H9BRM Business Research Methods

The financial institutions offer several services and most of them are associated with credit that includes business loans, checking accounts, cash management along with the payment services (Fratzscher, König and Lambert 2016). The credit that the financial institutions offers serves as financial solutions for their consumers and in return they have the responsibility to pay the interest and principals. For the credit institutions, provision is considered to be the amount that is set aside of the profits within the accounts of a company for a known liability or for certain diminution within the asset values (El Ghoul and Zheng 2016). Considering the same, it is deemed to be necessary that the credit institutions supervise and monitor activities of borrowers as per the loan policies along with provisions of the financial institution. These activities are observed to include analyzing the loan use as per the loan agreement and covenants as the borrower can spend the credit for other purposes (Taylor, Borden and Park 2015). It has also been recognized that credit loss provision acts as a facility of credit devoid of a fixed program of repayment program like the overdrafts or other forms of credit that is open-ended and is deemed to be non-performing at the time credit facility exceed the consumers established borrowing limits over ninety days.

The research has a significance in analyzing the credit institutions of Ireland in the provision of credit. The research report also has an increased importance in analyzing several disciplines such as business management, finance, accounting, human resource along with marketing among others (Aikman, Haldane and Nelson 2014). Moreover, the business discipline along with the academic areas associated with the research will be associated with accounting, finance, statistics along with economics in a way that the interest rates of banks are employed by financial manager in gauging the probability of organization attaining loss/gain in case they attain certain provided money (Shahriar, Schwarz and Newman 2016). Considering the same, the current research will focus on analyzing the relationships between formal and informal financial institutions along with analyzing the ways in which credit institutions operate in provision of credit. Generalprovision is observed to cover all the loan losses that are not determined but credit institutions consider such loans to have increased default risks. Specific provision term is also used for offering credit those are already recognized to have an increased default risk along with having troubles to pay back (Stiglitz 2015).

Relied on the business experiences, the credit that are already identified can result in losses along with loan loss provisions. Using such provisions, they generate credit loss reserves within balance sheets through saving their income proportions from the previous financial year. Credit loss reserve is deemed to affect the banks in investors evaluation because this account is not that visible if there are just unrelated losses (Barrot 2016). However, there are several losses that takes place in a short duration because of certain systematic credit risks like financial crisis or recession, the loan loss reserve might decrease the actual impact of the losses through using the money which is saved within the account as provision. Such losses will initially diminish the loan loss reserve before they impact the bank earnings and for this reason the income statement is not observed to record losses (Carbó?Valverde, Rodríguez?Fernández and Udell 2016).

Credit institutions are observed to have an increased benefit to small busineses along with the government as it contributes to the economic development though funding the busineses to initiate their own businesses. It has also been evidenced that credit provision has broadly been considered as among the most vital sources of finance for most of the people all through the world (Fabbri and Klapper 2016). In addition, it has also been evidenced that increased population within the nation both within rural and urban regions attain credit from several credit organizations for facilitating their development conducts. Loans also facilitate in enhancing family income and for this reason it can also support the less sound orgaanzations through collecting funds that further supports them to invest within activities which can attain employment.

With increasing population long with growing rate of lack of employment most individuals need loans for funding their business projects (Vossmeyer 2018). Conversely, the financial institutions like commercial banks are observed to be reluctant when it comes to address all the requirements of small lenders relied on terms and conditions of such loan. There is also a supposition that within the financial organizations that it is difficult to attain loan for poor individuals as they are not able to offer necessary security along with collateral because of which they are considered not to be worthy of credit. In consideration to aa survey carried out by Ramcharan, Verani and Van den Heuvel (2016) it is gathered that maximum individual is withdrawing themselves from SACCOS and this needs to reveal the aspects that affects the credit provision in SACCOS which was lacking there earlier. This is aligned with a supposition that over the previous years, this was deemed to be the best within the credit provision.

Along with the formal financial institutions certain informal financial institutions have also considered embracing financial transactiojs associated with credit provision within several nations. Knowledge attainedafter an informal finance signifies that most of the poor individuals in rural areas and more particularly the women are observed to attain an increased access to the informal credit facilities in comparison to the formal sources (Gonçalves et al. 2016). This isalso observed to be proven from the reports attained from certain surveys that the credit within the markets considers provision of credit. Focused on such explanation the current research will explain the reasons for which the financial institutions succeeded in certain situation where formal institutions have failed.

Certain other credit institutions those have developed over time is deemed to be the microfinance organizations. It has been revealed from the research carried out by Duca (2016) that one of the major features of such microfinance institutions is that a huge base of consumers regardless of the fact that they have a small asset base in comparison to the traditional financial companies.  Microfinance organization is observed to play a vital function in increasing the income level based on which the current research will focusonanalyzing the different level of impact through comparing the financial services offered by them (Komarkova, Rusnák and Hejlová 2016). In addition, establishment of certain micro finance companies are also considered so the duration of its service time also has necessary impacts. Relied on all these situations, the concept of micro finance company is observed to operate with having objectives of offering small loan amounts to its consumers those desire to start a business of their own.

The micro finance institutions focus on decreasing poverty along with increasing the income level for getting individuals above the poverty line within the developing nations in order to enhance the economic position of the country and its people. Considering such view, reasechers namely, Dell’Ariccia, Laeven and Tong (2016) revealed that all the financial institutions require to ensure that they have necessary amount needed in covering both eventual asset impairments along with potential obligations those are not yet materialized. Such funds can be termed as provisions and in case of most financing institutions because of the intrinsic business structure, default provisions serve as major aspect with having potential of considerably impacting results.

The significance of this current research is to reveal the limitations of the policy employed by most of the credit institutions those are necessary in developing policies (Taylor 2015). It will also facilitate in analyzing the places those require to be correctedand focused on. The research also has a considerable value particularly while most of the individuals were considering taking loans from the credit organizations and failed in realizing regulations. This also centered on the common human beings those are supposed to enjoy the credit offerings. The current research will have an important implication on supporting the existing credit institutions. For the reason that most of the credit institutions are competitors within the same industry, they were capable to analyze the competitive advantages one company has over another (Mare 2015).

The research report also has an increased importance in analyzing several disciplines such as business management, finance, accounting, human resource along with marketing among others. Moreover, the business discipline along with the academic areas associated with the research will be associated with accounting, finance, statistics along with economics in a way that the interest rate of banks are employed by financial manager in measuring the probability of organizations attaining loss/gain in case they gather certain provided amount (Shenoy and Williams 2017). Sales along with marketing individuals can employ the important implications of the current research topic to observe the area of imprudence along with advising their consumers.

The aim of current research is to analyze credit institutions of Ireland in the provision of credit. The objectives of researchthose are to be addressed through completion of the reasechers explained under:

To analyze the ways in which informal financial institutions succeeded even in the situation where former institutions have failed.

To evaluate the variations along with the roles in evaluating along with provision of credit to the individuals

To offer suitable support to certain credit institutions as most of them have business rivals in the market

To analyze the significant value particularly at time through considering taking loans from the credit institutions

The literature review section will center on analyzing the existing relied on credit institutions along with credit provision. It majorly centers on the features of such institutions and the ways in which the differences impact the lenders mentality that in turn generates a viewpoint regarding the credit provision. This chapter is also observed to develop the basis for which a conceptual framework for the overall research will be developed.

It has been gathered that several reasechers that facilitate in developing the structure of several functions of credit institutions(Dell’Ariccia et al. 2014). Theoretical evaluation majorly bases their argument within the informal sector. As per the researches carried out by Lane and McQuade (2014) there are four major approaches employed through by the informal institutions in order to offer credit. Such approaches encompass credit to individuals, included credit models, offering credit to community businesses along with group minimalists system of credit. Martin and Roychowdhury (2015) added that based on minimalist approach there exist a credit provision that is devoid of any support. The group initiative is deemed to employ already developed groups those are present or the newly developed ones.

The functionality of such approaches is relied on a principle that business owners consider credit as among most vital things in developing businesses. Psillaki and Eleftheriou (2015) stated that based on such approach, credit is provided to small groups which guarantee the loans offered to members. The members require making a weekly based contribution within a joined account for all the members. The members are facilitated to attain another loan only after they make the payment for their first loan. For this reason, this ensures the members responsibilities. Gai, Ielasi and Rossolini (2016) indicated that within an integrated model, there is a combination of technical assistance-based credit along with training. Individuals those need loans are observed to interact directly with the loan officers. At the time any loan is granted, they require to be either one among the two guarantors those facilitate in making the loan guarantee. The funds employed within training along with offering technical assistance makes such approach quite costly.

Galindo and Micco (2016) revealed that credit provisions by the financial institutions are considered as restrictions they attain from their borrowers. Almost all credit institutions, particularly and formal financial organizations deal with the accessibility issue that is indicated as a difficult application procedure, prearranged minimum loan amounts along with restrictions imposed on credits attained from the particular purposes. Brand et al. (2015) an increased problem take place from the side of the borrowers those are poor and small holders. Certain requirements like collateral tend to be a hurdle in this case. As long as there are suitable processes for disbursement, repayment dates and suitable supervision has been stablished, the poor will be capable to attain loans along with repaying them. in addition, imposing high interest rates on credits facilitates in discouraging the influential non-targeted credit program. Martínez-Sola, García-Teruel and Martínez-Solano (2014) added that this generally signifies the importance of building up effective institutions which can conveniently offer loans to the small-scale borrowers.

In contrast, Martínez-Sola, García-Teruel and Martínez-Solano (2014) revealed that the micro finance institutions have put inti practice highly lenient policies on the credit provision that has been considered as advantage to them. These reasechers also indicated that most of the microfinance institutions makes enough attempts in dealing with the concerns of contract enforcement along with information that is imperfect. This is through the development of non-traditional mechanism that is important for screening of the applicants, monitoring the borrower’s actions along with creation of incentives to repay. Martínez-Sola, García-Teruel and Martínez-Solano (2014) indicated that the microfinance institutions are reliant on donor funds along with subsidiaries as raising funds on a commercial basis that is observed to be complex. Due to such irregularities, the individuals whether these instructionsmust be regulated.

According to Martínez-Sola, García-Teruel and Martínez-Solano (2014) credit companies have been characteristic in different manners of offering credit to borrowers. Many informal organizations indicate incapability to address existing demand particularly within rural regions which is their vital target. These reasechers also revealed that the diminutive size of the resources monitored by informal sector served as major cause for its incapability along with the difficulty in the loan administration such as default risk, screening, supervising along with bearing increased cost of transaction which affected the formal sector. Lane and McQuade (2014) also stated that formal along with informal sectors indicate certain similarities and such similarities are associated with certain penalties. At the time the mechanism of formal contract enforcement is missing, formal and informal institution consider certain borrowing practices which employs screening rather than supervising which is deemed to indicate high concern with contrary choice in comparison to moral risk. The differences remain in method used by these companies.

Lane and McQuade (2014) also indicated that formal institutions employ project screening and on the over hand the informal institutions monitor the reputation of such borrowers. They are focused on history along with borrower’s character. Informal institutions do not readily accept loan supervising as they understand borrowers in contrast to formal organizations that are due to absence of facilities. Lane and McQuade (2014) revealed that another difference that is present in the characteristics of credit institutions the transitions costs are decreased in informal institutions as opposed to the formal ones. These reasechers also evidenced that most of the financial institutions act as financial intermediaries and such financial institutions relied on their primary fund sources and the ways in which thy employ such funds. Lane and McQuade (2014) added that the credit institutions are depository institutions indicated as banks, contractual savings institutions and investment intermediaries. Certain explanations on the characteristics of each of such institutions has been followed in preparing the following chapters in literature.

Martin and Roychowdhury (2015) indicated that previous literature has revealed there is a relationship among the credit institutions. Such linkages are observed to exist between the formal as well as the informal institutions. These reasechers also revealed that the structure of the formal credit institutions does not facilitate them to respond in a better manner to the small farmers along with the individual needs. Martin and Roychowdhury (2015) supported the findings and stated that this might take place because of the reason that there is an information asymmetry between the borrowers and the banks that makes it difficult for the banks to provide guarantee for repayment. In addition, loans need security before it is granted and approved. This is therefore observed to act as a lacking factor as the small borrowers along with individuals may not remain in situation to offer necessary security.

In contrast, Martin and Roychowdhury (2015) indicated that in certain cases where things are conducted in an acceptable manner does not take place as needed by formal financial organizations. These reasechers also indicated that the informal financial organizations highly consider short-term credit needed in comparison to formal sector. For this reason, it offers the low-incomeindividuals’accessibility to credit that might easily be accessible by certain other institutions in two manners such as vertical and horizontal. Martin and Roychowdhury (2015) revealed that under the horizontal approach, formal sector financial institutions are supported to remain in direct rivalry with the small-scale finance lenders in credit provision. In contrast, it is also gathered that a vertical view facilitates the sources of formal lending to be capable to re-lend funds those are borrowed.

Figure 1: Model of Conceptual Framework

Source: (Authors Note).

Positivism reasechers paradigm will be use in the current study of carrying out comparative analysis of credit institutions in the provision of credit. This research paradigm is deemed to be suitable for the current study for the reason that it supports the mixed researchdesign selected or thisresearch (Novikov and Novikov 2013). The positivism paradigm will be followed in the current study as this can serve as a structural and controlled approach in carrying out research through recognising suitable research objectives or hypotheses. This research paradigm is deemed to be suitable for the current research as it employs both the qualitative and quantitative research design. Positivism paradigm will be employed as the quantitative research design used in this study will consider carrying out analysis of the official statistics as they have better reliability and representativeness (Mary Converse RN 2012). The positivist tradition focuses on the importance of carrying out qualitativeresearch such as large-scaleexisting research analysis to attain a better overview of the society and for uncovering some social trends like the relationship among the credit institutions and provision of credit. In this positivismparadigm, the researcher will be analysing the relationship between two or more variables like credit institutions and credit provision.

Using the research paradigm can facilitate the researcher to recognise the importance of research study through employing mixed researchdesign and deductive research approach (Coleman 2013). There are four research paradigms those include positivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism. Among them these research paradigms are selected based on the suitability of the research topic along with set of characteristics that encompass ontology, axiology and epistemology. Positivism research paradigm is selected by the reasechers for analysing the gathered data through quantitative and qualitative research approach. The recent study will focus on comparing the credit institutionsregarding provision of credit in Ireland. For this reason, in the recent research 10 credit institutions of Ireland are selected for analysing the ways in which provision of credit takes place in these institutions (Håkansson 2013). In addition, positivism is deemed to be the most suitable paradigm employed in the current study for the reason that it effectively facilitates in dissecting the responses of the professionals. The researcher has not employed any other paradigm for the reason that those are not relied on scientifically proven theories. The positivist assumptions facilitate in assessing the causes that impacts outcomes revealed in the research (van Wyk 2012).

Researchmethodology section will support the research in increasing authenticity of findings attained from conducting comparative analysis of credit institutions of Ireland and their provision of credit. The objective of research methodology section is to explain research strategy, methods of data collection, type of collected data, ethical considerations and techniques those will be employed in the currentresearch in attaining the specified research objectives (Tracy 2012). Moreover, this section will also explain the specific researchmethodology that will be employed by the researcher in order to attain suitable study findings. Moreover, the applicability of the collected responses from the research generally is focussed on chosen research methodology which is being used by researcher in attaining necessary research findings.

The research strategy that will be used in this research is qualitative focussed on which thematic analysis will be carried out (Bryman and Bell 2015). Qualitative research strategy is employed in this study for the reason that it can facilitate in attaining constructive understanding on the underlying reasons, motivations and reasons for carrying out research on credit institutions operations in Ireland and its provision for credit. In addition, qualitativeresearch strategy is deemed to be the most applicable in the type of reasechers where thematic data analysis is considered. This strategy is deemed to be highly advantageous for the reason that it employs an analytical framework with a network of associated classifications and concepts in order to understand the underlined processes (Bryman and Bell 2015).

This is ananalysis of the sequence of research events along with complex data analysis on the credit provision in the credit institutions of Ireland. The qualitative data will be gathered from analysing the previous options of the managers of the credit institutions regarding provision of credit in these financial institutions and inclination of the consumers perception regarding provision of credit concerning specific research information (Collis and Hussey 2013). Moreover, employing qualitative research strategy will support the reasechers in attaining constructive outcomes from the thematic analysis along with analysing the issues faced by the credit institutions in credit provision. Moreover, significant and reliable data on an information asymmetry between the borrowers and the banks that makes it difficult for the banks to provide guarantee for repayment.

Secondary data will be collected in carrying out comparative analysis of the credit institutions in provision of credit. This data will be gathered from the government publications on credit institutions, company websites and the necessary journals on provision of credit within the credit institutions of Ireland (Collis and Hussey 2013). Such data gathered is considered to be beneficial for the reason that it is useful to gather data within a limited timeframe and with less costs in data collection. The qualitative along with qualitative secondary data on the provision of the credit institutions of Ireland is collected from certain specified sources relied on specific needs of the reasechersalong with obtaining a suitable implication for the credit institutions along with its credit provision in Ireland in analysing the risks faced by these institutions along with analysing the relationship between the formal and informal financial institutions (Collis 2013).

Secondary data the will be gathered from the secondary sources that will include previous interviews, observations and documents existing on the Ireland government publications, journals and website publications on credit institutions operations along with its provision for credit(Collis and Hussey 2013). The data that will be gathered from the existing literature will be past arguments and evidences those exist on the relationship of formal and informal financial institutions. This will also consider analysing the framework of qualitative data along with the events and situations faced by the credit institutions operating in Ireland along with analysing the common concepts and insights on the provision of credit (Collis and Hussey 2013).

Qualitative data analysis will be focused on analyzing the ways in which informal financial institutions succeeded even in the situation where former institutions have failed. Moreover, qualitative data gathered will also be focused on gather data the variations along with the roles in evaluating along with provision of credit to the individuals along with data on offering suitable assistance to the existing credit institutions as most of them have competitors in the market. Qualitative data will also facilitate in analyzing the significant value particularly at time through considering taking loans from the credit institutions(Wahyuni 2014). Important data from the existing literature will also be gathered on the small size of the resources controlled by the informal sector that served as the major cause for its incapability while the difficulty in the loan administration such as default risk, screening, monitoring along with bearing increased cost of transaction which affected the formal sector

In conductingresearch on comparative analysis of credit institution in provision of credit in Ireland region, the researcher has followed suitable code of conduct in accomplishing research steps within the process of data collection. Collection of the secondary data will be from the valid and authentic sources that will confirm the authenticity of the findings (Wahyuni 2014). In addition, for the reason that the research will use thematic research approach, it will be ensured by the reasechers that the vital ethical conducts are considered which encompass confidentiality and anonymity of the research data collected from the government sources. Moreover, the researcher has also made sure the research carried out on the analysis pf credit institutions on provision of credit is the sole work of the researcheralong with that suitable acknowledgement is offered to the reasechers whose literature was taken into account in this research (Zikmund et al. 2013). In addition, the research ethics followed within this study considered decreasing the risk of harm to the confidential information gathered with avoiding any kind of deceptive practices at the time any secondary research is conducted.

The researchtechnique that will be used in the current study is descriptive in consideration of the fact that thematic analysis will be carried out in the current study. The research will employ such research technique for the reason that it is focussed on carryingout a comparative analysis of the credit institutions in provision of credit (Levy and Lemeshow 2013). In consideration to the research problem, the current research will use descriptive analysis for the reason that other research techniques such as inferential might not be suitable in this study as it might fail to explain the reasons and issues behind the research problem identified. Descriptiveresearch technique is considered to be highly suitable in analysing provision of credit of the credit institutions as it acts as a scientific technique which involves elaborating characteristics of the study population that is recognised. This researchtechnique will also support in attainingconstructive findings on comparison among credit institutions regarding credit provision (Etikan, Musa and Alkassim 2016).

The data analysis technique which was used in this research is thematic analysis. Use o thematic data analysis technique will facilitate in sustaining transparency as well as making sure of proper secondary data interpretation. In addition, the qualitative data collected from thematic analysis will be presented through using charts and tables which has supported in simplifying the process of interpretation of collected data (Terrell 2012). This analysis will employ qualitative data gathering through complex processes along with signifying the transformation of data within useful interpretation of credit institutions comparative analysis.

The potential outcome of carrying out research on comparative evaluation of credit organizations in credit provision is deemed to reveal the implications of accepting loans from the credit organizations and failed to realize certain regulations. This also centered on common individuals those are considering to enjoy the credit facilities. The current research will also reveal that credit provision has broadly been considered as among the most vital sources of finance for most of the people all through the world. Moreover, the research outcome will also consider analyzing the limitations of policy employed by most of the credit organizations those are necessary in developing policies. The research outcome will also focus on analyzing the areas those require to be correctedand focused on a supposition that within the financial institutions that it is difficult to attain loan for the poor individuals as they might not offer necessary security along with collateral because of which they are considered not to be worthy of credit. It will also be revealed that suitable assistance can be provided to the existing credit institutions to compete with its competitors in the market in offering credit facilities to the target consumers.

Project Task Information
Project Task	Estimated Start Date	Estimated Completion Date	Task Owner	Actual Start Date	Actual Completion Date	Comments
Project Feasibility Study	1-Jun-09	3-Jun-09	John Doe	1-Jun-09	2-Jun-19
Cost Benefit Analysis	2-Jun-09	4-Jun-09	Jane and John	2-Jun-09	3-Jun-19
Project Definition	6-Jun-09	8-Jun-09	Jane Doe	6-Jun-09	9-Jun-19
Assign Resources	8-Jun-09	9-Jun-09	John Smith	8-Jun-09
Create Project Plan	9-Jun-09	16-Jun-09	Kim Lee
Create Communications Plan	15-Jun-09	17-Jun-09	Jane Doe
Research implementation Meeting	19-Jun-09	19-Jun-09	Jane Doe
Create Phase 1 Plan and Definition	22-Jun-09	24-Jun-09	Jane Doe
Phase 1 Execution research	24-Jun-09	24-Jun-09	Jane Doe
Communicate Phase 1 Progress	25-Jun-09	1-Jul-09	John Doe
Change Control Processes	1-Jul-09	2-Jul-09	Jane and John
Close Phase 1	2-Jul-09	3-Jul-09	Jane Doe
Create Phase 2 Plan and Definition	1-Jul-09	3-Jul-09	Chris Johnson
Phase 2 Execution Research	6-Jul-09	6-Jul-09	Chris Johnson
Communicate Phase 2 Progress	7-Jul-09	9-Jul-09	Chris Johnson
Change Control Processes	9-Jul-09	10-Jul-09	Chris Johnson
Close Phase 2	13-Jul-09	14-Jul-09	Jane Doe
Project Delivery	15-Jul-09	15-Jul-09	Production Team
Project Closure Meeting	16-Jul-09	16-Jul-09	Jane Doe
Performance Appraisal	16-Jul-09	18-Jul-09	Jane Doe
Project Feedback Form	16-Jul-09	18-Jul-09	Kim Lee
Project Debrief Report	17-Jul-09	20-Jul-09	Jane Doe

 

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