Discuss about the Trends in Prevalence and Mortality of Dementia.
One of the most crucial issues faced by the world today is the rapidly ageing population. The major victim countries of the mentioned issue are chiefly the developed and the developing countries. The aging population is imposing a negative impact on the financial development of the country. Singapore, being a developed country, is well-known for its commendable health care system that delivers high-quality care at an affordable cost. The country has ranked 6th by the World Health Organization (WHO) leaving other developed countries like the United Kingdom and the United States at eightieth and thirty-seventh respectively (Ballard et al., 2015). However, like the majority of the developed country, Singapore is currently suffering from an aging population. In this essay, the global theoretical, as well as the legislative perspective of a positive approach to nursing care that supports older people, will be discussed. Along with that, this essay will also examine how Singapore has adopted the global strategies in order to promote excellence in older care. Apart from this, a case study based on an elderly patient with dementia will be stated in this essay (Stokes, 2017). Based on the case study a care plan for the patient will be developed in order to ensure a healthy recovery of the elderly healthcare service users.
In this paragraph, a case study based on an elderly healthcare user who is suffering from dementia has been discussed. Mr. Patrick, aged 64 was detected with vascular dementia and was admitted to the geriatric ward of X healthcare home in the year 2018. He was suffering from Alzheimer from the year 2017. However, considering the fact that he lives all by himself and there is no one to take care of him, he was not admitted to the healthcare home initially. Apart from that he was also found to be suffering from osteoarthritis. However, his condition worsening as he was even unable to recognize his own house and neighbors. At that point in time, he had been admitted to the mentioned healthcare home by his neighbor. Mr. Patrick was demonstrating memory issues like forgetfulness and wandering. He was also suffering from the sleeping disorder. Apart from the mentioned memory related issues, the healthcare user was also found to be suffering from the disturbed thought process, chronic confusion, self-care deficits, disturbed sleep pattern and wandering. However no aggressive behavior was evidenced during his stay in the health care home.
In this theory the crucial theories of aging and their relation with dementia has been discussed. A good number of theories have been proposed in order to explain the process of aging. According to the traditional theories of aging, again is not an adaptation or genetically programmed phenomenon (Ray & Mittelman, 2017). However, according to the modern biological theories of aging, aging in human falls under two chief categories that is programmed theory and damage and error theory (Ryan et al., 2012). According to the programme theory, aging in human follows a biological timetable that indicates and regulates childhood growth and development (Hennings, Froggatt & Payne, 2013). As per this theory, disease like osteoarthritis is a result of lack of repairing capability of an individual due to aging. This theory states that changes associated with aging in individual results from changes in gene expression that in turn affects the system responsible for maintaining, repairing and defending purposes. However, according to the concept of damage and error theory, gaining in an organism is highly depended on the environmental assaults that induce cumulative damage at various levels (Kelly & Innes, 2013).
The programmed theory of aging can be can be segregated into three sub-categories namely, the programmed longevity theory, the endocrine theory and the Immunological theory. According to the immunological theory, the immune system of an organism is programmed to decline with the advancement of time. Declining immune system results in the enhancement of vulnerability to infectious diseases which in turn results in gradual aging and death (Ahn & Horgas, 2013). The fact that the effectiveness of the immune system is the most during puberty and decline with the advancement of age is well documented. For instance, when an individual grows old, eventually his or her antibodies lose effectiveness and as a result that the probability of the individual to get affected by diseases increases. Along with the deterioration of antibodies, the effectiveness of cells and neurons also gets reduced. This reduction in the effectiveness of the neurons also imposes an adverse effect on her psychology (Mol, Moser & Pols, 2015). Thus it can be clearly understood that the immunological theory of aging clearly describes the cause of dementia in older individuals. Considering the fact that dementia involves damage of neurons caused due to cellular stress, the occurrence of the mentioned disease is found to be much higher in the elder individual compared to the younger generation. According to researchers, accelerated brain aging begins after the age of 50 years (Lithgow, Jackson & Browne, 2012). The pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease known as Senile plague starts appearing between the age of 50 or 60 years in 25 percent of the individuals (Van-der Steen et al., 2014). Unlike other immune system related diseases like pneumonia, Nephritis, Sepsis and influenza, elderly mid-stage of dementia is not fatal or elderly service users. However, dementia can turn into a fatal disease if not treated for a longer period.
Several positive approaches in order to enhance the immune system of an elderly individual by slowing down the process of aging have been made by researchers. A huge number of intense scientific researchers have been conducted to develop a system that will slow down the aging process of the organism. Currently, the most mention-worthy result of the research is the creation of the immune system cells using methods of genetic engineering (Richardson et al., 2013). This system can be applied to prevent the occurring of dementia among aged and elderly individuals. In cases, where the occurrence of disease has already taken place, several medical interventions have been developed in order to alter neuronal energy metabolism and for promoting synaptic densities.
In order to provide a high-quality treatment to the healthcare service users and enhance the quality of intervention, several nursing theories have been developed. The person-centered nursing model is one of the most effective models based on the theories of nursing (Joller et al., 2013). The mentioned model is considered to be a highly effective model that is implemented by several healthcare home in order to treat dementia and other geneatric issues like osteoarthritis. The philosophy of the person-centered care is to provide care to the healthcare service user keeping in mind his or her specific requirements. The personal care approach involves knowing the healthcare user personally and thus creating an interpersonal relationship with the same (Poblador-Plou et al., 2014). Considering the fact that dementia is one of the psychological diseases that need personal attention of the healthcare service provider, it has been seen that the recovery of patients undergoing person-centered intervention is much rapid than those who are getting treated by the traditional medical models. Moreover, osteoarthritis, since it hampers the locomotion of the elderly patients imposes adverse impact on their mental state. The outcome of excessive mental stress varies with the personality of the patient. Unlike the traditional medical model, the person-centered nursing model focus on processes, employees, schedules along with organizational needs (Vaingankar et al., 2013). The person-centered model requires the commitment of everyone within the organization in order to provide an effective intervention to the patient.
In this paragraph, the World Health Organization strategies for providing the best support to elderly healthcare service users have been analyzed. The world health organization has recognized dementia as a public health priority. The ‘Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025’ has been endorsed by WHO in May 2017 (Yu et al., 2012). In this plan, a compressive blueprint for action for international, regional as well as national partners and policymakers in areas that include enhanced awareness of dementia. The strategies of WHO associated with dementia have been developed after excessive consultation with the member state and other stakeholders (Kelley et al., 2015). The goal of the World Health Organization in the context of dementia is to enhance the lives of individuals who are suffering from dementia along with their families. The goal also includes decrement in the impact of dementia on them as well as on the entire community and country.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned goal, WHO has set an action plan which is comprised of 6 action areas which are as follows;
In order to make dementia a public healthcare priority, WHO is working on the development as well as coordination of legislation, policies, frameworks, plans and integrated programs of care through a multisectoral approach that will address the complex requirements of the individuals with dementia residing in many parts of the world (Religa et al., 2015). The proposed actions for the member states include promoting and supporting partnership as well as collaboration with countries at regional, national and international level and align dementia with the principle of universal health coverage. All relevant sectors including the civil society justice and social service sectors, people suffering from dementia along with their families and intergovernmental organizations falls under the collaboration and partnership strategy. The global action plan for the secretariat includes offering technical support to enhance the treatment of dementia for all member states (Hilal et al., 2013). Besides, that leadership and national capacity are provided to them in order to plan strategies associated with budgeting, planning as well as tracking expenditure associated with dementia. Several programs n dementia has been organized in order to educate people about the effect of the diseases, preventive measures that can be taken. The action that has been proposed for the regional, national and international associates includes strengthening as well as creating more organizations for individual suffering from dementia.
In order to achieve action 2 that is enhancing dementia awareness and friendliness, the WHO has implemented the policy to financially support organizations that conduct dementia friendly programs for tailoring cultural contexts and particular requirements of dementia affected individual and reflects the preferences and wishes of the same (Parsons et al., 2012). The major strategies that have been developed for dementia risk-reducing involve reduction of health hazards associated with dementia-like obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet and diabetes mellitus. In order to eradicate the mentioned issue action has been taken to eradicate the social isolation of the elder citizen, reducing the level of exposure of people suffering from the disease to the risk factors.
Diagnosis, treatment and care of patients suffering from dementia fall under action area 4. Considering the fact that the mention diseases makes the patient highly dependent and morbid, a range of health, as well as social care along with a prolonged service time, is a need for the patient. The service that has been planned to be given to elderly patients suffering from dementia includes case finding, diagnosis, both pharmacological as well as psychological treatment, rehabilitation and provision of home help, transport and food. The action that has been planned for secretariats is to offer technical support to the member states so that the documentation and sharing best practices of care coordination and service delivery can be provided to the healthcare service users. Healthcare service providers are provided with training in order to treat elderly and vulnerable healthcare service users suffering from dementia (Wu et al., 2014). All the member states are financially supported to provide the above-mentioned training in order to enhance the communication skills of the nurses in order to collect necessary information from the patient as well as his or her family. Besides that, the action area also includes promotion of awareness of the nurses and health care professional about the specific need and condition of elderly patients suffering from dementia in order to prevent discrimination on the basis of age and vulnerability.
When it comes to Osteoarthritis, according to WHO, prevention of the onset of OA requires lifestyle changes. Prevention of OA has been categorised into two segments that is primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention includes controlling the obesity of the patient by encouraging him to exercise. Secondly, Occupational injury prevention and Sports injury prevention are two other parts of primary prevention. Secondary prevention includes access to health care facilities and availability of X-rays is problematic in many parts of the world. The Tertiary prevention includes access to health care facilities and availability of X-rays is problematic in many parts of the world.
Apart from the theoretical approach, several legislative approaches have been taken in order to reduce discrimination and suffering of elderly patients suffering from dementia and provide them with their right to obtain an effective treatment. According to the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), both dementia and OAvis considered as a disability and hence people will dementia should be provided with all the goods and services including social and healthcare services that are offered to people with other disabilities (Kua et al., 2014). According to The Equality Act 2010, disability includes psychological as well as a physical impairment that has a prolonged and substantial negative impact on the ability of a person (Cameron et al., 2012). Since mid to late dementia falls within the scope of this act, elderly individuals with dementia are provided with full protection against all forms of discrimination.
In spite of being a country which is well known for its healthcare intervention, a good of elderly individuals in Singapore is suffering from dementia. The emerging percentage of individuals suffering from dementia has raised the concern of the healthcare service providers that states that better support for the older individuals with dementia is needed. As being stated by the Ministry of Health and Agency for Integrated Care (AIC), they are working on improving the current state so that the citizens of Singapore can continue leading a dignified life. As being stated by AIC, WHO strategies for implementing more medically advanced tools in the health care homes in order to treat patients with dementia has been implemented in the majority of health care homes (Mitchell, 2015). In order to eradicate the issues associated with geriatric health care, the government of Singapore has implemented various strategies like home visit, free treatment and awareness campaigns (Chin & Phua, 2016). Moreover, the mentioned organization along with the assistance of the Singaporean government is conducting social awareness programs to educate the citizens of Singapore about the causes and symptoms of dementia and how discriminating an individual suffering from dementia can impose an adverse effect on his or her condition. Besides that, various interventions that have the potential to treat the disease are also being discussed for this programmers (Vaingankar et al., 2016).
The caregiver training program includes the provision of annual subsidies up to 200$ to the caregivers including the foreign domestic workers. This monitory subsidy is provided as a form of extrinsic motivation so that more and more individual can attend the courses to build their skills as well as lower the risk of caregiver burnout. This strategy taken by the Singaporean government not only reduces the suffering of patients suffering from dementia and OA but reduced the discrimination faced by the elderly individual for being a patient of dementia and have lost their ability to move one place to another due to OA. In healthcare home, a person-centered nursing approach for treating patients suffering from dementia and OA is implemented (Reus et al., 2016). This approach includes an in-depth analysis of the origin of the disease followed by the gathering of information from the patient for a prolonged period of time. This method helps the healthcare service giver to understand the specific need of the patient and thus a well-planned intervention based on the specific requirements are designed. For OA, the health care service users usually encourage and help the patient to exercise in order to minimize the effect of OA. Moreover, the healthcare service providers are also trained to provide appropriate medication for OA. The personal approach includes the development of an interpersonal relationship with the healthcare service provider. As being discussed earlier, the person-centered approach is found to be more effective compared to that of the traditional nursing approach. However, the financial cost of the personal care nursing is more than that of the traditional nursing models. In spite of the fact, AIC is implementing the former model in health care homes of Singapore so that the issue of dementia acan be eradicated from the nation as soon as possible (Kua et al., 2014).
AIC is also working on enhancing the awareness of dementia among the citizen and support individuals suffering from dementia through public education and community support. A dementia toolkit has been designed to help elderly patients as well as their caregivers as a way to recognize the early signs of dementia and its management. In Hong Kah North and MacPherson, dementia friendly communities have been launched to create more inclusive as well as caring society for elderly people suffering from dementia. Apart from the mentioned approaches, the government of Singapore is piloting new palliative care programmers in order to take care of the elderly dementia victims who are towards the end of their lives (Humphreys, 2012).
The chief purpose of the care plan is to provide direction to the healthcare service provider to provide individualized care to the service users. Considering the fact that Mr. Patrick is suffering in the last stage of dementia, it is highly required to develop a care plan for him in order to maintain a track of his improvement. Care plan flows from each patient’ unique list of diagnoses and should be organized by the individual’s specific needs. Maintaining a care plan is crucial to keep the continuity of care (Hebert, Dang & Schulz, 2006). A care plan can be considered to be a mean of organizing as well as communicating the actions of a constantly changing nursing employee. As the requirements of the patients are attended to, the updated plan is passed on to the caregiver at shift change as well as during the rounds of nursing. Another benefit of the care plan is that it helps to teach documentation.
Considering the fact that the chief issues suffered by Mr. Patrick includes disturbed thought process, chronic confusion, self-care deficits , disturbed sleep pattern and wandering, a care plan has been developed for Mr. Patrick based on the mentioned issues.
|
Interventions |
Rationale |
|
The ability for thought processing of the healthcare service user is assessed every week. The patient is observed for memory changes, cognitive functioning, disorientation, changing thinking pattern and difficulties during communication (Humphreys, 2012) |
Changing status of the patient indicates progression of improvement or deterioration of the condition |
|
The level of confusion and disorientation of the patient is assessed. |
Confusion may range from low disorientation to agitation and the development time may vary from a shorter period of time to over several months. |
|
Interventions |
Rationales |
|
Orienting health care service user to surroundings, employees of the hospital and necessary activities as required. The reality is presented to Mr. Patrick briefly and concisely. Helping the healthcare service user to challenge illogical thinking. |
Enhanced orientation ensures the development of a greater degree of safety for the healthcare service user |
|
The sensory exposure of Mr. Patrick is modulated. A calm environment by eliminating the extraneous noise and stimuli is provided to him |
Since the patient is suffering from chronic confusion, increased level of auditory as well as visual stimulation can be misinterpreted by the confused healthcare service users. |
|
Interventions |
Rationale |
|
Assessment of the appearance, ability to recognize and use articles for washing and grooming, body odors along with any other self-care deficits ( for hygiene) |
Identification of specific requirements of Mr. Patrick along with the amount of assistance e required by him in order to establish a care plan. |
|
Assisting Mr. Patrick with ho dressing and grooming activities. (for clothing and grooming) |
Dressing up will be less difficult for the patient if large cloths are given to the patient. Moreover cloths made of soft, silky materials will be f greater benefit compared to non-stretchy clothes. |
|
The patient should be provided with oral care after meals. If required adaptive measures can be used (Kua et al., 2014). |
The healthcare service user will require oral care in order to remove leftover food particles in the mouth that may cause decaying of teeth and hider the promotion of dental hygiene. In case of inability of the patient to open mouth during flossing or spitting the lather, the adaptive device will be used. |
|
Intervention |
Rationale |
|
Assessing the sleeping pattern of Mr. Patrick long with the naps, frequency, changes, amount of activity, sedentary status and number as well as the time of awakening during the night (Lee et al., 2013). |
Information that is needed to establish a care plan for correction of sleep deprivation needs to be provided. |
|
Intervention |
Rationale |
|
Assessing the specific reason for wondering if Mr. Patrick is able to verbalize motivation |
This will help the service care provider to identify a possible cause for wandering along will the requirements that are needed to deal with the issue. |
Conclusion:
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that dementia is an emerging problem across the world. Elder individuals residing in Majority of the developed as well as underdeveloped countries are found to be suffering from the psychological disease. However, the world health organization has implemented several theoretical as well as legislate approach to deal with the mentioned issue. In spite of the fact that Singapore is known for its advanced healthcare system, dementia is a burning problem that is imposing an adverse effect on the financial prosperity of the nation. However, currently the government of Singapore has implemented several strategies developed by WHO in order to eradicate dementia from the nation (Vaingankar et al., 2016). Finally it can be said that the implemented strategies are highly effective and it is expected that the evil disease will be eradicated not only from Singapore but from the nation in near future.
Reference List
Ahn, H., & Horgas, A. (2013). The relationship between pain and disruptive behaviors in nursing home resident with dementia. BMC geriatrics, 13(1), 14.
Ballard, C., Orrell, M., YongZhong, S., Moniz-Cook, E., Stafford, J., Whittaker, R., … & Woodward-Carlton, B. (2015). Impact of antipsychotic review and nonpharmacological intervention on antipsychotic use, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and mortality in people with dementia living in nursing homes: a factorial cluster-randomized controlled trial by the Well-Being and Health for People With Dementia (WHELD) program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(3), 252-262.
Cameron, I. D. G. L., Gillespie, L., Robertson, C., Murray, G., Hill, K., Cumming, R., & Kerse, N. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 12, CD005465-1.
Chin, C. W. W., & Phua, K. H. (2016). Long-term care policy: Singapore’s experience. Journal of aging & social policy, 28(2), 113-129.
Hebert, R. S., Dang, Q., & Schulz, R. (2006). Preparedness for the death of a loved one and mental health in bereaved caregivers of patients with dementia: findings from the REACH study. Journal of palliative medicine, 9(3), 683-693.
Hennings, J., Froggatt, K., & Payne, S. (2013). Spouse caregivers of people with advanced dementia in nursing homes: a longitudinal narrative study. Palliative medicine, 27(7), 683-691.
Hilal, S., Ikram, M. K., Saini, M., Tan, C. S., Catindig, J. A., Dong, Y. H., … & Qiu, A. (2013). Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Chinese: epidemiology of dementia in Singapore study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, jnnp-2012.
Huang, S., Yeoh, B. S., & Toyota, M. (2012). Caring for the elderly: the embodied labour of migrant care workers in Singapore. Global Networks, 12(2), 195-215.
Humphreys, G. (2012). The health-care challenges posed by population ageing.
Joller, P., Gupta, N., Seitz, D. P., Frank, C., Gibson, M., & Gill, S. S. (2013). Approach to inappropriate sexual behaviour in people with dementia. Canadian Family Physician, 59(3), 255-260.
Kelley, A. S., McGarry, K., Gorges, R., & Skinner, J. S. (2015). The burden of health care costs for patients with dementia in the last 5 years of life. Annals of internal medicine, 163(10), 729-736.
Kelly, F., & Innes, A. (2013). Human rights, citizenship and dementia care nursing. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 8(1), 61-70.
Kua, E. H., Ho, E., Tan, H. H., Tsoi, C., Thng, C., & Mahendran, R. (2014). The natural history of dementia. Psychogeriatrics, 14(3), 196-201.
Kua, E. H., Ho, E., Tan, H. H., Tsoi, C., Thng, C., & Mahendran, R. (2014). The natural history of dementia. Psychogeriatrics, 14(3), 196-201.
Lee, Y. K., Hou, S. W., Lee, C. C., Hsu, C. Y., Huang, Y. S., & Su, Y. C. (2013). Increased risk of dementia in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a nationwide cohort study. PloS one, 8(5), e62422.
Lithgow, S., Jackson, G. A., & Browne, D. (2012). Estimating the prevalence of dementia: cognitive screening in Glasgow nursing homes. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 27(8), 785-791.
Mitchell, S. L. (2015). Clinical practice. Advanced dementia. The New England journal of medicine, 372(26), 2533-2540.
Mol, A., Moser, I., & Pols, J. (Eds.). (2015). Care in practice: On tinkering in clinics, homes and farms (Vol. 8). transcript Verlag.
Parsons, C., Johnston, S., Mathie, E., Baron, N., Machen, I., Amador, S. and Goodman, C., 2012. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people with dementia in care homes. Drugs & aging, 29(2), pp.143-155.
Poblador-Plou, B., Calderón-Larrañaga, A., Marta-Moreno, J., Hancco-Saavedra, J., Sicras-Mainar, A., Soljak, M., & Prados-Torres, A. (2014). Comorbidity of dementia: a cross-sectional study of primary care older patients. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 84.
Ray, K. D., & Mittelman, M. S. (2017). Music therapy: A nonpharmacological approach to the care of agitation and depressive symptoms for nursing home residents with dementia. Dementia, 16(6), 689-710.
Religa, D., Fereshtehnejad, S. M., Cermakova, P., Edlund, A. K., Garcia-Ptacek, S., Granqvist, N., … & Mattsson, U. B. (2015). SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry–a tool for improving the quality of diagnostics, treatment and care of dementia patients in clinical practice. PloS one, 10(2), e0116538.
Reus, V. I., Fochtmann, L. J., Eyler, A. E., Hilty, D. M., Horvitz-Lennon, M., Jibson, M. D., … & Wills, C. D. (2016). The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(5), 543-546.
Richardson, T. J., Lee, S. J., Berg-Weger, M., & Grossberg, G. T. (2013). Caregiver health: health of caregivers of Alzheimer’s and other dementia patients. Current psychiatry reports, 15(7), 367.
Ryan, T., Gardiner, C., Bellamy, G., Gott, M., & Ingleton, C. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to the receipt of palliative care for people with dementia: the views of medical and nursing staff. Palliative medicine, 26(7), 879-886.
Stokes, G. (2017). Challenging behaviour in dementia: a person-centred approach. Routledge.
Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Jeyagurunathan, A., Zhang, Y., … & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Care participation and burden among informal caregivers of older adults with care needs and associations with dementia. International psychogeriatrics, 28(2), 221-231.
Vaingankar, J. A., Subramaniam, M., Picco, L., Eng, G. K., Shafie, S., Sambasivam, R., … & Chong, S. A. (2013). Perceived unmet needs of informal caregivers of people with dementia in Singapore. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(10), 1605-1619.
Van-der Steen, J. T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C. M., de Boer, M. E., Hughes, J. C., Larkin, P., … & Koopmans, R. T. (2014). White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care. Palliative medicine, 28(3), 197-209.
Wu, D. X., Feng, L., Yao, S. Q., Tian, X. F., Mahendran, R., & Kua, E. H. (2014). The early dementia prevention programme in Singapore. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 9-11.
Yu, R., Chau, P. H., McGhee, S. M., Cheung, W. L., Chan, K. C., Cheung, S. H., & Woo, J. (2012). Trends in prevalence and mortality of dementia in elderly Hong Kong population: projections, disease burden, and implications for long-term care. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download