylums or when can do better laborious jobs etc. The limitation of article is that only two nations have been taken as a sample and this cannot be used for representing the complete set of European nations.
Type: Article
Author(s): Mark Kleinman
Date: 2003
Volume: 74
Issue: s1
Page start: 59
Page end: 74
This article is a part of the journal known as “the political quarterly court. This article helped me to learn that that refugees and migrants utilize educational Services for improving their linguistic capabilities and qualifications. Therefore many nations have established a structured framework for settling of refugees with a stress on training and employment. There have been specific programs set up for females. Therefore this article reviews the economic effect on the host nation when labor migrates from other parts of the world. There has been labor shortage in some sectors of UK and therefore government has to create policies so that there can be a match created between demand and supply of the labor market. This article has been useful for exploring the kind of demand for migrant employees and a set of migration on the native workers as well as the new comers. For studying such impact, the example of UK has been considered along with examination of the effect of demographic deficit.
There have been some policy decisions drawn too. This article shows that migration has a positive effect on the host nation however there is a limitation to it because the impact is not huge. There distributional impacts also which has to be considered while assessing the economic effect of migration. In the article it has been expressed that a few points of immigration are advantageous to the local people whereas others are expensive. However, when whole of this is considered then these impacts generally cancel out.
Type: Article
Author(s): John Agnew
Date: 2008
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Title: Ethics & Global Politics, suppl. Special issue: At the Border
ISSN: 1654-4951
This article provides insight that borders have to exist and they are there for some purpose. This article discusses the existence of borders and their importance. There are different perspectives of looking at waters. One of those perspectives is that it is a real fencing of pieces of territory or land. Through this article, I learnt how the borders can be enabled or disabled. With the globalisation in place, the model of disabled borders has been applied. However for national security and political reasons borders need to exist. The author concludes that the borders have been extra equivocal in practice and in their impacts. The author explains how the realistic and moral equivocality of borders can be linked to 4 key points that have to be considered regarding the airports and other checkpoints of border. These four key points have been discussed in the article because airport is an important site of territorial control and is usually neglected.
Two significant aspects of the article that it counters the highly laudatory accounts of Airports as transversal locations wherein interior and exterior in heavily confuse later in effectiveness of airports fulfilling the security practices due to inherited problems. The author discusses the two major perspectives of borders and their positive and harmful impacts. There has been discussion on how people can benefit or get impacted by the borders.
The limitations of this article is that it does not explain how the positive can be enhanced and how negative impacts can be limited.
Armed conflict and displacement: the protection of refugees and displaced persons under international humanitarian law
Chapter One ‘The prohibition of forced displacement in international armed conflicts’
Type: Book
Author(s): Melanie Jacques, Cambridge University Press
Date: 2012
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Pub place: Cambridge, UK, New York
Volume: Cambridge studies in international and comparative law
ISBN-10: 1107005973
ISBN-13: 9781107005976
From this chapter, I have learnt that forced displacement of civilians and issues are linked to conflicts even if those are inside or outside of the national border. Therefore, through this chapter I have learnt how the internally displaced people are treated and how refugees are treated. There are certain laws which are set by the state which have to be considered in international and non-international armed conflict. This chapter reproduces the idea of international armed conflict and not international armed conflict. The international humanitarian law provides guarantee that the refugees and displaced people would be helped in cases of armed conflict. The parties which are conflicting have to provide with the relief supplies like blankets, food stuff, medicines and basic necessities to such people.
However the limitation of this has been ignorance of such laws and rules in a lot so fast conflicts, which has made the displaced people to be in a risky situation. This risk then we prevented only by the regulations set for armed conflicts.
The chapter states that this is necessity of legal framework for protecting the displaced people in armed conflict. This chapter considers the case study of is the daily settlements in Palestinian territory and similar other issues which are faced due to displacement. It also considers the problem of displacement due to civilian wars. There are various concepts which are inadequate and which need to be dealt with proper formation of international humanitarian laws.
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