About Sixty Percent Of Global Atmospheric Pollutants Comes From Mines Majority Of Mines Burns Fossils Fuels They Use Diesel Generators To Produce Electricity Burns wood or coal in the minerals processing boilers. Fossils fuels like coal, wood, petroleum products, releases unburnt carbon particles in the environment. Incomplete burnt fossils fuels releases carbon monoxide gases into the atmosphere are much poisonous and dangerous to nature and humans. Fossils fuels also releases huge amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a greenhouse gas, hence, leading to global warming(Balguvhar, and Bhalla, 2018 Mar 24, p. 134). Some fossils fuels such as diesel and coal releases Sulphur dioxide, the more corrosive and toxic gas to nature.
In this project proposal’s design, the mitigation of this environmental problem in mining camp has been suggested. This project design is technically prepared in reducing the amount of carbon products and other pollutants which come from fossil fuels that are burnt in mines and the cost. In this proposal, the more pollutant fuels used in most mines for generation of energy will be replaced with green energy where the piezoelectric plates will be used as wind turbine system, these new design system makes use of wind as natural resources in providing kinetic energy which causes higher momentum on the plates to flex and generate useable amounts of electricity as compared to the typically known wind turbines(Jiao, Hasni, Lajnef, Alavi, 2020 Feb 1, p. 187). This energy is clean, less costly.
Cost of electricity and most of petroleum product is generally rapidly rising. The resulting effect of these is raising the cost of living. In the sector of mining, electric energy plays a fundamental role of facilitating the mining and processing activities. These, processes require huge amount of energy. Currently, the production of materials in mines are expensive these because of high cost of inputs such as electricity. This problem of rising cost of production and the potential availability of wind as a natural resource on this proposed project, has resulted into the initiative of designing the green energy generation.
This project proposal is designed to answer the following questions:
The mines are improving their mining techniques, most mines are moving from the old methods of mining and embracing the new methods of mining which are efficient and environmentally friendly. The mining is becoming environmental sensitive by reducing on the number of wastes which are released into the atmosphere, land and water bodies. The incorporation of green energy in mining will decrease on the number of pollutants which are being released into the environment. These will facilitate for clean mining practices and less damages to the environment. In the old method of mining, the mines depend on outer source of energy where large amounts of grid power are being used. The mining equipment uses high emission fossils fuels such as propane and diesel(Karan, Maiti, Paria, Maitra, Si, Kim, Khatua, 2018 Sep 1, p.114). But using the green energy, the mines will have their own power plant and heat running through the year by using wind as source of kinetic energy turning the piezoelectric plates to generate enough amount of energy to serve the mining camp.
The piezoelectric plates that will be used will have the ability of generating electricity due to formation of electrical charge as a result of responding to the mechanical effect of wind. This mechanical stress of the wind will be effective even at low speed of the plate. The design of these, piezoelectric will be based on the two properties, the direct piezoelectric and the converse effect in the generation of electricity. (Maiti, Karan, Kim, Khatua, 2019 Mar 9).This design proposal will ensure stable and continuous production and supply of reliable electricity with less available winds.
In this project proposal design will use piezoelectric plates, voltage amplification and power storage and supply systems. The components required in the design will be piezoelectric elements; hookup wire; capacitors; diodes; PVC sheet; foam pushups; and glue.
The tools which will be required in this design will be; soldering iron and drem tool.
Mark about the size of feet on the PVC sheet and cut it correctly.
In the PVC sheet, place the piezo elements and mark for drilling.
Drill holes on the PVC according with the measurements.
Using hot glue, sandwich the piezo elements and stick them on the PVC sheet, ensure the piezo elements are not in the contact with each other.
In this design, the piezo transducer is used to generate AC voltage when the pressure of the wind exerted to piezoelectric transducer. The electrical energy produced in more than 80% efficient. By applying the Villard cascade, the AC voltage generate can be multiplied to higher voltages. In this design project, achieving higher voltages, each piezoelectric transducer is connected with a voltage multiplier so as to come up with different amount of amplified DC voltage which can be sum up in the series connection.
The figure showing the individual piezoelectric transducers connection.
The piezoelectric plates device system will use the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration and force; and converting these mechanical aspects into electrical charge. piezoelectric plates will be therefore, able to generate a reliable amount of AC piezoelectricity using the piezo elements(quartz) within them working under piezoelectric effect.
The AC voltage produced will be stepped-up for transmission to the entire mining camp, here the power will be again stepped down depending on the consumption rate of the mining process. The step up and step-down transformers respectively will be used.
The piezoelectric plates device system will use the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration and force; and converting these mechanical aspects into electrical charge. piezoelectric plates will be therefore, able to generate a reliable amount of AC piezoelectricity using the piezo elements(quartz) within them working under piezoelectric effect(Nardekar, Krishnamoorthy, Pazhamalai, Sahoo, Kim, 2022 Mar 1, p.93).
Instead of converting the AC voltage to DC voltage by using Villard cascade as in the design, The AC voltage produced will be stepped-up for transmission to the entire mining camp, here the power will be again stepped down depending on the consumption rate of the mining process. The step up and step-down transformers respectively will be used.
The piezoelectric plates which will be used in this project proposal will have the ability of generating stable, reliable and cost-effective electricity due to formation of electrical charge which is as a result of corresponding mechanical effect of wind(Wang, Song, Gao, Yu, Wang, 2019 Jan 15, p. 183). This mechanical stress of the wind will be effective even at low speeds.
Conclusion
The green energy generation in mines aims in reducing environmental pollution and degradation; and reducing on the cost of electrical power which is used in mines activities and in processing. The green energy generation aims at increasing the mines productivity at a lower cost of electric energy and curb environmental pollution.
References
Balguvhar S, Bhalla S. Green energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials from bridge vibrations. In2018 2nd International Conference on Green Energy and Applications (ICGEA) 2018 Mar 24 (pp. 134-137). IEEE. Retrieved from:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8356282/
Jiao P, Hasni H, Lajnef N, Alavi AH. Mechanical metamaterial piezoelectric nanogenerator (MM-PENG): Design principle, modeling and performance. Materials & Design. 2020 Feb 1; 187:108214. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127519306525
Jiao P. Emerging artificial intelligence in piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy. 2021 Oct 1;
88:106227. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285521004833
Karan SK, Maiti S, Paria S, Maitra A, Si SK, Kim JK, Khatua BB. A new insight towards eggshell membrane as high energy conversion efficient bio-piezoelectric energy harvester. Materials today energy. 2018 Sep 1; 9:114-25. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468606918300480
Maiti S, Karan SK, Kim JK, Khatua BB. Nature driven bio?piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerator as next?generation green energy harvester for smart and pollution free society. Advanced Energy Materials. 2019 Mar;9(9):1803027. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aenm.201803027
Maiti S, Karan SK, Kim JK, Khatua BB. Piezoelectric Nanogenerators: Nature Driven Bio?Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Next?Generation Green Energy Harvester for Smart and Pollution Free Society (Adv. Energy Mater. 9/2019). Advanced Energy Materials. 2019 Mar;9(9):1970024. Retrieved from:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aenm.201970024
Nardekar SS, Krishnamoorthy K, Pazhamalai P, Sahoo S, Kim SJ. MoS2 quantum sheets-PVDF nanocomposite film based self-poled piezoelectric nanogenerators and photovoltaically self-charging power cell. Nano Energy. 2022 Mar 1; 93:106869. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285521011186
Sun Y, Chang Y, Wu J, Liu Y, Jin L, Zhang S, Yang B, Cao W. Ultrahigh energy harvesting properties in textured lead-free piezoelectric composites. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019;7(8):3603-11. Retrieved from:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/ta/c8ta10312g
Wang C, Song Z, Gao Z, Yu G, Wang S. Preparation and performance research of stacked piezoelectric energy-harvesting units for pavements. Energy and Buildings. 2019 Jan 15; 183:581-91. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778818324435
Yadav J, Yadav D, Vashistha R, Goyal DP, Chhabra D. Green energy generation through PEHF–a blueprint of alternate energy harvesting. International journal of green energy. 2019 Feb 19;16(3):242-55. Retrieved from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15435075.2018.1562930
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