Gold Nanoparticles: Structures, Properties and Applications

Science as a Human Endeavour
Introduction:
Gold Nanoparticle (AuNPs) is a very important to our modern society, and only during in 1850s is when scientists began researching more of their properties in detail. The role of Application and limitation in the development of gold nanoparticle have been widely used in a wide amount of matter for their unique properties. Gold has fascinated mankind for centuries; it has been considered a very precious metal. According to an article, it says that colloidal gold nanoparticles, which is gold nanoparticles in water, has been utilized for a long time by painters for their vibrant red colours.

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Structure and properties & Communication and collaboration:
Gold is used for nanoparticle appliances because gold is unreactive, it is not sensitive to air nor to the light. The adaptable surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles allows them to be coated with things like small molecules, polymers, and biological recognition molecules, thereby extending their range of application. Gold nanoparticles are easily conjugated with recognizing a distinct part of a large molecule, for instance, antibodies or oligonucleotides to detect a targeted biomolecule, allowing vitro detection in and diagnostics applications for diseases. The July 2007 issue of Analytical Chemistry reported that scientists from Purdue University were able to use gold nanoparticles to detect breast cancer. Later it was also discovered that the nanoparticles could detect toxins and pathogens. Also, Gold nanoparticles could be used in optical-electronic technologies such as sensory probes, electronic conductors, therapeutic agents, drug delivery in biological and medical applications, and catalysis. Gold Nanoparticles could be also used in Bio-medical treatments, it helped us detect bad toxins and pathogens used in photodynamic therapy which when light is shone to a tumour that contains gold nanoparticles, the nanoparticle heats up rapidly, killing tumour cells, and also helped us detect breast cancer, and it saved millions of lives. Also, it could be used in electronic technologies can be used, it can be used for sensory
Gold nanoparticles are small gold particles with a diameter of 1 to 100 nm but appear as a brown powder in a solid form, it can as well be put on water, once dispersed in water, is known as colloidal gold. Colloidal gold is well known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, an investigation showed that it can penetrate through deep into the skin and functions as a carrier for other ingredients involved. It helped improve the efficiency of skincare productions. It is very safe, even in large amount of quantities, but is most prefer by everyone to take one teaspoon to one tablespoon, doing it one to three times on a daily basis.
There are many forms of gold nanoparticle that are determined on their size and physical form properties. The earliest study is gold nanospheres, a form of gold nanoparticles that is spherical. A gold nanosphere has a beneficial trait such as exceptional biocompatibility and has a low toxicity level. These are the properties of the gold nanospheres that is a crucial tool for bio-nanotechnology. The gold sphere ranges of different colors like brow, purple and orange in aqueous solution. 
Application and Limitation:
From being used for paintings to it being used to save people and used in electronic technologies, gold nanoparticles has many potentials uses in the near future, it will definitely lead us to a better, advanced and healthy future. Currently, only some properties of gold Nanoparticle has been used in other areas such skin care, electronic conductors etc. has discovered by scientist and researchers, some being listed below.
Other applications of gold nanoparticles are listed below (shown to this article https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3284)

As an anti-biotic, anti-fungal, and anti-microbial agent for adding plastics, coatings, and nanofibers.
In therapeutic agent delivery
To connect resistors, conductors, and other elements of an electronic chip
In photodynamic therapy
In sensors such as colorimetric sensor with gold nanoparticles identify if the food is edible or not
As substrates to enable the measurement of vibrational energies of chemical bonds in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
The scattered colours of gold nanoparticles are currently used for biological imaging applications
Gold nanoparticles are quite dense, thus allowing them to be used as probes for transmission electron microscopy
To detect biomarkers in the diagnosis of cancers, heart diseases, and infectious agents
As catalysts in a number of chemical reactions
For fuel cell applications

Conclusion:
Gold nanoparticles are used for many things and in a wide area of different fields such as arts, medicine and electronic machineries. Several scientists first started investigation gold nanoparticles   at 1850s, years later, It helped us detect deadly toxins and diseases like cancer, it also helped us kill tumour cells by photodynamic therapy. Saving million upon millions of lives. It helped us build high technology gadgets such as sensory probes, electronic conductors, therapeutic agents, organic photovoltaics, drug delivery in biological and medical applications, and catalysis. It went to a precious color used in art into one of the most valuable nanomaterial.
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